B1 · मध्यवर्ती चैप्टर 1

Repeating What People Said

4 कुल नियम
48 उदाहरण
5 मिनट

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of sharing past conversations and anecdotes with clarity and ease.

  • Distinguish between 'say' and 'tell' in reported speech.
  • Apply correct tense backshifting to maintain chronological accuracy.
  • Modify time and place references for natural-sounding narrative flow.
Master the art of the perfect retell.

तुम क्या सीखोगे

Ever wonder how to tell exciting stories about past chats? This chapter will help you master shifting tenses and choosing between 'say' and 'tell' so your recounted conversations sound perfectly natural and engaging. You'll be sharing anecdotes with confidence!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Accurately report a past conversation using correct tense shifts and time references.

अध्याय गाइड

Overview

Mastering how to talk about past conversations is a vital step in your journey to confident B1 English grammar. Imagine trying to recount an exciting story or relay important information without the right tools – it can feel clunky and unnatural. This chapter is your guide to sounding smooth and authentic when you're repeating what people said.
We'll demystify the subtle but crucial difference between say and tell, explore other useful reporting verbs, and show you how to effortlessly shift tenses and adjust time expressions so your recounted conversations make perfect sense to your listener.
For B1 learners, this skill isn't just about passing a grammar test; it's about connecting with others. Whether you're telling a friend about a funny chat you had yesterday, explaining a colleague's request, or sharing news you heard while traveling, knowing how to accurately and naturally report speech will transform your storytelling and communication. You'll gain the confidence to share anecdotes and information without getting tangled in grammatical knots, making your English sound more polished and fluent.
Get ready to tell your stories with precision and charm!

How This Grammar Works

At the heart of repeating what people said is choosing the right reporting verb. You generally use say when focusing on the message itself. For example,
He said he was busy.
Here, the important part is the message, he was busy. You use tell when you want to mention the person who received the message – it *always* needs a direct or indirect object (like *me*, *her*, *us*, *them*).
So,
He told *me* he was busy.
Other common reporting verbs include ask (for questions), explain, or agree, each adding a specific nuance to the reported statement.
Once you’ve chosen your reporting verb, the next crucial step is tense backshift. When you report something that was said in the past, the original tense of the reported clause usually shifts one step back into the past. For instance, if someone says, I *am* happy, when you report it later, you'd say,
She said she *was* happy.
The present simple am shifts to the past simple was. Similarly, I *will* go becomes
He said he *would* go,
and I *have finished* becomes
She told me she *had finished*.
Finally, you need to adjust time and place words to reflect your current perspective. If someone said, "I'll see you *tomorrow*," and you're reporting it the next day, tomorrow is no longer accurate. It becomes "He said he'd see me *the next day*. Likewise, here often becomes there, and now might become then." These small but significant changes ensure your reported speech is clear and makes sense in your present context.
By combining these rules, you can accurately and naturally convey past conversations.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1Confusing 'say' and 'tell' without an object.
✗ He told he was tired.
✓ He said he was tired.
✓ He told *me* he was tired.
*Explanation*: Remember, tell *always* needs to say *who* was told (an object), while say focuses on the message and can stand alone.
  1. 1Forgetting to backshift the tense.
✗ She said she *is* coming. (Original: I am coming.)
✓ She said she *was* coming.
*Explanation*: When reporting past speech, the verb in the reported clause usually moves one tense into the past. Am becomes was.
  1. 1Not changing time or place expressions.
✗ He told me he'd meet me *here* tomorrow. (If you're reporting this the next day, not at the original location.)
✓ He told me he'd meet me *there* the next day.
*Explanation*: Words like here, now, today, tomorrow, and yesterday need to be adjusted to align with the current time and place of your reporting.

Real Conversations

A

A

Hey, I saw Sarah at the café.
B

B

Oh really? What did she say?
A

A

She told me she was going on holiday the following week. She said she was really excited!
A

A

Did you hear about Mark's new job?
B

B

No, I hadn't! What did he tell you?
A

A

He explained that he *had been offered* a position at a tech company. He told me he *was starting* the next month.

