الكلام المنقول: تغييرات الزمان والمكان
then بدل now، و there بدل here، و that day بدل today.
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Shift time and place words to match the reporter's perspective, moving from 'here and now' to 'there and then'.
- Change 'now' to 'then' or 'at that time' (e.g., 'I am busy now' becomes 'He said he was busy then').
- Change 'here' to 'there' to reflect the change in location (e.g., 'Come here' becomes 'He told me to go there').
- Shift relative dates like 'tomorrow' to 'the next day' (e.g., 'I'll call tomorrow' becomes 'She said she'd call the next day').
نظرة عامة
سأقابلك(هناغدًا
I'll meet you here tomorrow)، فإن «هنا» (here) تشير إلى موقعه الحالي، و «غدًا» (tomorrow) تشير إلى اليوم التالي لقوله. إذا نقلت هذه العبارة بعد يوم واحد ومن مكان مختلف، فإن «هنا» و «غدًا» لم تعد تحمل نفس المعنى من وجهة نظرك. تحتاج إلى تعديلها لتعكس مركز الإشارة الجديد.here) ستصبح «هناك» (there) (مشيرة إلى مكان اللقاء الأصلي للصديق)، و «غدًا» (tomorrow) ستصبح «اليوم التالي» (the next day) (مشيرة إلى اليوم التالي لبيان الصديق الأصلي).- الكلام المباشر: قال المدير:
أحتاج هذا التقرير
(الآنThe manager said,).I need this report now.
- الكلام المنقول: قال المدير إنه يحتاج ذلك التقرير
حينها(The manager said he needed that report then).
now إلى then يعكس بشكل مباشر المسافة الزمنية بين أمر المدير الأصلي وفعل نقلك له. «الآن» (now) في العبارة الأصلية قد ولّت، وأصبحت «حينها» (then) من منظورك الحالي.said, told) في زمن الماضي.now | then, at that moment | أنا مشغول الآن، قالت. ← قالت إنها كانت مشغولة حينها ("I'm busy now," she said. → She said she was busy then.). |today | that day | سأتصل اليوم، وعد. ← وعد بأنه سيتصل في ذلك اليوم (I will call today,
he promised. → He promised he would call that day.tonight | that night | سنخرج الليلة، أعلنوا. ← أعلنوا أنهم سيخرجون في تلك الليلة (We are going out tonight,
they announced. → They announced they were going out that night.yesterday | the day before, the previous day | رأيته أمس، ادعت. ← ادعت أنها رأته قبل اليوم السابق (I saw him yesterday,
she claimed. → She claimed she had seen him the day before.tomorrow | the next day, the following day | سأنهيه غدًا، ذكر. ← ذكر أنه سينهيه في اليوم التالي ("I'll finish it tomorrow," he stated. → He stated he would finish it the next day.). |last week/month/year | the week/month/year before, the previous week/month/year | انتقلت إلى هنا العام الماضي، أوضح. ← أوضح أنه انتقل إلى هناك قبل العام السابق (I moved here last year,
he explained. → He explained he had moved there the year before.next week/month/year | the next week/month/year, the following week/month/year | الاجتماع في الشهر القادم، ذكرتنا. ← ذكرتنا بأن الاجتماع كان في الشهر التالي (The meeting is next month,
she reminded us. → She reminded us the meeting was the following month.ago | before, earlier | جئت إلى هنا قبل ساعة من الآن، ذكر. ← ذكر أنه جاء إلى هنا قبل ساعة من ذلك الوقت (I came here an hour ago,
he mentioned. → He mentioned he had come there an hour before.this morning/afternoon/evening | that morning/afternoon/evening | أنا أغادر هذا الصباح، أعلنت. ← أعلنت أنها كانت تغادر في ذلك الصباح ("I'm leaving this morning," she declared. → She declared she was leaving that morning.). |here | there | تفضل بالجلوس هنا، دعت. ← دعته للجلوس هناك (Please sit here, she invited. → She invited me to sit there.this (صفة) | that | أحب هذا الكتاب، قال. ← قال إنه يحب ذلك الكتاب (I like this book,
he said. → He said he liked that book.these (صفة) | those | هل هذه مفاتيحك؟، سألت. ← سألت إذا كانت تلك هي مفاتيحه (Are these your keys?
