B1 · متوسط فصل 1

فن سرد الحكايات: كيف تنقل ما قاله الآخرون ببراعة؟

4 القواعد الإجمالية
48 أمثلة
5 دقيقة

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of sharing past conversations and anecdotes with clarity and ease.

  • Distinguish between 'say' and 'tell' in reported speech.
  • Apply correct tense backshifting to maintain chronological accuracy.
  • Modify time and place references for natural-sounding narrative flow.
Master the art of the perfect retell.

ما ستتعلمه

أهلاً بك يا بطل في مرحلة جديدة ومثيرة! هل سبق وأن كنت في جلسة مع أصدقائك وأردت إخبارهم بما قاله مديرك في العمل، أو ربما أردت نقل تفاصيل مشوقة من مقابلة شاهدتها؟ في هذا الفصل، سننتقل بمهاراتك في اللغة الإنجليزية إلى مستوى المحترفين عبر إتقان «الكلام المنقول» (Reported Speech). سنبدأ معاً بحل لغز الفرق بين say و tell لتتخلص من الحيرة التي يقع فيها الكثيرون وتجعل جملك تبدو طبيعية تماماً. بعدها، سنكتشف «قاعدة العودة بالزمن» أو (Tense Backshift)، وهي السر الذي يضمن دقة تسلسل أحداثك عندما تحول الكلام من الحاضر إلى الماضي. لكن الحكاية لا تتوقف عند «قال» و«أخبر» فقط! ستتعلم كيف تستخدم أفعالاً تضفي حيوية ونكهة خاصة لقصصك، مثل promised أو explained، مما يجعل مستمعك يتفاعل مع كل كلمة. وأخيراً، ستتقن ضبط تفاصيل الزمان والمكان (مثل تحويل here إلى there) لضمان منطقية قصتك وانسجامها. بنهاية هذا الفصل، ستكون قادراً على سرد المواقف والأنشطة اليومية بأسلوب سردي ممتع وواثق، سواء كنت تلخص اجتماعاً مهماً أو تحكي مغامرة مضحكة لزملائك. هل أنت مستعد لتصبح راوي قصص بارعاً؟

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Accurately report a past conversation using correct tense shifts and time references.

دليل الفصل

نظرة عامة

Mastering how to talk about past conversations is a vital step in your journey to confident B1 English grammar. Imagine trying to recount an exciting story or relay important information without the right tools – it can feel clunky and unnatural. This chapter is your guide to sounding smooth and authentic when you're repeating what people said.
We'll demystify the subtle but crucial difference between say and tell, explore other useful reporting verbs, and show you how to effortlessly shift tenses and adjust time expressions so your recounted conversations make perfect sense to your listener.
For B1 learners, this skill isn't just about passing a grammar test; it's about connecting with others. Whether you're telling a friend about a funny chat you had yesterday, explaining a colleague's request, or sharing news you heard while traveling, knowing how to accurately and naturally report speech will transform your storytelling and communication. You'll gain the confidence to share anecdotes and information without getting tangled in grammatical knots, making your English sound more polished and fluent.
Get ready to tell your stories with precision and charm!

كيف تعمل هذه القاعدة

At the heart of repeating what people said is choosing the right reporting verb. You generally use say when focusing on the message itself. For example,
He said he was busy.
Here, the important part is the message, he was busy. You use tell when you want to mention the person who received the message – it *always* needs a direct or indirect object (like *me*, *her*, *us*, *them*).
So,
He told *me* he was busy.
Other common reporting verbs include ask (for questions), explain, or agree, each adding a specific nuance to the reported statement.
Once you’ve chosen your reporting verb, the next crucial step is tense backshift. When you report something that was said in the past, the original tense of the reported clause usually shifts one step back into the past. For instance, if someone says, I *am* happy, when you report it later, you'd say,
She said she *was* happy.
The present simple am shifts to the past simple was. Similarly, I *will* go becomes
He said he *would* go,
and I *have finished* becomes
She told me she *had finished*.
Finally, you need to adjust time and place words to reflect your current perspective. If someone said, "I'll see you *tomorrow*," and you're reporting it the next day, tomorrow is no longer accurate. It becomes "He said he'd see me *the next day*. Likewise, here often becomes there, and now might become then." These small but significant changes ensure your reported speech is clear and makes sense in your present context.
By combining these rules, you can accurately and naturally convey past conversations.

الأخطاء الشائعة

  1. 1Confusing 'say' and 'tell' without an object.
✗ He told he was tired.
✓ He said he was tired.
✓ He told *me* he was tired.
*Explanation*: Remember, tell *always* needs to say *who* was told (an object), while say focuses on the message and can stand alone.
  1. 1Forgetting to backshift the tense.
✗ She said she *is* coming. (Original: I am coming.)
✓ She said she *was* coming.
*Explanation*: When reporting past speech, the verb in the reported clause usually moves one tense into the past. Am becomes was.
  1. 1Not changing time or place expressions.
✗ He told me he'd meet me *here* tomorrow. (If you're reporting this the next day, not at the original location.)
✓ He told me he'd meet me *there* the next day.
*Explanation*: Words like here, now, today, tomorrow, and yesterday need to be adjusted to align with the current time and place of your reporting.

