Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use 'has' for the present third-person singular (he/she/it) and 'had' for all past situations regardless of the subject.
- Use 'has' for current possession or actions with he, she, or it (e.g., She has a car).
- Use 'had' for any past possession or action for all subjects (e.g., They had a car).
- In compound tenses, 'has' forms the Present Perfect while 'had' forms the Past Perfect.
Overview
to have 동사는 가장 기본적이면서도 가장 변화무쌍한 동사 중 하나입니다. 특히 B1 수준의 학습자들에게 has와 had의 구분은 단순히 '가지고 있다'는 의미를 넘어, 문장의 시제(Tense)와 상(Aspect)을 결정짓는 핵심적인 요소입니다. 한국어로는 똑같이 '가지고 있다' 혹은 '했다'라고 번역될 수 있는 상황에서도 영어에서는 has와 had를 엄격하게 구분하여 사용해야 합니다.has는 현재를 기준으로 하며, had는 이미 지나간 과거를 기준으로 합니다. 하지만 우리 한국인 학습자들에게 어려운 점은 단순히 시제뿐만 아니라, has가 3인칭 단수 주어(he, she, it)와 결합한다는 수 일치(Subject-Verb Agreement) 규칙, 그리고 완료 시제에서 조동사(Auxiliary Verb)로 쓰일 때의 복잡한 기능 때문입니다.has와 had 같은 보조적인 장치를 사용하여 시간의 흐름을 아주 세밀하게 쪼개어 표현합니다. 이 가이드를 통해 여러분은 카페에서 주문을 하거나, 회사에서 업무 보고를 할 때, 혹은 친구와 어제 있었던 일을 이야기할 때 어떤 상황에서 has를 쓰고 어떤 상황에서 had를 써야 하는지 완벽하게 이해하게 될 것입니다.has와 had를 이해하기 위해서는 먼저 to have 동사가 문장에서 수행하는 두 가지 주요 역할을 알아야 합니다. 바로 일반동사(Main Verb)로서의 역할과 조동사(Auxiliary Verb)로서의 역할입니다.has와 had- 소유(Possession):
She has a car.(그녀는 차를 가지고 있다.) - 경험/사건(Experience/Occurrence):
We had a meeting.(우리는 회의를 했다.) - 특징/속성(Characteristics):
The phone has a great camera.(그 휴대폰은 카메라 성능이 좋다.) - 의무(Obligation):
He has to go.(그는 가야만 한다.)
has는 현재 시제이면서 주어가 3인칭 단수일 때만 사용합니다. 한국어에는 주어에 따라 동사의 형태가 바뀌는 개념이 없기 때문에(예: '나도 먹는다', '그도 먹는다'), 이 부분이 한국인 학습자들이 가장 자주 실수하는 지점입니다. 반면 had는 과거 시제이며, 주어의 인칭이나 수에 상관없이 모든 주어에 동일하게 사용됩니다.has와 had (완료 시제)has와 had는 과거분사(p.p.)와 결합하여 완료 시제를 만듭니다.- 현재완료 (Present Perfect):
has + p.p.(3인칭 단수 주어일 때) - 과거에 시작된 일이 현재까지 영향을 미치거나 막 완료되었음을 나타냅니다.
- 한국어의 '-해 왔다' 혹은 '-한 적이 있다'와 비슷하지만, 영어에서는 '현재와의 연결고리'가 핵심입니다.
- 과거완료 (Past Perfect):
had + p.p.(모든 주어) - 과거의 특정 시점보다 더 이전에 일어난 일을 나타낼 때 사용합니다. 이를 문법 용어로 '대과거'라고도 합니다.
- 한국어에서는 '-했었다' 정도로 표현되지만, 영어에서는 반드시 두 과거 사건 사이의 선후 관계를 명확히 할 때 사용합니다.