she asked. → She asked if those were my keys.this (ضمير) | that | أريد هذا، أصرت. ← أصرت على أنها تريد ذلك (I want this, she insisted. → She insisted she wanted that.these (ضمير) | those | خذ هذه معك، أمره. ← أمره أن يأخذ تلك معه (Take these with you,
he instructed. → He instructed me to take those with me.- النقل المتزامن: إذا نقلت العبارة فورًا أو بعد وقت قصير جدًا من قولها، وكان
الآنأوهنالا يزال «الآن» أو «هنا» بالنسبة لك، فقد لا تحتاج إلى تغيير. على سبيل المثال، إذا قال شخص ماإنها تمطر
(الآنIt's raining now) ولا تزال تمطرالآنوقت نقل كلامه، يمكنك أن تقولقال إنها تمطر
(الآنHe said it's raining now) أوقال إنها كانت تمطر
(الآنHe said it was raining now). ومع ذلك، فإن تأخر الزمن (isإلىwas) أكثر شيوعًا حتى في هذا السيناريو. - الحقائق الثابتة أو الحقائق العامة: العبارات التي تكون صحيحة بشكل عام أو تمثل حقائق ثابتة عادة لا تخضع لتغييرات زمنية، حتى لو تأخر الزمن. التركيز هنا على المحتوى الواقعي، وليس التوقيت الإشاري. على سبيل المثال: «الأرض كروية»، قالت. ← قالت إن الأرض
هيكروية (أوكانتكروية، لكنهيغالبًا ما تُفضل للحقائق العامة). - الموقع غير المتغير: إذا كانت العبارة الأصلية تتضمن
هنا(here) وكنت تنقلها من نفس الموقع تمامًا، يمكن أن تظلهنا(here). على سبيل المثال، إذا كنت تقف في متجر وقال صديقك:غالبًا ما أشتري القهوة
(هناI often buy coffee here)، وقمت على الفور بإخبار شخص آخر في نفس المتجر:قالت إنها غالبًا ما تشتري القهوة
(هناShe said she often buys coffee here). «هنا» المشتركة تجعل التحويل غير ضروري.
- سرد المحادثات السابقة: عند مشاركة الأخبار أو الثرثرة أو المعلومات العامة من مناقشة سابقة، ستحتاج تقريبًا دائمًا إلى تعديل مؤشرات الزمان والمكان. إذا أخبرك صديق يوم الاثنين:
أنا ألتقي بسارة
(غدًاI'm meeting Sarah tomorrow)، وأنت تخبر صديقًا آخر يوم الأربعاء، فيجب أن يتغيرغدًا(tomorrow) إلىبعد الغد(the day after) (أوالأربعاءWednesday) ليعكس بدقة متى حدث الاجتماع. - تلخيص الاجتماعات أو التعليمات: في البيئات المهنية، غالبًا ما تلخص القرارات أو المهام أو المواعيد النهائية. على سبيل المثال، إذا قال مديرك في اجتماع:
أحتاج المسودة بحلول
(هذا الجمعةI need the draft by this Friday)، وكنت ترسل بريدًا إلكترونيًا للمتابعة يوم الثلاثاء، فقد يصبحهذا الجمعة(this Friday) «بحلول يوم الجمعة» (by Friday) أو «بحلول نهاية الأسبوع» (by the end of the week) إذا كانهذا الجمعةلا يزال في المستقبل لمستلم البريد الإلكتروني، أو «بحلول ذلك الجمعة» (by that Friday) إذا كان قد مضى بالفعل. - سرد الأحداث أو القصص: عند سرد قصة عن شيء حدث، غالبًا ما تقتبس أو تعيد صياغة ما قاله الناس. الزمان والمكان اللذان قيلت فيهما تلك الكلمات نادرًا ما يكونان نفس الزمان والمكان لسردك، مما يجعل هذه التحولات ضرورية لتماسك السرد.
