Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use quantifiers like 'all' or 'some' with 'of whom' or 'of which' to add specific details about a group.
- Use 'of whom' for people: 'I have two sisters, both of whom are doctors.'
- Use 'of which' for things: 'He bought three cars, none of which work.'
- Always use a comma before the quantifier to separate the extra information.
Overview
I have three siblings. All of them are older than me.という2つの文を、I have three siblings, all of whom are older than me.と一文にまとめることができます。この形式は、ビジネスメールやレポート、プレゼンテーションなど、論理的かつ簡潔さが求められる場面で非常に重宝されます。all of whomやnone of whichといったフレーズは、日本語の「〜のうち、全員が」「〜のうち、どれも〜ない」という感覚を、英語らしい論理構成で表現するための強力なツールです。この構造をマスターすることで、単なる単文の羅列から卒業し、情報の密度を高めたプロフェッショナルな英語表現が可能になります。特に就活の面接や、職場での報告などでこの文法を使うと、非常に知的な印象を与えることができます。ofの役割です。日本語では「〜のうちの」という部分を「〜の」や「〜の中で」と表現しますが、英語ではofが「全体の中の特定の部分（部分集合）」という関係を厳密に示します。例えばsome of themという表現は、themという全体の中のsome（いくつか）を指しています。日本人がよく犯すミスに、このofを忘れてall whomとしてしまうケースがありますが、ofがないと文法的に繋がりが成立しません。whomは人に対して、whichは物や概念に対して使われます。これは、日本語の助詞「〜を」「〜の」といった役割を、英語では語順と前置詞で解決しているためです。whomが使われるのは、前置詞ofの目的語になるため、主格のwhoではなく目的格のwhomが必要になるからです。この「前置詞＋目的格」というセットは、日本語の格助詞の感覚とは大きく異なるため、意識的に練習する必要があります。The students |, all of |whom |are studying |- 人の場合:
[名詞], [数量詞] of whom [動詞]... - 物の場合:
[名詞], [数量詞] of which [動詞]...
one of whom is...であれば、one（単数）なのでisとなります。これは日本語にはない「動詞の数の一致」というルールであり、日本人が最も間違いやすいポイントです。We reviewed five proposals. Two of them were rejected.と分けるよりも、We reviewed five proposals, two of which were rejected.と繋げる方が、論理の繋がりがスムーズです。特にビジネスや学術的な文章では、文の数を減らして情報を凝縮させることが「洗練された英語」の条件となります。また、none of which（どれも〜ない）のような表現は、否定の強調をエレガントに行いたいときに非常に便利です。居酒屋での会話やSNSのようなカジュアルな場よりも、プレゼンやビジネスメール、あるいは大学のレポートのような、相手に正確かつ簡潔に情報を伝えるべき場面で積極的に活用してください。- 1
ofの欠落: 日本語には「〜の」という助詞が一つしかないため、前置詞のofを省略してall whomやmany whichとしてしまうミスが多発します。これはofが「部分」を表すという概念が日本語の助詞と一対一で対応していないためです。 - 2動詞の数の一致ミス: 日本語には動詞の単数・複数の区別がありません。そのため、
one of them areと言ってしまうことがよくあります。oneが主語であるという意識を強く持ち、動詞を単数形に合わせる練習が必要です。 - 3関係代名詞の誤用:
whoとwhomの混同です。前置詞ofの後ろは必ず目的格であるwhomが来なければなりません。日本語の「〜は」「〜が」という主語の感覚でwhoを使ってしまうことが多いですが、ofという前置詞の支配下にあることを常に意識してください。
whichやwhoを使った関係代名詞との違いを理解しましょう。The students, who are smart, passed. |The students, most of whom are smart, passed. |all of whomとall of themはどう違いますか？all of themは文を分けるときに使い、all of whomは関係代名詞として文を繋ぐときに使います。all of themを使う場合は、必ずandなどの接続詞が必要です。none of whichは単数扱いですか、複数扱いですか？noneは複数扱いされることが多いです。ただし、フォーマルな場では単数として扱うこともあります。どちらも文法的には許容されます。whomの代わりにwhoを使ってもいいですか？whomが正しいです。口語ではwhoが使われることもありますが、試験やビジネスの場では必ずwhomを使ってください。The Quantifier Structure
| Quantifier | Preposition | Relative Pronoun | Usage |
|---|---|---|---|
|
All / Some / Many
|
of
|
whom
|
For People
|
|
All / Some / Many
|
of
|
which
|
For Things
|
|
None / Neither
|
of
|
whom
|
Negative (People)
|
|
None / Neither
|
of
|
which
|
Negative (Things)
|
|
Two / Three / Ten
|
of
|
whom
|
Specific Number (People)
|
|
The majority / Half
|
of
|
which
|
Portions (Things)
|
Meanings
A type of non-defining relative clause used to provide information about a specific portion or quantity of a previously mentioned noun.
Quantifying People
Using 'of whom' to specify a number or portion of a group of people.
