Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use 'has' for the present third-person singular (he/she/it) and 'had' for all past situations regardless of the subject.
- Use 'has' for current possession or actions with he, she, or it (e.g., She has a car).
- Use 'had' for any past possession or action for all subjects (e.g., They had a car).
- In compound tenses, 'has' forms the Present Perfect while 'had' forms the Past Perfect.
Overview
to have という動詞は避けて通れない最も重要な単語の一つです。しかし、中級レベル（B1）に差し掛かると、単に「持っている」という意味だけでなく、完了形や義務の表現など、その役割が多岐にわたることに気づくでしょう。中でも has と had の使い分けは、英語の「時制（Tense）」と「主語による変化（Subject-Verb Agreement）」の核心を突くテーマです。has を使うべきところで have と言ってしまったり、過去の話をしているのに had への切り替えを忘れてしまったりすることがよくあります。また、現在完了形の has と過去完了形の had の使い分けも、日本語の感覚だけでは捉えきれない部分があります。has と had の違いを単なる「現在と過去」という視点だけでなく、「誰が」「いつ」「どのような状況で」使うのかという観点から、日本人がつまずきやすいポイントに焦点を当てて詳しく解説します。これをマスターすることで、あなたの英語はより正確で、ネイティブスピーカーにとって自然な響きを持つようになります。has と had はどちらも原形 have の変化形ですが、その役割は大きく分けて「メインの動詞（本動詞）」としての役割と、「助けを借りる動詞（助動詞）」としての役割の2つがあります。has と hadhas(現在形): 主語が「三人称単数（he,she,itや、my boss,the trainなど）」で、現在の状態を表す時に使います。had(過去形): 主語が何であっても（I,you,he,theyなど全て）、過去の状態や出来事を表す時に使います。
He has / I have と使い分ける必要があります。ここが最初のハードルです。has と hadPerfect Tense）を作るためのパーツとしての役割です。has+ 過去分詞 (現在完了形): 主語が三人称単数の時。「（過去から続いて）今〜し終えた」「〜したことがある」という、現在に繋がる過去を表します。had+ 過去分詞 (過去完了形): 主語に関わらず。「（過去のある時点より前に）〜し終えていた」という、過去のさらに過去（大過去）を表します。
has | had |he, she, it 等) のみ | 全ての主語 (I, you, he, we 等) |do, does, did という助っ人が登場するため、形が変化することに注意が必要です。has】（主語が He, She, It, Tanaka-san などの時）- 肯定文:
She has a meeting at 10 AM.(彼女は10時に会議があります。) - 否定文:
She does not have a meeting.(彼女は会議がありません。) ※doesを使うとhasは原形のhaveに戻ります。 - 疑問文:
Does she have a meeting?(彼女は会議がありますか？)
had】（主語が何であっても共通）- 肯定文:
I had a great time at the Izakaya.(居酒屋で楽しい時間を過ごしました。) - 否定文:
I did not have a great time.(楽しい時間はありませんでした。) ※didを使うとhadは原形のhaveに戻ります。 - 疑問文:
Did you have a great time?(楽しい時間を過ごしましたか？)
has + 過去分詞】（主語が三人称単数の時）- 肯定文:
The train has already left.(電車はもう出発してしまいました。) - 否定文:
The train has not left yet.(電車はまだ出発していません。) - 疑問文:
Has the train left?(電車は出発しましたか？)
had + 過去分詞】（全ての主語）- 肯定文:
I realized I had lost my wallet.(財布を失くしたことに気づいた。) ※気づいた（過去）よりも前に失くした（大過去）。 - 否定文:
I had not seen him before the party.(パーティーの前まで彼に会ったことはなかった。) - 疑問文:
Had you finished the report by yesterday?(昨日までにレポートを終えていましたか？)
has を使う場面（現在に焦点がある時）- 1今の所有・特徴を言う時（主語が三人称単数）
This convenience store has a wide variety of bento.(このコンビニは、お弁当の種類が豊富です。)
- 1今の体調や習慣を言う時（主語が三人称単数）
My colleague has a headache today.(同僚は今日、頭痛がしています。)
- 1完了したばかりのこと、または経験を言う時（主語が三人称単数）
The CEO has just arrived at the office.(CEOがちょうどオフィスに到着しました。)
- 1今の義務を言う時 (
has to)
He has to submit the document by 5 PM.(彼は午後5時までに書類を出さなければなりません。)
had を使う場面（過去のある一点、または過去の前後関係を言う時）- 1過去の所有・経験を言う時
I had a dog when I was a child.(子供の頃、犬を飼っていました。)We had a lot of snow last winter.(去年の冬は雪がたくさん降りました。)
- 1過去の義務を言う時 (
had to)
I had to work overtime yesterday.(昨日は残業しなければなりませんでした。)
- 1過去のある時点より前の出来事を説明する時（過去完了形）
When I got to the station, the bus had already gone.(駅に着いた時、バスはすでに行ってしまっていた。)- 日本語では「着いた時、行っていた」とどちらも「〜た」で済みますが、英語では「着いた（過去）」よりも「行った（大過去）」が前であることを示すために