- نقل التصريحات الرسمية: غالبًا ما تتضمن التقارير الإخبارية والمستندات القانونية أو الاقتباسات الأكاديمية نقل الكلام. في هذه السياقات، تعد التحويلات الدقيقة أمرًا بالغ الأهمية لتجنب تحريف الحقائق أو الجداول الزمنية.
قال ليام إنه سيذهب إلى صالة الألعاب الرياضية غدًا (Liam said he's going to the gym tomorrow)، حتى لو مضى غدًا، إذا كان الجميع يعرفون بالضبط أي غدًا يتم الإشارة إليه. ومع ذلك، كمتعلم، يُنصح بشدة بممارسة وتطبيق التحويلات القياسية لضمان الوضوح والدقة النحوية في جميع السياقات.here و therehere إلى there.أنا سعيد لوجودي هنا (My brother said, "I'm happy to be here.«). نقلته إلى: »My brother said he was happy to be here."here الأصلية يجب أن تصبح there. إذا كنت لا تزال في نفس المكان الذي كان فيه، يمكن أن تبقى here، ولكن غالبًا ما يكون التحويل أكثر وضوحًا.My brother said he was happy to be there.today و tomorrowسنبدأ المشروع اليوم (My colleague said on Sunday, We will start the project today.
). نقلته إلى: My colleague said we would start the project today.today الأصلية (الأحد) لم تعد today بالنسبة لك (الاثنين). يجب أن تصبح that day.My colleague said we would start the project that day.this و these بدلاً من that و those في الكلام المنقولأريد هذا الكرسي (The man said, I want this chair.
). نقلته إلى: The man said he wanted this chair.this يجب أن تتغير إلى that.The man said he wanted that chair.The teacher said, The homework is page 10.
) نقلته إلى: The teacher said the homeworkispage 10that day.
said) في الماضي، يجب تأخير زمن الفعل الأصلي. is تصبح was.The teacher said the homeworkwaspage 10that day.
now, today, tomorrow, yesterday | يستخدم كلمات مثل then, that day, the next day, the day before |here, this, these | يستخدم كلمات مثل there, that, those |سأذهب غدًا (He said, I will go tomorrow.
) | قال إنه سيذهب في اليوم التالي (He said he would go the next day.) |أحب هذا المكان (She said, I like this place.
) | قالت إنها تحب ذلك المكان (She said she liked that place.) |present → past) |سأذهب غدًا (قال إنه سيذهب غدًا). قد يتغير الزمن. | قال: I will go tomorrow. → He said he would go the next day. |أحب هنا (قالت إنها تحب هنا). السياق يوضح. | She said, I like here. → She said she liked there. |now إلى then و here إلى there؟that أو those للإشارة إلى شيء قريب منه؟ هل يجب أن أغيرها؟أنا أحب ذلك القميص (I like that shirt) مشيرًا إلى قميص كان قريبًا منه، وعندما تنقل كلامه، فإن that تشير إلى نفس القميص البعيد نسبيًا عنك. لا يتغير that إلى this عادةً. التغييرات تحدث بشكل أساسي من القرب (this, here, now) إلى البعد (that, there, then).said, told, asked) في الماضي، فإننا عادةً ما نؤخر زمن الفعل ونغير تعبيرات الزمان والمكان. ومع ذلك، هناك استثناءات، خاصة مع الحقائق العامة أو عندما يكون الإبلاغ متزامنًا جدًا. لكن كقاعدة عامة، توقع أن تحدث هذه التغييرات معًا.- 1الإبلاغ الفوري جدًا: إذا قلت للتو ما قاله شخص ما، وقد لا تحتاج إلى تغيير.
- 2الحقائق الثابتة: «قال إن الشمس تشرق من الشرق» (
He said the sun rises in the East).risesقد تظل كما هي، ولا تتغيرin the East. - 3إذا كان الوقت أو المكان لا يزالان صالحين من وجهة نظرك: كما في مثال المتجر السابق، إذا كان
hereلا يزالhereلكليكما.