محادثات حقيقية

A

A

Hey, I saw Sarah at the café.
B

B

Oh really? What did she say?
A

A

She told me she was going on holiday the following week. She said she was really excited!
A

A

Did you hear about Mark's new job?
B

B

No, I hadn't! What did he tell you?
A

A

He explained that he *had been offered* a position at a tech company. He told me he *was starting* the next month.

أسئلة شائعة

Q

Do I always have to backshift the tense when repeating what people said?

Not always! If the reported statement is still true or refers to a general truth, you don't *have* to backshift. For example,

She said that London *is* a big city
is perfectly fine because London is still a big city. However, backshifting to
She said that London *was* a big city
is also grammatically correct, especially if the context is firmly in the past.

Q

Can I always use the word that after a reporting verb?

You can, but it's often optional, especially in informal speech. For instance,

He said that he was tired
is correct, but
He said he was tired
is also common and natural. It's often included for clarity or in more formal contexts.

Q

What happens if the original speaker used a modal verb like 'can' or 'will'?

Similar to regular verbs, modal verbs often backshift. Can becomes could, will becomes would, may becomes might, and must often becomes had to. For example, "He said, 'I *can* swim.' becomes He said he *could* swim."

السياق الثقافي

Native English speakers sometimes omit tense backshift in very informal, immediate contexts, especially if the reported statement is still current. For example,
He said he *is* coming
instead of
He said he *was* coming
if he's due to arrive any minute. However, for clear, accurate communication, especially in writing or when there's a time gap, using tense backshift and adjusting time and place changes is the standard.
It adds polish and precision to your storytelling, making your B1 English grammar sound very natural.

أمثلة رئيسية (8)

1

My friend said he'd be here by 7 PM.

صديقي قال إنه سيكون هنا بحلول الساعة 7 مساءً.

الكلام المنقول: Say مقابل Tell
2

She told me she passed the exam!

أخبرتني أنها نجحت في الامتحان!

الكلام المنقول: Say مقابل Tell
3

My friend **insisted on** buying me coffee this morning, even though I offered.

أصر صديقي على دعوتي للقهوة هذا الصباح، رغم أنني عرضت الدفع.

أفعال الإبلاغ: من قال ماذا؟
4

The HR manager **announced that** the new work-from-home policy would start next month.

أعلن مدير الموارد البشرية أن سياسة العمل عن بعد ستبدأ الشهر القادم.

أفعال الإبلاغ: من قال ماذا؟
5

She told me `she was feeling` great.

أخبرتني أنها كانت تشعر بالراحة.

الإبلاغ عما قاله الناس (تحويل الزمن)
6

He said `he liked` the new song.

قال إنه أحب الأغنية الجديدة.

الإبلاغ عما قاله الناس (تحويل الزمن)
7

She said, "I'll meet you *tomorrow*."

قالت: "سأقابلك غدًا".

الكلام المنقول: تغييرات الزمان والمكان
8

He mentioned that he had seen us *the day before*.

ذكر أنه رآنا في اليوم السابق.

الكلام المنقول: تغييرات الزمان والمكان

نصائح وحيل (4)

🎯

ابحث دائماً عن المستمع

قبل ما تختار say أو tell، اسأل نفسك: هل فيه مفعول به مباشر (الشخص اللي بتكلمه) بعد الفعل مباشرة؟ لو الإجابة نعم، غالباً رح تستخدم tell.
She told *me* the news.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: الكلام المنقول: Say مقابل Tell
💡

انتبه للتفاصيل الدقيقة

عندما تسمع كلاماً منقولاً، ركز على الفعل المستخدم؛ هل المتحدث سعيد أم غاضب؟ مثلاً:
He grumbled that the food was cold.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: أفعال الإبلاغ: من قال ماذا؟
💡

فكر "خطوة للوراء"

لما تنقل كلام اتقال في الماضي، تخيل إن الزمن بيرجع خطوة لورا على الخط الزمني. المضارع بيصير ماضي، والماضي بيصير ماضي تام. هالقاعدة البسيطة بتغطي أغلب الحالات.
He said he was happy.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: الإبلاغ عما قاله الناس (تحويل الزمن)
💡

فكر من وجهة نظرك أنت!

تخيل إنك أنت اللي بتحكي القصة دلوقتي. هل كلمة 'هنا' لسه بتعبر عن مكانك؟ لو لا، حولها:
She said she was happy there.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: الكلام المنقول: تغييرات الزمان والمكان

المفردات الرئيسية (5)

Report to give a spoken or written account Backshift moving a verb tense into the past Indirect speech reporting what someone said without direct quotes Statement a definite or clear expression of something Attribution crediting speech to a speaker

Real-World Preview

briefcase

Sharing Office News

Review Summary

  • Subject + said + (that) + clause / Subject + told + object + (that) + clause
  • Present -> Past
  • now -> then, today -> that day, tomorrow -> the next day

أخطاء شائعة

You cannot use 'said' directly with an object like 'me'. Use 'told' instead.