had goneを使います。
has/had の戻し忘れ- 誤:
Does he has a car?/Did you had lunch? - 正:
Does he have a car?/Did you have lunch? - 理由: 日本語では「ありますか？」「ありましたか？」と、動詞の語尾を変化させるだけで済みます。しかし英語では、
doesやdidがすでに「三人称単数」や「過去」という情報を背負ってくれているため、メインの動詞は「裸の形（原形）」に戻らなければなりません。これを「二重のマークを避ける」と考えると分かりやすいでしょう。
have を使ってしまう- 誤:
My sister have a job in Tokyo. - 正:
My sister has a job in Tokyo. - 理由: 日本語には「主語と動詞の一致」という概念がありません。そのため、つい慣れている
haveを万能に使ってしまいがちです。特にMy sisterやMy friendなど、He/Sheと言い換えられる主語の時は、意識的にhasを選ぶ「努力（努力）」が必要です。
has (現在完了) を使ってしまう- 誤:
I have seen him yesterday. - 正:
I saw him yesterday.またはI had seen him before.(文脈による) - 理由: 日本語の「〜した」は過去形も現在完了形もカバーしてしまいます。
yesterdayのように「過去の特定の時」を表す言葉がある場合、現在と繋がっているhasは使えません。この場合はシンプルな過去形か、過去の基準点があるならhadを検討します。
has/had と混同しやすい他の表現と比較してみましょう。has vs. is having (現在形 vs. 現在進行形)He has lunch. | 習慣的に食べている。 | He has lunch at 12 every day. |He is having lunch. | 今、まさに食べている最中。 | He is having lunch right now. |is having にはできません。He is having a car とは言いません。had (過去形) vs. had had (過去完了形)I had a meeting.(会議があった。：単なる過去の事実)I had had a meeting before you called.(あなたが電話してくる前に、会議を終えていた。)
had had の最初の had は助動詞、二つ目の had は「持つ・経験する」というメインの動詞の過去分詞形です。日本語ではどちらも「会議があった」と訳せてしまいますが、英語では「時間の前後関係」を明確にするために使い分けます。has got と has は何が違うのですか？has got はより口語的（カジュアル）で、イギリス英語でよく好まれます。ビジネスシーンやフォーマルな書き言葉では、シンプルに has を使うのが無難です。had はいつ使えばいいのか分かりません。I met Tanaka-san yesterday. He had had a haircut. となります。基準となる過去の点がない場合は、単なる過去形で十分です。He has to と He must は同じですか？has to の方が「客観的な事情（ルールやスケジュール）でやらなきゃいけない」というニュアンスが強く、日常会話で非常によく使われます。過去形にする場合、must には過去形がないため、必ず had to を使うことになります。has と had を完璧に使い分けるコツは？Conjugation of 'To Have' (Present vs. Past)
| Subject | Present Tense | Past Tense | Present Perfect | Past Perfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
I
|
have
|
had
|
have had
|
had had
|
|
You
|
have
|
had
|
have had
|
had had
|
|
He/She/It
|
has
|
had
|
has had
|
had had
|
|
We
|
have
|
had
|
have had
|
had had
|
|
They
|
have
|
had
|
have had
|
had had
|
Common Contractions
| Full Form | Contraction | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
He has
|
He's
|
He's got a car.
|
|
She has
|
She's
|
She's finished.
|
|
It has
|
It's
|
It's been raining.
|
|
I had
|
I'd
|
I'd already left.
|
|
You had
|
You'd
|
You'd better go.
|
|
They had
|
They'd
|
They'd seen it.
|
Meanings
Both words are forms of the verb 'to have,' used to indicate possession, experience, or as auxiliary verbs to form complex tenses.
Possession (Present vs. Past)
Owning or holding something in the current moment (has) versus a completed time (had).
“He has a blue eyes.”
“He had a bicycle when he was ten.”
Auxiliary Verb (Perfect Tenses)
Used with a past participle to show completed actions relative to the present or another past point.
“She has finished her work.”
“She had finished her work before the boss arrived.”
Obligation (Have to)
Expressing necessity in the present (has to) or past (had to).
“He has to go to the doctor.”
“He had to leave early yesterday.”
Experience/Consumption
Used to describe eating, drinking, or undergoing an event.