“The team has ten members, all of whom are experts.”
“I met several students, two of whom were from Italy.”
Quantifying Objects/Ideas
Using 'of which' to specify a number or portion of a group of things or concepts.
“He wrote five books, none of which were published.”
“We visited three museums, each of which was unique.”
Specifying Parts of a Whole
Using words like 'half', 'most', or 'the majority' to describe a portion.
“The company hired 100 workers, half of whom are part-time.”
“The forest has thousands of trees, the majority of which are oaks.”
Reference Table
| 対象 | 構造 | 量化詞の例 | 例文 |
|---|---|---|---|
|
人について
|
Quantifier + of whom
|
all, many, some, three
|
I have ten friends, many of whom live abroad.
|
|
物について
|
Quantifier + of which
|
all, most, none, a few
|
She has many books, all of which are signed.
|
|
2人（人）
|
Both/Neither + of whom
|
both, neither
|
I met two actors, neither of whom I recognized.
|
|
2つ（物）
|
Both/Neither + of which
|
both, neither
|
He has two cars, both of which are electric.
|
|
所有
|
Quantifier + of whose + noun
|
all, some
|
They have three kids, all of whose names start with A.
|
|
数
|
Number + of which/whom
|
one, two, five
|
We ordered five pizzas, two of which were vegan.
|
フォーマル度スペクトル
I have ten colleagues, all of whom are highly skilled. (Professional/Social)
I have ten colleagues, and they are all very good at their jobs. (Professional/Social)
I've got ten people at work, all of them are great. (Professional/Social)
My work crew? All of 'em are legends. (Professional/Social)
量化詞を使った関係代名詞節
人
- whom 人間を指す
- all of whom グループ内の全ての人
物・対象
- which 人間以外を指す
- most of which ほとんどの項目
フォーマル vs. カジュアルな接続
どちらの代名詞を選ぶ？
人について説明していますか？
カンマの後ですか？
よく使われる量化詞
全体・肯定
- • all of
- • both of
- • most of
否定
- • none of
- • neither of
部分・数
- • some of
- • a few of
- • three of
レベル別の例文
I have two pens. Both of them are red.
I have two pens. Both of them are red.
She has three cats. One of them is black.
She has three cats. One of them is black.
I saw five movies. All of them were good.
I saw five movies. All of them were good.
He has two brothers. They are both tall.
He has two brothers. They are both tall.
I have many friends, and some of them live here.
I have many friends, and some of them live here.
He bought four apples, but two of them were bad.
He bought four apples, but two of them were bad.
We have ten computers, and all of them are new.
We have ten computers, and all of them are new.
She invited ten people, but none of them came.
She invited ten people, but none of them came.
I have three sisters, all of whom are older than me.
I have three sisters, all of whom are older than me.
He owns five cars, none of which are electric.
He owns five cars, none of which are electric.
The hotel has 50 rooms, most of which have a sea view.
The hotel has 50 rooms, most of which have a sea view.
I met the managers, two of whom were very helpful.
I met the managers, two of whom were very helpful.
The company launched three products, each of which targeted a different market.
The company launched three products, each of which targeted a different market.
There were several candidates, few of whom possessed the necessary skills.
There were several candidates, few of whom possessed the necessary skills.
The library contains thousands of manuscripts, some of which date back to the 12th century.
The library contains thousands of manuscripts, some of which date back to the 12th century.
He has published many articles, the majority of which focus on climate change.
He has published many articles, the majority of which focus on climate change.
The researchers interviewed 200 subjects, a significant proportion of whom reported side effects.
The researchers interviewed 200 subjects, a significant proportion of whom reported side effects.
The city is home to numerous skyscrapers, the tallest of which reaches 500 meters.
The city is home to numerous skyscrapers, the tallest of which reaches 500 meters.
The committee proposed several amendments, none of which were accepted by the board.
The committee proposed several amendments, none of which were accepted by the board.
The artist created a series of murals, the most famous of which is located in the city center.
The artist created a series of murals, the most famous of which is located in the city center.
The philosopher explored various metaphysical theories, the intricacies of which remain a subject of debate.
The philosopher explored various metaphysical theories, the intricacies of which remain a subject of debate.
The treaty consists of twelve articles, the third of which stipulates the terms of ceasefire.
The treaty consists of twelve articles, the third of which stipulates the terms of ceasefire.
He was surrounded by sycophants, all of whom vied for his fleeting attention.
He was surrounded by sycophants, all of whom vied for his fleeting attention.
The galaxy contains billions of stars, an infinitesimal fraction of which may harbor life.
The galaxy contains billions of stars, an infinitesimal fraction of which may harbor life.
間違えやすい
Learners confuse 'of whom' (part of a group) with 'whose' (possession).
Learners forget to add the quantifier and just use 'which' or 'who'.
よくある間違い
I have two brothers, all of who are tall.
I have two brothers. Both of them are tall.
I have many books, some of them are old.
I have many books, and some of them are old.