has와 had의 형태적 변화를 표를 통해 명확히 정리해 보겠습니다. 특히 부정문과 의문문에서 do/does/did가 등장할 때 동사 원형인 have로 돌아가는 규칙을 주의 깊게 보세요.He, She, It) | 과거 시제 (모든 주어) |He has a laptop. | He had a laptop. |He does not (doesn't) have a laptop. | He did not (didn't) have a laptop. |Does he have a laptop? | Did he have a laptop? |does나 did가 이미 시제와 인칭 정보를 가져갔기 때문에, has나 had를 쓰지 않고 반드시 동사 원형인 have를 써야 합니다. 이는 한국인 학습자들이 시험이나 실전 회화에서 정말 많이 틀리는 부분입니다.has + p.p.) | 과거완료 (had + p.p.) |She has finished the report. | She had finished the report. |She has not (hasn't) finished... | She had not (hadn't) finished... |Has she finished the report? | Had she finished the report? |do/does/did를 쓰지 않고 has나 had 자체가 앞으로 나가거나 뒤에 not을 붙입니다. 이는 to have가 조동사 역할을 하기 때문입니다.has와 had를 선택하는 기준을 구체적인 예시와 함께 살펴보겠습니다.has를 사용하는 경우 (현재 중심)- 현재의 소유나 상태를 말할 때:
- 예:
My sister has a lot of followers on Instagram.(내 여동생은 인스타그램 팔로워가 많다.) - 상황: 지금 현재 팔로워를 보유하고 있는 상태를 설명합니다.
- 반복되는 일상이나 습관 (3인칭 단수):
- 예:
He has coffee every morning at the cafe.(그는 매일 아침 카페에서 커피를 마신다.) - 상황: '빨리빨리' 출근하는 직장인의 일상을 묘사할 때 유용합니다.
- 현재완료 상황 (과거의 일이 현재에 영향을 줄 때):
- 예:
The delivery app has just sent a notification.(배달 앱에서 방금 알림이 왔다.) - 상황: 알림이 온 사건은 과거지만, 그 결과 지금 내가 알림을 확인해야 하는 현재 상황과 연결됩니다.
had를 사용하는 경우 (과거 중심)- 이미 종료된 과거의 소유나 경험:
- 예:
I had a PC Bang membership when I was a student.(학생 때 PC방 멤버십이 있었다.) - 상황: 지금은 없을 수도 있고, 단순히 과거의 한 시점을 회상하는 것입니다.
- 과거의 특정 시점보다 더 먼저 일어난 일 (과거완료):
- 예:
When I arrived at the restaurant, they had already started the Hoesik.(식당에 도착했을 때, 그들은 이미 회식을 시작한 상태였다.) - 상황: 내가 '도착한 것'도 과거인데, 회식이 '시작된 것'은 그보다 더 전임을 강조합니다. 한국어로는 둘 다 '했다'로 들릴 수 있지만, 영어에서는
had를 써서 순서를 정해줍니다. - 과거의 의무:
- 예:
I had to work overtime yesterday because of the project.(프로젝트 때문에 어제 야근을 해야만 했다.) - 상황: 어제 발생한 의무 사항을 말합니다.
- 틀린 문장:
Does she has a boyfriend?(X) - 맞는 문장:
Does she have a boyfriend?(O) - 이유: 한국어는 '있어?'라는 말이 주어에 따라 변하지 않기 때문에,
Does를 쓰고도 습관적으로has를 쓰게 됩니다. 하지만Does가 이미 3인칭 단수 표시를 했으므로 뒤에는 원형have가 와야 합니다.
- 틀린 문장:
I have met him yesterday.(X) - 맞는 문장:
I met him yesterday.(O) 또는I have met him before.(O) - 이유: 한국어의 '-했다'는 과거(
met)와 현재완료(have met)를 모두 포괄하는 경우가 많습니다. 하지만 영어에서yesterday,last week처럼 명확한 과거 시점이 나오면has/have를 쓸 수 없습니다.has/have는 반드시 현재와 연결되어야 합니다.
- 예시:
I had had lunch before he called.(O) - 이유: 첫 번째
had는 과거완료를 만드는 조동사이고, 두 번째had는 '먹다'라는 의미의 일반동사have의 과거분사형입니다. 한국인 학습자들은 똑같은 단어가 반복되면 틀렸다고 생각하기 쉽지만, 이는 문법적으로 완벽한 문장입니다.
