أفعال الإبلاغ: من قال ماذا؟
suggest للاقتراح، insist للإصرار، و deny للنفي.
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use passive reporting to talk about general beliefs or news without naming a specific person as the source.
- Use 'It + is + said + that' for general statements like 'It is said that he is rich.'
- Use 'Subject + is + thought + to' for specific focus like 'He is thought to be rich.'
- Common verbs include: say, think, believe, consider, report, know, and expect.
نظرة عامة
Reporting Verbs من أهم الأدوات اللغوية التي تمكنك من نقل المعلومات أو تلخيص الأقوال أو الأسئلة أو الأوامر التي صدرت عن الآخرين. في اللغة العربية، نحن نستخدم أفعالاً مثل «قال»، «أخبر»، «صرح»، «ادعى»، «اعترف»، ولكننا غالباً ما نعتمد على أداة الربط «أنّ» أو نستخدم الجملة الاسمية بعد الفعل. في الإنجليزية، الأمر أكثر تنوعاً وتخصصاً؛ فبدلاً من قول He said that he would be late (قال إنه سيتأخر)، يمكنك استخدام أفعال أكثر دقة مثل He admitted that he would be late (اعترف بأنه سيتأخر) أو He announced that he would be late (أعلن أنه سيتأخر).said، بل هي وسيلة لنقل «نبرة» المتحدث وهدفه. في ثقافتنا العربية، نحن نهتم جداً بمقام الكلام (المقال والمقام)، وأفعال النقل في الإنجليزية تؤدي هذه الوظيفة بدقة متناهية. على سبيل المثال، في جلسات «المجلس» أو عند مناقشة موضوع اجتماعي، قد تحتاج لنقل وجهة نظر صديقك؛ فهل هو يقترح (suggest) أم يصر (insist) أم يرفض (refuse)؟Direct Speech إلى كلام غير مباشر Indirect Speech (أو ما يعرف بـ Reported Speech). في العربية، عندما ننقل كلاماً، غالباً ما نغير الضمائر فقط، مثل: قال: «أنا ذاهب» -> قال إنه ذاهب. في الإنجليزية، العملية تتطلب وعياً أكبر بالتركيب النحوي الذي يتبع الفعل.Pattern.suggest لا يأخذ مفعولاً به ثم to-infinitive (لا نقول suggested him to go)، بل يأخذ gerund (نقول suggested going) أو that-clause (نقول suggested that he should go). هذا يختلف عن العربية حيث نستخدم «أن» مع الفعل المضارع دائماً.Tense Backshift؛ فإذا كان الكلام الأصلي في المضارع، يتحول في النقل إلى الماضي، وهو أمر نطبقه في العربية بشكل غير واعٍ أحياناً، لكن الإنجليزية تفرضه كقاعدة نحوية صارمة.Passive Reporting Structures مثل It is believed that... أو He is said to be.... هذا الأسلوب شائع جداً في الأخبار والتقارير الرسمية، وهو يقابل في العربية صيغاً مثل «يُقال إن...» أو «مما يُذكر أن...». هذا الهيكل يجعل الكلام يبدو موضوعياً ومجرداً من الذاتية، وهو أسلوب يضفي طابعاً رسمياً على حديثك.Verb + (that) + clause | نقل جملة خبرية | He admitted (that) he made a mistake. |Verb + object + to-infinitive | نقل أمر أو طلب أو نصيحة | The doctor advised me to rest. |Verb + to-infinitive | نقل وعد أو اتفاق أو رفض | He agreed to help me. |Verb + gerund (-ing) | نقل اقتراح أو اعتراف | She suggested going to the cafe. |- 1تلخيص النقاشات: في التجمعات العائلية أو في العمل، عندما تسأل «ماذا قال المدير؟»، ستحتاج لاستخدام
He requested that we finish the report by Friday. - 2نقل الآراء: عند الحديث عن أخبار أو إشاعات، نستخدم
It is reported that...أوPeople claim that.... - 3توضيح النوايا: عندما تريد أن تبين أن شخصاً ما كان يعتذر أو يرفض، تستخدم
He apologized for being lateأوHe refused to attend the meeting. - 4التفاوض في السوق: إذا كنت في «السوق» وتتحدث مع البائع، قد تقول
He insisted on a higher price(أصر على سعر أعلى).