Quick FAQ

Q

Do I always have to backshift the tense when repeating what people said?

Not always! If the reported statement is still true or refers to a general truth, you don't *have* to backshift. For example,

She said that London *is* a big city
is perfectly fine because London is still a big city. However, backshifting to
She said that London *was* a big city
is also grammatically correct, especially if the context is firmly in the past.

Q

Can I always use the word that after a reporting verb?

You can, but it's often optional, especially in informal speech. For instance,

He said that he was tired
is correct, but
He said he was tired
is also common and natural. It's often included for clarity or in more formal contexts.

Q

What happens if the original speaker used a modal verb like 'can' or 'will'?

Similar to regular verbs, modal verbs often backshift. Can becomes could, will becomes would, may becomes might, and must often becomes had to. For example, "He said, 'I *can* swim.' becomes He said he *could* swim."

Cultural Context

Native English speakers sometimes omit tense backshift in very informal, immediate contexts, especially if the reported statement is still current. For example,
He said he *is* coming
instead of
He said he *was* coming
if he's due to arrive any minute. However, for clear, accurate communication, especially in writing or when there's a time gap, using tense backshift and adjusting time and place changes is the standard.
It adds polish and precision to your storytelling, making your B1 English grammar sound very natural.

मुख्य उदाहरण (8)

1

My friend said he'd be here by 7 PM.

मेरे दोस्त ने कहा कि वह शाम 7 बजे तक यहाँ होगा।

रिपोर्टेड स्पीच: Say बनाम Tell
2

She told me she passed the exam!

उसने मुझे बताया कि वह परीक्षा में पास हो गई!

रिपोर्टेड स्पीच: Say बनाम Tell
3

My friend **insisted on** buying me coffee this morning, even though I offered.

मेरे दोस्त ने आज सुबह मुझे कॉफ़ी पिलाने पर ज़ोर दिया, भले ही मैंने मना किया था.

रिपोर्टिंग क्रियाएँ: किसने क्या कहा?
4

The HR manager **announced that** the new work-from-home policy would start next month.

HR मैनेजर ने घोषणा की कि नई वर्क-फ़्रॉम-होम पॉलिसी अगले महीने से शुरू होगी.

रिपोर्टिंग क्रियाएँ: किसने क्या कहा?
5

She told me `she was feeling` great.

उसने मुझे बताया कि वह बहुत अच्छा महसूस कर रही थी।

लोगों ने क्या कहा रिपोर्ट करना (टेंस बैकशिफ्ट)
6

He said `he liked` the new song.

उसने कहा कि उसे नया गाना पसंद आया।

लोगों ने क्या कहा रिपोर्ट करना (टेंस बैकशिफ्ट)
7

She said, "I'll meet you *tomorrow*."

उसने कहा, "मैं तुमसे कल मिलूँगी।"

रिपोर्टेड स्पीच: समय और स्थान में परिवर्तन
8

He mentioned that he had seen us *the day before*.

उसने बताया कि उसने हमें एक दिन पहले देखा था।

रिपोर्टेड स्पीच: समय और स्थान में परिवर्तन

टिप्स और ट्रिक्स (4)

🎯

हमेशा सुनने वाले को देखो

'Say' या 'tell' चुनने से पहले, खुद से पूछो: क्या verb के ठीक बाद कोई सीधा object (जिससे बात की जा रही है) है? अगर हाँ, तो शायद 'tell' आएगा।
She told *me* she was busy.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: रिपोर्टेड स्पीच: Say बनाम Tell
💡

बारीकियों पर ध्यान दो

जब तुम किसी की बात सुनो, तो ध्यान दो कि कौन सा रिपोर्टिंग वर्ब इस्तेमाल हुआ है. क्या वो तुम्हें बता रहा है कि बोलने वाला खुश था, गुस्सा था या बस सामान्य बात कर रहा था? इससे तुम्हें बातों की «बारीकियाँ» समझने में मदद मिलेगी.
He grumbled that he was tired.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: रिपोर्टिंग क्रियाएँ: किसने क्या कहा?
💡

सोचो 'एक कदम पीछे'