Common Time and Place Transformations
| Direct Speech | Reported Speech | Example (Direct) | Example (Reported) |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Now
|
Then / At that time
|
I am ready now.
|
He said he was ready then.
|
|
Today
|
That day
|
I'll do it today.
|
She said she'd do it that day.
|
|
Tomorrow
|
The next/following day
|
See you tomorrow.
|
He said he'd see me the next day.
|
|
Yesterday
|
The day before / previous day
|
I went yesterday.
|
She said she had gone the day before.
|
|
Here
|
There
|
Put it here.
|
He told me to put it there.
|
|
This / These
|
That / Those
|
I like this car.
|
He said he liked that car.
|
|
Ago
|
Before
|
A week ago.
|
A week before.
|
|
Next week
|
The following week
|
I'm busy next week.
|
He said he was busy the following week.
|
Meanings
The process of adjusting adverbs of time and place when converting direct speech into indirect speech to maintain logical consistency from the reporter's perspective.
Temporal Shift
Changing time-related words (now, yesterday, tomorrow) to reflect the passage of time since the original statement.
“She said she had finished the report the day before.”
“They mentioned they would arrive the following week.”
Spatial Shift
Changing place-related words (here, this room) to reflect the reporter's current location relative to the original speaker.
“He told me to meet him there.”
“She said she liked that house.”
Demonstrative Shift
Changing 'this' and 'these' to 'that' and 'those' when they refer to specific objects or time periods.
“He said he wanted those shoes.”
“She mentioned she was busy that morning.”
Reference Table
| الكلام المباشر (Direct) | الكلام المنقول (Reported) | مثال (مباشر) | مثال (منقول) |
|---|---|---|---|
|
now
|
then / at that moment
|
"I'm busy now."
|
She said she was busy then.
|
|
today
|
that day
|
"I'll do it today."
|
He said he would do it that day.
|
|
yesterday
|
the day before
|
"I finished it yesterday."
|
She said she had finished it the day before.
|
|
tomorrow
|
the next day
|
"I'll call you tomorrow."
|
He promised he would call me the next day.
|
|
here
|
there
|
"Is anyone here?"
|
He asked if anyone was there.
|
|
this
|
that
|
"I love this song."
|
She remarked that she loved that song.
|
طيف الرسمية
The director stated that the meeting would commence there the following day. (Workplace communication)
He said the meeting would start there the next day. (Workplace communication)
He said the meeting was there tomorrow. (Workplace communication)
He was like, 'meeting's there tomorrow'. (Workplace communication)
تغييرات الزمان والمكان في الكلام المنقول
تعبيرات الزمان
- now then
- today that day
- yesterday the day before
- tomorrow the next day
المكان وأسماء الإشارة
- here there
- this that
- these those
ليه بنغير؟
- المنظور التغيير من المتكلم للراوي
- الوضوح تجنب اللبس في الوقت والمكان
- المنطق تناسب الـ 'هنا والآن' الجديد
المباشر ضد المنقول: الزمان والمكان
هل يجب أن أغير الزمان/المكان؟
هل فعل القول في الماضي (مثلاً: 'She said')؟
هل يحتوي الكلام المباشر على تعبير زمان أو مكان (مثل 'now', 'here')؟
هل الزمان أو المكان لا يزال هو نفسه بالنسبة لك (الراوي)؟
التحويلات الشائعة: من مباشر لمنقول
علامات الزمان
- • now → then
- • today → that day
- • tomorrow → the next day
المكان والإشارة
- • here → there
- • this → that
- • these → those
إشارات الماضي
- • last week → the week before
- • ago → before
إشارات المستقبل
- • next month → the following month
أمثلة حسب المستوى
He said he was there.
He said he was there.
She said she was happy then.
She said she was happy then.
They said they liked that.
They said they liked that.
He told me to go there.
He told me to go there.
He said he would call that day.
He said he would call that day.
She said she had seen him the day before.
She said she had seen him the day before.