“She has breakfast at 8 AM.”
“She had a terrible nightmare last night.”
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Affirmative (Present)
|
Subject (3rd sing) + has
|
He has a plan.
|
|
Affirmative (Past)
|
Subject (All) + had
|
They had a plan.
|
|
Negative (Present)
|
Subject + does not have
|
She doesn't have time.
|
|
Negative (Past)
|
Subject + did not have
|
She didn't have time.
|
|
Question (Present)
|
Does + Subject + have...?
|
Does it have a battery?
|
|
Question (Past)
|
Did + Subject + have...?
|
Did it have a battery?
|
|
Short Answer (+)
|
Yes, [Subject] has/had.
|
Yes, she has. / Yes, they had.
|
|
Short Answer (-)
|
No, [Subject] hasn't/hadn't.
|
No, he hasn't. / No, we hadn't.
|
フォーマル度スペクトル
The individual has a vehicle at his disposal. (Transportation)
He has a car. (Transportation)
He's got a car. (Transportation)
He's packin' a sweet ride. (Transportation)
The World of 'Has' vs 'Had'
Has (Present)
- He/She/It The only subjects
- Now Current time
- Possession Owning now
Had (Past)
- All Subjects I, You, He, We, They
- Before Past time
- History Finished events
Timeline Comparison
Which one should I use?
Is it in the past?
Is the subject He, She, or It?
Common Usage Categories
Possession
- • Has a car
- • Had a house
Meals
- • Has lunch
- • Had dinner
Obligation
- • Has to study
- • Had to work
レベル別の例文
She has a big house.
She has a big house.
He has a brother.
He has a brother.
I had a sandwich for lunch.
I had a sandwich for lunch.
They had a party yesterday.
They had a party yesterday.
Does he have a pen? Yes, he has one.
Does he have a pen? Yes, he has one.
She hasn't got any money.
She hasn't got any money.
We had to wait for two hours.
We had to wait for two hours.
It has been a long day.
It has been a long day.
He has already seen that movie.
He has already seen that movie.
By the time I arrived, they had left.
By the time I arrived, they had left.
She has to finish the report by Friday.
She has to finish the report by Friday.
I realized I had forgotten my keys.
I realized I had forgotten my keys.
The company has been expanding rapidly this year.
The company has been expanding rapidly this year.
If he had studied harder, he would have passed.
If he had studied harder, he would have passed.
She had her car repaired last week.
She had her car repaired last week.
He has a tendency to speak too loudly.
He has a tendency to speak too loudly.
Had I known you were coming, I would have baked a cake.
Had I known you were coming, I would have baked a cake.
The government has yet to address the crisis.
The government has yet to address the crisis.
He had no sooner reached the door than it opened.
He had no sooner reached the door than it opened.
She has it in her to become a great leader.
She has it in her to become a great leader.
The witness has since retracted her statement.
The witness has since retracted her statement.
Whatever influence he had has now vanished.
Whatever influence he had has now vanished.
He had had a premonition of the disaster.
He had had a premonition of the disaster.
The city has seen better days.
The city has seen better days.
間違えやすい
Both 'He has' and 'He is' contract to 'He's'. Learners often can't tell which is which.
Both 'I had' and 'I would' contract to 'I'd'.
Learners use 'has' for all subjects because it sounds more 'complete'.
よくある間違い
I has a dog.
I have a dog.
Yesterday she has a cold.
Yesterday she had a cold.
He have a car.
He has a car.
She has 20 years old.
She is 20 years old.
He doesn't has a car.
He doesn't have a car.
Did you had lunch?
Did you have lunch?
Has he a pen?
Does he have a pen?
I had seen him yesterday.
I saw him yesterday.
She has finished it before I arrived.
She had finished it before I arrived.
He has lived here since two years.
He has lived here for two years.
If I has known...
If I had known...
I wish I have more time.
I wish I had more time.
文型パターン
She has a ___ in her ___.
He had already ___ when the ___ ___.
It has been ___ since ___.
Had I ___ , I would have ___.
Real World Usage
She has your charger.
My previous role had a lot of responsibility.
He has had a fever since last night.
Look what Sarah has just bought!
Does your bag have any liquids?
The Roman Empire had a vast road network.
The 'Yesterday' Test
The 'Does' Trap
Past of the Past
British 'Got'
Smart Tips
Immediately eliminate 'has'. These time markers require the past form 'had'.
The verb that follows must be 'have'. Never use 'has' or 'had' after 'do/does/did'.
Use 'had' for the event that happened first to make your storytelling clearer.
Check if there is a 'got' or a V3 verb. If so, it's 'has'. If it's an adjective or noun, it's 'is'.
発音
Has Pronunciation
The 's' in 'has' is pronounced like a 'z'.