Wrong: He said me he was tired.
صحيح: He told me he was tired.

Even if she is still happy, in reported speech, we usually backshift the verb to match the reporting verb.

Wrong: She said she is happy.
صحيح: She said she was happy.

'Tell' must have an object (who he told). If no object is mentioned, use 'said'.

Wrong: He told that he likes pizza.
صحيح: He said that he liked pizza.

Next Steps

You have mastered the foundation of reported speech! Keep practicing, and your storytelling will be unstoppable.

Listen to a news report and summarize it for a friend.

تدريب سريع (8)

أي جملة تستخدم فعل النقل بشكل صحيح؟

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: He suggested joining the club.
الفعل suggest يتبعه عادة صيغة -ing. جملة 'suggested me to join' هي خطأ شائع جداً.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: أفعال الإبلاغ: من قال ماذا؟

ابحث عن الخطأ في الجملة وصححه.

Find and fix the mistake:

The news reporter told that the storm was approaching.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The news reporter said that the storm was approaching.
'Tell' تتطلب مفعول به مباشر بعدها مباشرة. بما أنه لا يوجد مفعول به ('us', 'them', إلخ) هنا، فإن 'said' هو الخيار الصحيح لتقديم المعلومات المنقولة.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: الكلام المنقول: Say مقابل Tell

اختر الشكل الصحيح لإكمال الكلام المنقول.

She said she ___ busy yesterday.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: was
الكلام المباشر:
I am busy.
المضارع البسيط 'am' يتحول إلى الماضي البسيط 'was'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: الإبلاغ عما قاله الناس (تحويل الزمن)

اختر الشكل الصحيح لإكمال الجملة.

She ___ me she couldn't make it to the party.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: told
كلمة 'me' هي مفعول به مباشر يتبع الفعل، لذا 'told' مطلوبة. أنت 'تخبر شخصاً' شيئاً.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: الكلام المنقول: Say مقابل Tell

ابحث عن الخطأ وصححه في الجملة المنقولة.

Find and fix the mistake:

He told me he `go` to the concert.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: He told me he `went` to the concert.
الكلام المباشر:
I go to the concert.
المضارع البسيط 'go' يتحول إلى الماضي البسيط 'went' عند النقل في الماضي.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: الإبلاغ عما قاله الناس (تحويل الزمن)

اختر الصيغة الصحيحة لإكمال الجملة.

She ___ on arriving early to get good seats for the concert.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: insisted
الفعل insist يتبعه غالباً حرف الجر on وصيغة -ing، وهو يناسب سياق الإصرار على شيء ما.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: أفعال الإبلاغ: من قال ماذا؟

اختر الجملة التي تنقل ما قيل بشكل صحيح.

اختر الجملة الصحيحة:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: She announced that the meeting `was` postponed.
الكلام المباشر:
The meeting is postponed.
المضارع البسيط يتحول إلى الماضي البسيط.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: الإبلاغ عما قاله الناس (تحويل الزمن)

جد الخطأ في الجملة وقم بتصحيحه.

Find and fix the mistake:

My coach advised me to don't give up on my dream.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: My coach advised me not to give up on my dream.
عند نقل نصيحة منفية باستخدام advise، نضع not قبل to.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: أفعال الإبلاغ: من قال ماذا؟

Score: /8

أسئلة شائعة (6)

الفرق الأساسي هو أن tell *دائماً* تحتاج إلى مفعول به مباشر (من تخبره) مباشرة بعدها، مثل 'she told *me*'. أما say فعادة لا تحتوي على مفعول به مباشر أو تستخدم 'to + object'، مثل 'he said (to *me*)'.
نعم، لكنه أقل شيوعاً وغالباً ما يبدو أكثر رسمية أو تحديداً. ستقول 'He said to me that...' بدلاً من 'He said me that...'. مع tell، المفعول به إلزامي ويأتي مباشرة بعدها، مثلاً: 'He told me that...'.
الفعل say عام، بينما state يوحي بتصريح رسمي أو رسمي أكثر. مثلاً: He said hello مقابل
The President stated his policy
.
Admit يعني قبول حقيقة ما، غالباً بتردد مثل
He admitted his mistake
. أما confess فيوحي بالاعتراف بشيء خاطئ أو غير قانوني مع شعور بالذنب مثل
She confessed to the crime
.
تحويل الأزمنة هو لما بتنقل الفعل في الجملة المنقولة خطوة للماضي. مثلاً، لو الكلام المباشر هو Present Simple، الكلام المنقول بيصير Past Simple.
He said he liked pizza.
بنستخدمه عشان نحافظ على التسلسل الزمني المنطقي للأحداث. لما تنقل شيء اتقال في الماضي، تحويل الزمن بيوضح إن الجملة الأصلية كمان كانت في سياق ماضي بالنسبة لعملية النقل تبعتك.