They said they were leaving the next day.
They said they were leaving the next day.
He mentioned he lived in that house.
He mentioned he lived in that house.
She told me she had finished it two hours before.
She told me she had finished it two hours before.
He said he would be busy the following week.
He said he would be busy the following week.
They asked if I had been there the previous month.
They asked if I had been there the previous month.
She said she couldn't talk at that moment.
She said she couldn't talk at that moment.
The witness claimed he had seen the suspect there that night.
The witness claimed he had seen the suspect there that night.
She explained that those documents were ready for review.
She explained that those documents were ready for review.
He promised he would have the results by the following morning.
He promised he would have the results by the following morning.
They noted that the weather had been terrible the week before.
They noted that the weather had been terrible the week before.
The CEO remarked that the company had faced similar challenges the previous decade.
The CEO remarked that the company had faced similar challenges the previous decade.
He argued that the events of that day had changed everything.
He argued that the events of that day had changed everything.
She suggested that we meet there the following fortnight.
She suggested that we meet there the following fortnight.
They wondered why he hadn't arrived by that time.
They wondered why he hadn't arrived by that time.
The author reflects on how those fleeting moments defined his youth.
The author reflects on how those fleeting moments defined his youth.
It was stipulated that the funds be transferred by the following business day.
It was stipulated that the funds be transferred by the following business day.
He recounted the tale, noting that he had stood there exactly fifty years before.
He recounted the tale, noting that he had stood there exactly fifty years before.
The diplomat stated that the treaty would be signed there the subsequent month.
The diplomat stated that the treaty would be signed there the subsequent month.
سهل الخلط
Learners often remember to change the verb (is -> was) but forget the time word (now -> then).
'Ago' is used for time measured from the present moment. 'Before' is used for time measured from a point in the past.
In direct speech, 'come' implies movement toward the speaker. In reported speech, the reporter is often elsewhere, so 'come' becomes 'go'.
أخطاء شائعة
He said I am here now.
He said he was there then.
She said she likes this.
She said she liked that.
They said they will come tomorrow.
They said they would come the next day.
He said he arrived two days ago.
He said he had arrived two days before.
She asked if I was coming here.
She asked if I was going there.
He said he would do it next week.
He said he would do it the following week.
He said he is here today (when reported a week later).
He said he was there that day.
أنماط الجُمل
He said he would be ___ the following ___.
She mentioned that she had seen ___ the day ___.
They told us to put ___ ___.
It was reported that the event had taken place ___ ___ before.
Real World Usage
He said he was going there tonight.
The client mentioned they would review it the following week.
I saw him standing there two hours before.
She told me she had seen them that day.
The Prime Minister stated that day that taxes would not rise.
The agent said the flight would depart at that time.
فكر من وجهة نظرك أنت!
She said she was happy there.
لا تنسَ التغيير المزدوج
He said he had seen them the day before.
السياق هو الملك
She said her name is Sarah.
الرسائل النصية ضد الكلام الرسمي
The report stated the meeting was that day.
Smart Tips
Immediately think 'before'. It's the most common mistake in B1 exams.
Check if you are still there. If you are, don't change 'here' to 'there'.
You can almost always use 'the' instead of 'that' to sound more natural.
If you are reporting it on Saturday, you can just say 'today'!
النطق
Stress on the Shift
When reporting, we often put a slight stress on the shifted word (there, then, that) to emphasize the change in context.
Falling intonation on time markers
He said he'd arrive the next ↘day.
Conveys a completed piece of information.
احفظها
وسيلة تذكّر
Think of the 'T' rule: Time and Territory (Place) always move Toward the past/distance (Then, There, That).
ربط بصري
Imagine a person standing in a spotlight labeled 'NOW/HERE'. When they speak, they are in the light. When you report it, you are standing outside the light, looking at them from a distance. The light is 'THAT' place and 'THEN' time.
Rhyme
If they said 'here', you say 'there'. If they said 'now', you say 'then' with care.