has와 had를 더 명확히 구분하기 위해 현재완료와 과거시제를 비교해 보겠습니다.has/have + p.p.) | 과거 시제 (had / 일반과거) |since, for, already, yet | yesterday, in 2010, ago |She has lost her key. (지금 키가 없음) | She lost her key. (과거에 잃어버림. 지금 찾았는지는 모름) |had와 did를 헷갈려 하는 경우도 많습니다.Did you have...?(일반동사have의 과거 의문문)Had you...?(과거완료의 의문문 - 주로 격식체나 특정 구문에서 사용)
Did you have를 사용합니다.He has a car와 He has got a car는 다른가요?has got은 영국 영어에서 더 자주 쓰이며, 구어체(말하기)에서 소유를 강조할 때 사용합니다. 하지만 문법적으로는 has 하나만 써도 충분합니다.had + p.p.는 언제 꼭 써야 하나요?When I came home, a thief had entered라고 표현하여 오해를 방지합니다.The team일 때는 has인가요, have인가요?The team은 하나의 집단으로 보기 때문에 3인칭 단수 취급하여 has를 쓰는 것이 표준입니다. 하지만 영국 영어에서는 팀 구성원 개개인을 강조할 때 have를 쓰기도 합니다. 시험이나 비즈니스 문서에서는 has를 권장합니다.I had a headache라고 하면 지금은 안 아픈 건가요?had는 과거 시제이므로 그 통증이 과거에 있었다는 것을 의미하며, 현재까지 아프다는 정보는 담고 있지 않습니다. 만약 지금까지 아프다면 I have had a headache since this morning처럼 현재완료를 써야 합니다.Conjugation of 'To Have' (Present vs. Past)
| Subject | Present Tense | Past Tense | Present Perfect | Past Perfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
I
|
have
|
had
|
have had
|
had had
|
|
You
|
have
|
had
|
have had
|
had had
|
|
He/She/It
|
has
|
had
|
has had
|
had had
|
|
We
|
have
|
had
|
have had
|
had had
|
|
They
|
have
|
had
|
have had
|
had had
|
Common Contractions
| Full Form | Contraction | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
He has
|
He's
|
He's got a car.
|
|
She has
|
She's
|
She's finished.
|
|
It has
|
It's
|
It's been raining.
|
|
I had
|
I'd
|
I'd already left.
|
|
You had
|
You'd
|
You'd better go.
|
|
They had
|
They'd
|
They'd seen it.
|
Meanings
Both words are forms of the verb 'to have,' used to indicate possession, experience, or as auxiliary verbs to form complex tenses.
Possession (Present vs. Past)
Owning or holding something in the current moment (has) versus a completed time (had).
“He has a blue eyes.”
“He had a bicycle when he was ten.”
Auxiliary Verb (Perfect Tenses)
Used with a past participle to show completed actions relative to the present or another past point.
“She has finished her work.”
“She had finished her work before the boss arrived.”
Obligation (Have to)
Expressing necessity in the present (has to) or past (had to).
“He has to go to the doctor.”
“He had to leave early yesterday.”
Experience/Consumption
Used to describe eating, drinking, or undergoing an event.
“She has breakfast at 8 AM.”
“She had a terrible nightmare last night.”
Reference Table
| 주어 | 현재형 (지금) | 과거형 (그때) | 현재완료 도우미 | 과거완료 도우미 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
I, You, We, They
|
have
|
had
|
have + V3
|
had + V3
|
|
He, She, It
|
has
|
had
|
has + V3
|
had + V3
|
|
단수 명사
|
has
|
had
|
has + V3
|
had + V3
|
|
복수 명사
|
have
|
had
|
have + V3
|
had + V3
|
|
예시: She
|
She has
|
She had
|
She has finished
|
She had finished
|
|
예시: They
|
They have
|
They had
|
They have finished
|
They had finished
|
격식 수준 스펙트럼
The individual has a vehicle at his disposal. (Transportation)
He has a car. (Transportation)
He's got a car. (Transportation)
He's packin' a sweet ride. (Transportation)
Has vs. Had: 시간과 주어
현재 시제 ('Has')
- He has He owns
- She has She experiences
- It has It possesses
- 단수 명사 The cat has
과거 시제 ('Had')
- I had I owned (past)
- You had You experienced (past)
- 모든 주어 They had, She had, We had
Has vs. Had: 주요 차이점
'Has' 또는 'Had' 선택하기
동작이나 소유가 '지금' 일어나거나 일반적으로 '사실'인가요?
현재 경로: 주어가 HE, SHE, IT 또는 단수 명사인가요?