I have three friends, all of them live in London.
I have three friends, all of whom live in London.
He has two cars, both of who are fast.
He has two cars, both of which are fast.
The guests, many of who arrived late...
The guests, many of whom arrived late...
文型パターン
I have ___, ___ of whom ___.
There are ___, ___ of which ___.
Real World Usage
The survey included 500 participants, most of whom were students.
I led several teams, all of whom exceeded their targets.
The police arrested five suspects, two of whom have been charged.
The resort has three pools, none of which were crowded.
The set comes with six brushes, each of which has a specific use.
He had many secrets, some of which were dangerous.
カンマは本当に大切！
上司をうならせる一言！
ドキドキテスト！
Smart Tips
Try combining them with 'of whom' or 'of which' to make your writing flow better.
If there is a preposition like 'of' right before it, it is ALWAYS 'whom'.
発音
Stress on the Quantifier
In these clauses, the quantifier (all, some, none) usually receives the primary stress to emphasize the amount.
The 'of' reduction
The word 'of' is often reduced to a weak 'schwa' sound /əv/.
Non-defining pause
I have two brothers [pause] both of whom are doctors.
The pause (indicated by the comma) shows that the following information is extra.
暗記しよう
記憶術
Remember: 'Whom' for the 'Home-sapiens' (people), 'Which' for the 'Witch's' broom (things).
視覚的連想
Imagine a large circle representing a group. Inside, a smaller circle is highlighted with a label like '3 of whom' or 'some of which'. This shows you are focusing on a subset.
Rhyme
For people use 'whom', for things use 'which', add a comma first to avoid a glitch!
Story
A king had three sons, all of whom wanted the throne. He gave them three tasks, none of which were easy. The first son failed, at which point the second son tried.
Word Web
チャレンジ
Write three sentences about your family or your belongings using 'all of whom', 'none of which', and 'two of whom'.
文化メモ
This structure is a hallmark of high-level academic writing in the UK and US. Using it correctly can significantly improve the 'academic tone' of an essay.
In formal British contexts, 'whom' is preserved more strictly than in some casual American dialects.
Legal documents use this to be extremely precise about which parts of a contract or group of people are being discussed.
This structure stems from the Latin 'partitive genitive', where a part is taken from a whole.
会話のきっかけ
Tell me about your favorite movies. How many have you seen recently?
How many people are in your family, and what do they do?
Think about the apps on your phone. Which ones do you use most?
日記のテーマ
よくある間違い
Test Yourself
I have two best friends, both of ___ live in London.
Choose the best sentence for a formal essay:
Find and fix the mistake:
I have many unread notifications, some of who are from Instagram.
Score: /3
練習問題
8 exercisesI have three cousins, all of ___ live in America.
He bought five shirts, two of ___ were too small.
Find and fix the mistake:
She has many friends, some of them are doctors.
He told me three stories. They weren't true.
'The company has ten employees, all of who work from home.'
A: Did you like the books I lent you? B: I've read three of them, ___.
1. Students, 2. Computers
sisters / I / two / have / whom / of / both / doctors / are / ,
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercisesThe team has ten members, six of ___ are from Germany.
He has two houses, neither of who is in the city.
many / , / I / apps / of / use / which / I / have / .
Ich habe zwei Schwestern, von denen beide Lehrerinnen sind.
Identify the grammatically perfect sentence:
Match correctly:
The store sells many brands, most of ___ are local.
I have five pens none of which work.
none of whom / , / the party / ten people attended / I knew / .
Er machte viele Vorschläge, von denen keiner akzeptiert wurde.
Score: /10
よくある質問 (8)
No. In this specific structure (after a quantifier and 'of'), you can only use `which` for things and `whom` for people.
It is quite formal. In casual speech, most people say `I have three brothers and all of them are...` rather than using `all of whom`.
Yes. These are non-defining relative clauses, which always require a comma to separate the extra information from the main clause.
Absolutely! Any quantifier works: `one`, `two`, `several`, `many`, `a few`, `none`, `all`, etc.
Usually, we use `which` for animals. However, if the animals are pets with names, some people use `whom`, though `which` is always safe.
It depends on the noun. Usually, it takes a plural verb if the group is plural: `None of which are...` but in very formal English, some prefer the singular `is`.
No, the relative clause must follow the noun it describes. You must introduce the group before you can quantify it.
Use `both` specifically for two people. Use `all` for three or more.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
de los cuales / de quienes
English pronouns (whom/which) do not change for gender or number.
dont / desquels
French 'dont' is much more versatile and common than the English quantifier structure.
von denen / von welchen
German requires the verb at the very end of the clause.
そのうちの (sono uchi no)
Japanese does not use relative pronouns like 'which' or 'whom'.
منهم (minhum) / منها (minha)
Arabic uses pronouns attached to prepositions rather than independent relative pronouns.
其中 (qízhōng)
Chinese lacks relative pronouns and uses fixed phrases to show part-whole relationships.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Learn These First
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