- 1استخدام
thatمع كل الأفعال: يميل المتعلم العربي لقولHe suggested me to goلأننا في العربية نقول «اقترح عليّ أن أذهب». هذا خطأ فادح في الإنجليزية؛ فالفعلsuggestلا يأخذ مفعولاً به مباشرة قبلto-infinitive. - 2حذف حرف الجر: يخطئ الكثيرون بقول
He apologized meبدلاً منHe apologized to me for.... هذا بسبب الترجمة الحرفية من العربية «اعتذر لي». - 3تجاهل تحويل الزمن
Backshift: ينسى المتعلم تغيير زمن الفعل داخل الجملة المنقولة، فيقولHe said he is tiredبدلاً منHe said he was tired. هذا يحدث لأننا في العربية قد نستخدم الزمن نفسه في النقل، لكن الإنجليزية تفرض الرجوع للماضي.
Say | Tell |He said that he was busy. | He told me that he was busy. |- 1س: هل يمكنني حذف
thatدائماً؟
- 1س: لماذا لا أستطيع قول
He suggested me to go؟
suggest يعبر عن فكرة أو خطة، وليس عن أمر موجه لشخص محدد. بدلاً منها استخدم He suggested that I should go أو He suggested going.- 1س: متى أستخدم
gerundبدلاً منto-infinitive؟
gerund مع أفعال مثل admit, deny, suggest. استخدم to-infinitive مع أفعال الوعد، الطلب، والاتفاق مثل promise, agree, ask.Common Reporting Verbs in the Passive
| Verb | It-Structure (Present) | Subject-Structure (Present) | Past Meaning (Subject-Structure) |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Say
|
It is said that...
|
He is said to be...
|
He is said to have been...
|
|
Think
|
It is thought that...
|
He is thought to be...
|
He is thought to have been...
|
|
Believe
|
It is believed that...
|
He is believed to be...
|
He is believed to have been...
|
|
Know
|
It is known that...
|
He is known to be...
|
He is known to have been...
|
|
Report
|
It is reported that...
|
He is reported to be...
|
He is reported to have been...
|
|
Expect
|
It is expected that...
|
He is expected to be...
|
He is expected to have been...
|
Meanings
A formal way to report what people generally say, think, or believe without identifying the specific speakers.
General Belief
Reporting a widely held opinion or fact using 'It is said that...'
“It is thought that the earth was once much hotter.”
“It is known that smoking causes cancer.”
Specific Subject Focus
Starting the sentence with the person or thing being talked about.
“She is said to be the best doctor in town.”
“The thief is believed to have escaped through the window.”
Rumors and Allegations
Reporting something that hasn't been proven yet, often in legal or journalistic contexts.
“He is alleged to have stolen the car.”
“The suspect is reported to be hiding in the forest.”
Reference Table
| فعل النقل | النمط القواعدي | مثال (مبني للمعلوم) | مثال (مبني للمجهول) |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Admit
|
جملة that أو صيغة -ing
|
She admitted that she made a mistake.
|
It was admitted that a mistake was made.
|
|
Advise
|
مفعول به + المصدر مع to
|
He advised me to save money.
|
I was advised to save money.
|
|
Announce
|
جملة that
|
They announced that tickets were sold out.
|
It was announced that tickets were sold out.
|
|
Apologize
|
for + صيغة -ing
|
He apologized for being late.
|
An apology was made for the delay.
|
|
Claim
|
جملة that
|
She claimed that she saw a ghost.
|
It is claimed that ghosts exist.
|
|
Deny
|
صيغة -ing
|
He denied stealing the car.
|
The theft was denied by him.
|
|
Insist
|
on + صيغة -ing أو جملة that
|
She insisted on paying.
|
It was insisted that she pay.
|
|
Order
|
مفعول به + المصدر مع to
|
The teacher ordered us to sit down.
|
We were ordered to sit down.
|
|
Promise
|
المصدر مع to أو جملة that
|
They promised to help us.
|
It was promised that they would help.
|
|
Suggest
|
صيغة -ing أو جملة that
|
I suggested going for a walk.
|
It was suggested that we go for a walk.