과거 경로: 동작이나 소유가 과거에 완료되었나요?
문법 슈퍼파워: Has & Had
현재의 힘 (HAS)
- • 현재 소유
- • 현재 사건
- • 현재 완료
- • He/She/It 전용
과거의 힘 (HAD)
- • 과거 소유
- • 과거 사건
- • 과거 완료
- • 모든 주어 가능
공통 역할
- • 'To Have' 동사
- • 경험 표현
자주 하는 실수
- • 시제 혼동
- • do/did 규칙 망각
- • 주어-동사 일치 (has)
수준별 예문
She has a big house.
She has a big house.
He has a brother.
He has a brother.
I had a sandwich for lunch.
I had a sandwich for lunch.
They had a party yesterday.
They had a party yesterday.
Does he have a pen? Yes, he has one.
Does he have a pen? Yes, he has one.
She hasn't got any money.
She hasn't got any money.
We had to wait for two hours.
We had to wait for two hours.
It has been a long day.
It has been a long day.
He has already seen that movie.
He has already seen that movie.
By the time I arrived, they had left.
By the time I arrived, they had left.
She has to finish the report by Friday.
She has to finish the report by Friday.
I realized I had forgotten my keys.
I realized I had forgotten my keys.
The company has been expanding rapidly this year.
The company has been expanding rapidly this year.
If he had studied harder, he would have passed.
If he had studied harder, he would have passed.
She had her car repaired last week.
She had her car repaired last week.
He has a tendency to speak too loudly.
He has a tendency to speak too loudly.
Had I known you were coming, I would have baked a cake.
Had I known you were coming, I would have baked a cake.
The government has yet to address the crisis.
The government has yet to address the crisis.
He had no sooner reached the door than it opened.
He had no sooner reached the door than it opened.
She has it in her to become a great leader.
She has it in her to become a great leader.
The witness has since retracted her statement.
The witness has since retracted her statement.
Whatever influence he had has now vanished.
Whatever influence he had has now vanished.
He had had a premonition of the disaster.
He had had a premonition of the disaster.
The city has seen better days.
The city has seen better days.
혼동하기 쉬운
Both 'He has' and 'He is' contract to 'He's'. Learners often can't tell which is which.
Both 'I had' and 'I would' contract to 'I'd'.
Learners use 'has' for all subjects because it sounds more 'complete'.
자주 하는 실수
I has a dog.
I have a dog.
Yesterday she has a cold.
Yesterday she had a cold.
He have a car.
He has a car.
She has 20 years old.
She is 20 years old.
He doesn't has a car.
He doesn't have a car.
Did you had lunch?
Did you have lunch?
Has he a pen?
Does he have a pen?
I had seen him yesterday.
I saw him yesterday.
She has finished it before I arrived.
She had finished it before I arrived.
He has lived here since two years.
He has lived here for two years.
If I has known...
If I had known...
I wish I have more time.
I wish I had more time.
문장 패턴
She has a ___ in her ___.
He had already ___ when the ___ ___.
It has been ___ since ___.
Had I ___ , I would have ___.
Real World Usage
She has your charger.
My previous role had a lot of responsibility.
He has had a fever since last night.
Look what Sarah has just bought!
Does your bag have any liquids?
The Roman Empire had a vast road network.
'지금'과 '그때'를 기억하세요
She has a cold now.
Do/Did 뒤에는 무조건 기본형
원어민의 축약형을 들어보세요
영국식 표현 'has got'
She has got a new car.
Smart Tips
Immediately eliminate 'has'. These time markers require the past form 'had'.
The verb that follows must be 'have'. Never use 'has' or 'had' after 'do/does/did'.
Use 'had' for the event that happened first to make your storytelling clearer.
Check if there is a 'got' or a V3 verb. If so, it's 'has'. If it's an adjective or noun, it's 'is'.
발음
Has Pronunciation
The 's' in 'has' is pronounced like a 'z'.
Had Pronunciation
The 'd' is a soft dental stop.
Contraction 's
When 'has' is contracted (He's), it sounds exactly like 'He is'. Context tells you which one it is.
Contraction 'd
When 'had' is contracted (I'd), the 'd' is very light and almost disappears before consonants.
Emphasis on Possession
She HAS a car (not just borrows one).