जब तुम पिछली बात बता रहे हो, तो सोचो कि काल एक कदम पीछे जा रहा है। Present, Past बन जाता है और Past, Past Perfect बन जाता है।
She said she was happy.
(Direct:
I am happy.
)
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: लोगों ने क्या कहा रिपोर्ट करना (टेंस बैकशिफ्ट)
💡

अपनी नज़र से सोचो

जब तुम किसी की बात किसी और को बता रहे हो, तो सोचो कि तुम खुद कहानी सुना रहे हो। क्या 'now' अभी भी सही लगता है? क्या 'here' अभी भी वही जगह है? अपने मौजूदा नज़रिए के हिसाब से समय और जगह के शब्दों को बदलो।
Adjust time and place words to match your current viewpoint.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: रिपोर्टेड स्पीच: समय और स्थान में परिवर्तन

मुख्य शब्दावली (5)

Report to give a spoken or written account Backshift moving a verb tense into the past Indirect speech reporting what someone said without direct quotes Statement a definite or clear expression of something Attribution crediting speech to a speaker

Real-World Preview

briefcase

Sharing Office News

Review Summary

  • Subject + said + (that) + clause / Subject + told + object + (that) + clause
  • Present -> Past
  • now -> then, today -> that day, tomorrow -> the next day

सामान्य गलतियाँ

You cannot use 'said' directly with an object like 'me'. Use 'told' instead.

Wrong: He said me he was tired.
सही: He told me he was tired.

Even if she is still happy, in reported speech, we usually backshift the verb to match the reporting verb.

Wrong: She said she is happy.
सही: She said she was happy.

'Tell' must have an object (who he told). If no object is mentioned, use 'said'.

Wrong: He told that he likes pizza.
सही: He said that he liked pizza.

इस अध्याय के नियम (4)

Next Steps

You have mastered the foundation of reported speech! Keep practicing, and your storytelling will be unstoppable.

Listen to a news report and summarize it for a friend.

त्वरित अभ्यास (10)

वाक्य में गलती ढूंढें और उसे ठीक करें.

Find and fix the mistake:

My coach advised me to don't give up on my dream.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: My coach advised me not to give up on my dream.
'advise' + ऑब्जेक्ट + 'to'-इनफिनिटिव का उपयोग करके नकारात्मक सलाह या निर्देशों की रिपोर्ट करते समय, 'not' 'to' से पहले आता है.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: रिपोर्टिंग क्रियाएँ: किसने क्या कहा?

कौन सा वाक्य कही गई बात को सही ढंग से बताता है?

सही वाक्य चुनें:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: She announced that the meeting `was` postponed.
सीधी बात:
The meeting is postponed.
Present Simple, Past Simple में बदल जाता है।

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: लोगों ने क्या कहा रिपोर्ट करना (टेंस बैकशिफ्ट)

वाक्य पूरा करने के लिए सही फॉर्म चुनें.

She ___ on arriving early to get good seats for the concert.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: insisted
'insist' वर्ब के बाद अक्सर 'on' + जेरंड, या 'that'-क्लॉज़ आता है. इस संदर्भ में, 'insisted' किसी बात पर दृढ़ रहने के विचार के साथ सबसे अच्छा फिट बैठता है.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: रिपोर्टिंग क्रियाएँ: किसने क्या कहा?

रिपोर्टेड वाक्य को पूरा करने के लिए सही रूप चुनें।

He said he would call me ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: the next day
'tomorrow' के साथ किए गए भविष्य के वादे को रिपोर्ट करते समय, यह आमतौर पर रिपोर्टेड स्पीच में 'the next day' या 'the following day' में बदल जाता है।

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: रिपोर्टेड स्पीच: समय और स्थान में परिवर्तन

कौन सा वाक्य रिपोर्टिंग वर्ब का सही उपयोग करता है?

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: He suggested joining the club.
'Suggest' के बाद आमतौर पर जेरंड (-ing फॉर्म) आता है. जबकि 'He suggested that I join the club' भी सही है, 'suggested me to join' एक आम गलती है.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: रिपोर्टिंग क्रियाएँ: किसने क्या कहा?