|
طيف الرسمية
He is considered to be a genius. (Academic or social evaluation)
It is thought that he is a genius. (Academic or social evaluation)
Everyone thinks he's a genius. (Academic or social evaluation)
People say he's got a massive brain. (Academic or social evaluation)
أفعال النقل: كشف التفاصيل الدقيقة
الغرض
- الموقف Show emotion/intent
- التلخيص Condense original speech
- تجنب التكرار Avoid repetition
الأنماط الشائعة
- جملة That Verb + (that) + S + V
- المصدر مع to Verb + (Object) + to + V
- صيغة -ing Verb + V-ing
صيغ المجهول
- يُقال أن General belief/report
- يُعتقد أنه Subject + passive verb + to-V
أمثلة للأفعال
- Suggest Recommendation
- Admit Confession
- Demand Strong request
- Warn Caution
أفعال النقل: الأنماط في لمحة
اختيار فعل النقل والنمط الصحيح
هل تحتاج لنقل ما قاله شخص ما؟
هل تريد إيصال مشاعر أو نية محددة؟
هل الكلام الأصلي جملة أم طلب أم سؤال؟
هل الفعل يتطلب 'that' أم 'مصدر' أم '-ing'؟
هل الحدث في الماضي؟
هل المصدر مجهول أو عام؟
أفعال النقل في السياقات الحديثة
الرسائل النصية
- • Said (that)
- • Asked if
- • Replied that
- • Admitted
- • Complained
الاجتماعات عبر الإنترنت
- • Announced that
- • Explained that
- • Reminded us to
- • Suggested reviewing
- • Ordered them to
وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي
- • Claimed that
- • Boasted about
- • Wondered if
- • Shared that
- • Posted that
الألعاب والمحادثات الصوتية
- • Shouted that
- • Warned us to
- • Suggested waiting
- • Agreed to
- • Ordered to attack
أمثلة حسب المستوى
People say he is a good teacher.
People say he is a good teacher.
They think the movie is funny.
They think the movie is funny.
Everyone knows her name.
Everyone knows her name.
I believe you are right.
I believe you are right.
It is said that the food here is great.
It is said that the food here is great.
It is known that he is very rich.
It is known that he is very rich.
People believe the story is true.
People believe the story is true.
It is thought that the cat is lost.
It is thought that the cat is lost.
It is believed that the strike will end soon.
It is believed that the strike will end soon.
The painting is thought to be a fake.
The painting is thought to be a fake.
He is said to live in a huge mansion.
He is said to live in a huge mansion.
It is expected that the team will win.
It is expected that the team will win.
The CEO is reported to have resigned yesterday.
The CEO is reported to have resigned yesterday.
It is widely considered that his work is revolutionary.
It is widely considered that his work is revolutionary.
The suspect is alleged to have stolen the jewels.
The suspect is alleged to have stolen the jewels.
The virus is known to spread through the air.
The virus is known to spread through the air.
The manuscript is reputed to have been written by Dickens.
The manuscript is reputed to have been written by Dickens.
It is understood that negotiations are at a delicate stage.
It is understood that negotiations are at a delicate stage.
He is thought to have been working for the government for years.
He is thought to have been working for the government for years.
The company is estimated to be worth over ten billion dollars.
The company is estimated to be worth over ten billion dollars.
The artifact is purportedly to have originated from the Ming Dynasty.
The artifact is purportedly to have originated from the Ming Dynasty.
It is contended by some scholars that the text is a later addition.
It is contended by some scholars that the text is a later addition.
The defendant is claimed to have been being coerced at the time of the crime.
The defendant is claimed to have been being coerced at the time of the crime.
The policy is widely acknowledged to have been a failure.
The policy is widely acknowledged to have been a failure.
سهل الخلط
Learners think every passive sentence needs 'by someone'.
Mixing 'He said that...' with 'He is said to...'.
Using 'that' after a person-subject.
أخطاء شائعة
People says he is good.
People say he is good.
Is said that he is rich.
It is said that he is rich.
He is said that he lives in London.
He is said to live in London.
It is believed to be true.
It is believed that it is true.
He is thought to be a thief last year.
He is thought to have been a thief last year.
He is alleged to steal the money yesterday.
He is alleged to have stolen the money yesterday.
أنماط الجُمل
It is ___ that ___.
The ___ is thought to be ___.
He is said to have ___.
It is widely ___ that ___.
Real World Usage
The suspect is believed to be heading south.
It is generally accepted that the data is accurate.
It is rumored that the boss is quitting.
I am known to be a very hard worker.
This temple is thought to have been built in 500 BC.
The defendant is alleged to have committed fraud.
انتبه للتفاصيل الدقيقة
He grumbled that the food was cold.
لا تخلط بين الأنماط!
suggested going بصيغة -ing، وليس suggested to go. مثلاً: I suggested waiting.فكر في نية المتحدث
She promised to help us.
السياق هو المفتاح
state، أما مع الأصدقاء فاستخدم mutter أو grumble. مثلاً: He stated his position clearly.
Smart Tips
Replace 'I think' with 'It is often argued that' or 'It is generally believed that'.