Stressing the verb to confirm ownership.
Emphasis on Past
I HAD a car (but I don't now).
Stressing 'had' to contrast with the present.
암기하기
기억법
HAS is for He, Always Singular. HAD is for History, Always Done.
시각적 연상
Imagine a giant clock. The 'Has' hand is stuck on the current hour but only points to one person. The 'Had' hand can spin back to any time in the past and points to everyone.
Rhyme
When it's now and it's she, 'has' is what it needs to be. When it's then and it's they, 'had' is what you have to say.
Story
John HAS a golden ticket right now. He is very happy. But yesterday, he HAD nothing. He HAD to work hard to find the ticket that he now HAS.
Word Web
챌린지
Write 3 sentences about what your best friend HAS in their bag right now, and 3 sentences about what they HAD for breakfast yesterday.
문화 노트
British speakers frequently use 'has got' instead of just 'has' for possession. It sounds more natural in casual UK speech.
Americans prefer the simple 'has' for possession and 'has to' for obligation. 'Gotten' is also used as the past participle of 'get', which can appear with 'has'.
In some dialects, 'done' is used with 'had' or 'has' to emphasize completion, or 'has' might be omitted in specific rapid speech patterns.
From Old English 'habban' (to have, hold, possess).
대화 시작하기
What has been the best part of your week so far?
Tell me about a pet you had when you were a child.
Had you ever traveled abroad before you visited this country?
What is something your city has that other cities don't?
일기 주제
자주 하는 실수
Test Yourself
Score: /3
연습 문제
8 exercisesBy the time the police arrived, the thief ___ already escaped.
My sister ___ a very busy schedule this week.
Find and fix the mistake:
He didn't had any money for the bus.
She has a headache.
1. He (Now), 2. They (Past), 3. It (Past), 4. She (Now)
A: Why is the floor wet? B: The dog ___ a bath.
A: He had a sandwich. B: He had finished his lunch.
___ she ever been to Paris before last year?
Score: /8
Practice Bank
13 exercisesThe company ___ a new CEO since last month.
Did you had a good breakfast this morning?
올바른 문장을 고르세요:
다음 문장을 영어로 번역하세요: '그녀는 파란색 차를 가지고 있었어요.'
단어를 순서대로 배열하여 문장을 만드세요:
대명사와 올바른 현재형을 연결하세요:
By the time I arrived, they ___ already left for the party.
My neighbor has a old car which he bought ten years ago.
올바른 문장을 고르세요:
다음 문장을 영어로 번역하세요: '그는 그 분야에서 경험이 많아요.'
단어를 조합하여 문장을 만드세요:
대명사와 올바른 과거형을 연결하세요:
I wish I ___ known about the concert earlier.
Score: /13
자주 묻는 질문 (8)
No. 'I' always uses 'have' in the present tense. 'Has' is strictly for he, she, it, or singular nouns.
Yes! In the past tense, 'I', 'you', 'he', 'she', 'it', 'we', and 'they' all use 'had'.
'Has been' is Present Perfect (started in past, continues now). 'Had been' is Past Perfect (happened before another past event).
Yes. The first 'has' is the helper, and the second 'had' is the main verb. It means he has possessed or experienced something recently.
In English questions, the auxiliary 'does' takes the third-person 's', so the main verb must stay in its base form 'have'.
Use 'had had' in the Past Perfect when the main verb is 'to have'. Example: 'I had had that car for ten years before it broke down.'
No, they are the same level of formality. The only difference is the subject they agree with.
No. It can mean 'ate' (had lunch), 'experienced' (had a dream), or act as a helper verb (had finished).
Scaffolded Practice
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Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Tiene / Había
Spanish has many more conjugations for each person, whereas English only has 'has' and 'had'.
A / Avait
French uses 'avoir' for age and hunger, where English uses 'to be'.
Hat / Hatte
German often uses the present perfect ('hat gehabt') in spoken language where English would use simple past 'had'.
Arimasu / Atta
Japanese does not have a separate word for 3rd person singular; the verb is the same for all subjects.
Indahu / Kana indahu
Arabic doesn't have a direct verb 'to have' in the same way English does.
Yǒu (有)
There is no conjugation at all in Chinese; 'has' and 'had' are the same word.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
관련 동영상
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