Had Pronunciation
The 'd' is a soft dental stop.
Contraction 's
When 'has' is contracted (He's), it sounds exactly like 'He is'. Context tells you which one it is.
Contraction 'd
When 'had' is contracted (I'd), the 'd' is very light and almost disappears before consonants.
Emphasis on Possession
She HAS a car (not just borrows one).
Stressing the verb to confirm ownership.
Emphasis on Past
I HAD a car (but I don't now).
Stressing 'had' to contrast with the present.
暗記しよう
記憶術
HAS is for He, Always Singular. HAD is for History, Always Done.
視覚的連想
Imagine a giant clock. The 'Has' hand is stuck on the current hour but only points to one person. The 'Had' hand can spin back to any time in the past and points to everyone.
Rhyme
When it's now and it's she, 'has' is what it needs to be. When it's then and it's they, 'had' is what you have to say.
Story
John HAS a golden ticket right now. He is very happy. But yesterday, he HAD nothing. He HAD to work hard to find the ticket that he now HAS.
Word Web
チャレンジ
Write 3 sentences about what your best friend HAS in their bag right now, and 3 sentences about what they HAD for breakfast yesterday.
文化メモ
British speakers frequently use 'has got' instead of just 'has' for possession. It sounds more natural in casual UK speech.
Americans prefer the simple 'has' for possession and 'has to' for obligation. 'Gotten' is also used as the past participle of 'get', which can appear with 'has'.
In some dialects, 'done' is used with 'had' or 'has' to emphasize completion, or 'has' might be omitted in specific rapid speech patterns.
From Old English 'habban' (to have, hold, possess).
会話のきっかけ
What has been the best part of your week so far?
Tell me about a pet you had when you were a child.
Had you ever traveled abroad before you visited this country?
What is something your city has that other cities don't?
日記のテーマ
よくある間違い
Test Yourself
By the time the police arrived, the thief ___ already escaped.
My sister ___ a very busy schedule this week.
Find and fix the mistake:
He didn't had any money for the bus.
She has a headache.
Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:
A: Why is the floor wet? B: The dog ___ a bath.
A: He had a sandwich. B: He had finished his lunch.
___ she ever been to Paris before last year?
Score: /8
練習問題
8 exercisesBy the time the police arrived, the thief ___ already escaped.
My sister ___ a very busy schedule this week.
Find and fix the mistake:
He didn't had any money for the bus.
She has a headache.
1. He (Now), 2. They (Past), 3. It (Past), 4. She (Now)
A: Why is the floor wet? B: The dog ___ a bath.
A: He had a sandwich. B: He had finished his lunch.
___ she ever been to Paris before last year?
Score: /8
Practice Bank
13 exercisesThe company ___ a new CEO since last month.
Did you had a good breakfast this morning?
Choose the correct sentence:
Translate into English: 'Ella tenía un coche azul.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Match the pronouns with the correct form:
By the time I arrived, they ___ already left for the party.
My neighbor has a old car which he bought ten years ago.
Choose the correct sentence:
Translate into English: 'Él tiene mucha experiencia en ese campo.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Match the pronouns with the correct form:
I wish I ___ known about the concert earlier.
Score: /13
よくある質問 (8)
No. 'I' always uses 'have' in the present tense. 'Has' is strictly for he, she, it, or singular nouns.
Yes! In the past tense, 'I', 'you', 'he', 'she', 'it', 'we', and 'they' all use 'had'.
'Has been' is Present Perfect (started in past, continues now). 'Had been' is Past Perfect (happened before another past event).
Yes. The first 'has' is the helper, and the second 'had' is the main verb. It means he has possessed or experienced something recently.
In English questions, the auxiliary 'does' takes the third-person 's', so the main verb must stay in its base form 'have'.
Use 'had had' in the Past Perfect when the main verb is 'to have'. Example: 'I had had that car for ten years before it broke down.'
No, they are the same level of formality. The only difference is the subject they agree with.
No. It can mean 'ate' (had lunch), 'experienced' (had a dream), or act as a helper verb (had finished).
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Tiene / Había
Spanish has many more conjugations for each person, whereas English only has 'has' and 'had'.
A / Avait
French uses 'avoir' for age and hunger, where English uses 'to be'.
Hat / Hatte
German often uses the present perfect ('hat gehabt') in spoken language where English would use simple past 'had'.
Arimasu / Atta
Japanese does not have a separate word for 3rd person singular; the verb is the same for all subjects.
Indahu / Kana indahu
Arabic doesn't have a direct verb 'to have' in the same way English does.
Yǒu (有)
There is no conjugation at all in Chinese; 'has' and 'had' are the same word.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
関連動画
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