वाक्य में गलती ढूँढो और उसे ठीक करो।

Find and fix the mistake:

The news reporter told that the storm was approaching.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The news reporter said that the storm was approaching.
'Tell' को अपने ठीक बाद एक सीधा object चाहिए। चूंकि यहाँ कोई object ('us', 'them', आदि) नहीं है, इसलिए रिपोर्ट की गई जानकारी बताने के लिए 'said' सही विकल्प है।

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: रिपोर्टेड स्पीच: Say बनाम Tell

कौन सा रिपोर्टेड वाक्य समय के भाव को सही ढंग से बदलता है?

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: He said he had finished it the day before.
जब 'yesterday' को रिपोर्ट किया जाता है, तो यह आमतौर पर 'the day before' या 'the previous day' में बदल जाता है, और पास्ट सिंपल काल ('finished') पास्ट परफेक्ट ('had finished') में बैकशिफ्ट होता है।

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: रिपोर्टेड स्पीच: समय और स्थान में परिवर्तन

रिपोर्टेड वाक्य में गलती ढूंढें और उसे ठीक करें।

Find and fix the mistake:

She told me she was here last week.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: She told me she had been there the week before.
सही रिपोर्टेड स्पीच के लिए जगह ('here' से 'there') और समय ('last week' से 'the week before') दोनों को बदलना ज़रूरी है, और काल भी पास्ट सिंपल से पास्ट परफेक्ट में बैकशिफ्ट होता है।

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: रिपोर्टेड स्पीच: समय और स्थान में परिवर्तन

Reported speech को पूरा करने के लिए सही रूप चुनें।

She said she ___ busy yesterday.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: was
सीधी बात:
I am busy.
Present Simple 'am', Past Simple 'was' में बदल जाता है।

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: लोगों ने क्या कहा रिपोर्ट करना (टेंस बैकशिफ्ट)

वाक्य पूरा करने के लिए सही रूप चुनें।

She ___ me she couldn't make it to the party.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: told
क्रिया के बाद 'me' एक सीधा object है, इसलिए 'told' की ज़रूरत है। तुम किसी *को* कुछ 'tell' करते हो।

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: रिपोर्टेड स्पीच: Say बनाम Tell

Score: /10

सामान्य प्रश्न (6)

मुख्य अंतर यह है कि 'tell' के बाद हमेशा एक सीधा object (जिसे तुम बता रहे हो) तुरंत आता है, जैसे she told *me*. 'Say' के बाद आमतौर पर सीधा object नहीं होता या 'to + object' का इस्तेमाल होता है, जैसे he said (to *me*).
हाँ, लेकिन यह कम आम है और अक्सर ज़्यादा औपचारिक या विशिष्ट लगता है। तुम He said to me that... कहोगे, न कि He said me that...। 'Tell' के साथ, object अनिवार्य है और तुरंत बाद आता है, जैसे He told me that...
'Say' सामान्य है, जबकि 'state' का मतलब ज़्यादा औपचारिक या आधिकारिक घोषणा होता है. उदाहरण के लिए, He said hello बनाम
The President stated his policy
.
'Admit' का मतलब किसी बात को सच मानना है, अक्सर अनिच्छा से (
He admitted his mistake
). 'Confess' का मतलब आमतौर पर किसी गलत या अवैध काम को स्वीकार करना होता है, अक्सर अपराधबोध के साथ (
She confessed to the crime
)
Tense backshift का मतलब है कि जब तुम किसी की कही बात बताते हो, तो रिपोर्टेड क्लॉज़ में क्रिया का काल एक कदम पीछे चला जाता है। जैसे, अगर सीधी बात Present Simple में है, तो बताई गई बात Past Simple में हो जाती है। उदाहरण:
I am happy.
->
She said she was happy.
हम इसका इस्तेमाल घटनाओं के समय को सही रखने के लिए करते हैं। जब तुम कोई बात बताते हो जो पहले कही गई थी, तो Backshift ये साफ करता है कि मूल बात भी तुम्हारे बताने के समय से पहले हुई थी।