Story
A spy is listening to a secret meeting. The villain says, 'We meet here tomorrow!' The spy runs to his boss and says, 'He said they would meet there the next day.' If the spy said 'here tomorrow', the boss would go to the wrong place at the wrong time!
Word Web
تحدٍّ
Look at your last 3 sent text messages. Try to report them out loud to an imaginary person, changing all time and place words correctly.
ملاحظات ثقافية
British speakers are more likely to use 'the following fortnight' instead of 'two weeks later' in formal reported speech.
Americans often use 'that' as a filler or to add distance even when not strictly required by grammar rules.
In news reporting, 'yesterday' is often kept if the newspaper is published the very next morning, but changed to 'Tuesday' or 'that day' in weekly magazines.
The concept of 'deixis' (pointing with words) comes from Ancient Greek. English developed specific adverbial shifts to maintain narrative clarity as the language moved from Old English to Middle English.
بدايات محادثة
What did your boss say in the meeting yesterday?
Tell me about a promise someone made to you last year.
What was the last thing your best friend told you on the phone?
If you could report a famous historical speech, what would you say?
مواضيع للكتابة اليومية
أخطاء شائعة
Test Yourself
Score: /4
تمارين تطبيقية
8 exercisesHe said he was ___ ___.
She said she would see me...
Find and fix the mistake:
He said he had finished the work two days ago.
She said she liked ___ ___.
You must always change 'here' to 'there' even if you are still in the same room.
B: 'What did he say?' C: 'He said he had gone to London ___ ___.'
Direct: 'Today' -> Reported: ?
1. Now, 2. Here, 3. Ago
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesThe news reported that the event would happen ___.
My mom told me to clean my room now.
Choose the correct sentence:
Translate into English: 'Él dijo que había estado allí la semana anterior.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Match the direct speech expressions with their reported speech forms:
She promised to send the documents ___.
He told us he will be here today.
Choose the correct sentence:
Translate into English: 'Nos dijo que se mudarían el año siguiente.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Match the direct speech expressions with their reported speech forms:
Score: /12
الأسئلة الشائعة (8)
Not if you are reporting the speech on the same day it was spoken. If someone says 'I'll call tomorrow' at 10 AM and you tell a friend at 2 PM, you can still say `tomorrow`.
It changes to `before` or `earlier`. For example, 'three days ago' becomes `three days before`.
Yes! Often `this` becomes `the` if the specific 'that-ness' isn't important. 'I like this book' -> 'He said he liked the book'.
Because 'come' implies moving toward the speaker. If the reporter is in a different place, the movement is now 'away' from the original spot, which requires `go`.
Both are correct. `The following day` is slightly more formal and common in writing, while `the next day` is common in speech.
It follows the same rule as 'today' and becomes `that night`.
Yes, especially in formal business emails where you are summarizing past conversations for a third party.
Usually, people will still understand you, but it might sound like the event is happening `now` or `here`, which can be factually confusing.
Scaffolded Practice
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Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Cambios de tiempo y lugar
English is stricter about backshifting the verb along with the time word.
Le discours indirect
French often uses 'le lendemain' for 'the next day', which is a very fixed phrase compared to English variations.
Indirekte Rede
German relies on verb mood (subjunctive) more than adverbial shifts to signal reported speech.
引用 (In'yō)
Japanese does not require backshifting of tenses or time words as frequently as English.
الكلام المنقول (Al-kalam al-manqul)
Arabic often maintains the original time word if the meaning is clear from context.
间接引语 (Jiànjiē yǐnyǔ)
The lack of tense shifts in Chinese makes the adverbial shifts the *only* way to show time, yet they are often omitted if the context is clear.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
فيديوهات ذات صلة
08:35 Bryan Cranston Answers Your Questions | Actually Me
16:57 15 Minute Morning Pronunciation Practice for English Learners
29:18 How Gordon Ramsay won THREE Michelin stars | Dish Podcast | Waitrose
Reported Speech: Time and Place changes - شرح قواعد اللغة الإنجليزية
Omar Abdelrahim
شرح الكلام المنقول بالتفصيل - Reported Speech
Droos Online
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