Always look for the 'to'. If there is no 'to', the sentence is likely wrong.
Use 'It is rumored that...'. It completely removes you from the gossip.
Remember: 'to have' is your time machine. Use it to go back in time.
النطق
Weak 'to'
In the structure 'is said to be', the word 'to' is usually reduced to a schwa /tə/.
Linking 'is'
The 'is' often links to the following past participle.
Reporting Stress
It is SAID that he is RICH.
Stress the reporting verb and the key information at the end.
احفظها
وسيلة تذكّر
Remember 'IT THAT' or 'SUBJECT TO'. It's either 'It... that' or 'Subject... to'.
ربط بصري
Imagine a news anchor behind a desk. They don't say 'My friend told me'; they say 'It is reported that...'. The desk is the 'It is' structure—it's formal and hides the person.
Rhyme
When 'It' is the start, 'that' plays the part. When the Subject is first, 'to' quenches the thirst.
Story
A detective is investigating a crime. He doesn't know who the witness is, so he writes in his notebook: 'The suspect is thought to have fled.' He uses this to sound professional and avoid blaming a specific person for the rumor.
Word Web
تحدٍّ
Look at a news headline today. Try to rewrite it using 'It is said that...' or 'The [Subject] is said to...'.
ملاحظات ثقافية
British news (like the BBC) uses these structures very frequently to maintain a 'neutral' and 'unbiased' tone.
In Western universities, using 'I think' in an essay is often discouraged. Students are taught to use 'It is argued that...' or 'It is generally accepted that...'.
Lawyers use 'alleged' to avoid lawsuits. If you say 'He is a thief' and it's not proven, you can be sued. If you say 'He is alleged to be a thief', you are safe.
This structure evolved from Old English 'man' (similar to German 'man'), which was an indefinite pronoun meaning 'one' or 'people'.
بدايات محادثة
It is said that breakfast is the most important meal of the day. Do you agree?
Your favorite celebrity is rumored to be moving to your city. What do you do?
It is expected that AI will change every job. How will it change yours?
Which historical figure is considered to be the most influential?
مواضيع للكتابة اليومية
أخطاء شائعة
Test Yourself
She ___ on arriving early to get good seats for the concert.
Find and fix the mistake:
My coach advised me to don't give up on my dream.
Choose the correct sentence:
Arrange the words in the correct order:
All words placed
Click words above to build the sentence
Score: /4
تمارين تطبيقية
8 exercisesIt ___ that the company is losing money.
He is said ___ live in a castle.
Find and fix the mistake:
She is thought that she is the best singer.
People say that he is a genius.
We use 'to have + past participle' to talk about the past in reporting structures.
A: Is the new movie good? B: Well, it ___ to be the best of the year.
Pick the odd one out.
1. People think he is rich. 2. People say he was rich.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesThe news report ___ that the new stadium would be completed by next year.
She apologized for miss her flight.
Choose the correct sentence:
Translate into English: 'Ella me recordó que enviara el correo electrónico.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Match the verbs with their patterns:
It ___ that the ancient city was built by an unknown civilization.
My friend said me to buy more milk.
Choose the correct sentence:
Translate into English: 'Sugirió pedir comida para llevar.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Match the verbs with the prepositions:
Score: /12
الأسئلة الشائعة (8)
No, 'It is said' implies a general consensus or rumor. For your own opinion, use `I think` or `In my opinion`.
Yes, much more formal. It is preferred in writing and professional contexts.
No, only 'reporting' or 'mental' verbs like `say, think, believe, know, expect, report, consider, allege`.
The first is about the present ('He is rich now'). The second is about the past ('He was rich before').
In English, every sentence needs a subject. 'It' acts as a 'dummy subject' to fill the space when we don't want to name a person.
Yes, it is common in both British and American English, especially in news and formal writing.
Yes, but it's more common to say `It is said that it is true` or `The story is said to be true`.
Mostly, yes. It means something is claimed but not yet proven in a court of law.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Se dice que...
Spanish lacks the 'He is said to be' structure.
On dit que...
French uses an active pronoun 'on' instead of a passive verb.
Man sagt, dass...
German uses the modal verb 'sollen' for reporting.
...to iwarete iru
Japanese word order is reversed, with the reporting verb at the end.
Yuqal 'anna...
Arabic usually keeps the 'that' (anna) structure.
Jùshuō (据说)
Chinese doesn't use verb conjugation or a 'to-infinitive' structure.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
فيديوهات ذات صلة
Related Grammar Rules
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