Repeating What People Said
Chapter in 30 Seconds
Master the art of sharing past conversations and anecdotes with clarity and ease.
- Distinguish between 'say' and 'tell' in reported speech.
- Apply correct tense backshifting to maintain chronological accuracy.
- Modify time and place references for natural-sounding narrative flow.
तुम क्या सीखोगे
Ever wonder how to tell exciting stories about past chats? This chapter will help you master shifting tenses and choosing between 'say' and 'tell' so your recounted conversations sound perfectly natural and engaging. You'll be sharing anecdotes with confidence!
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रिपोर्टेड स्पीच: Say बनाम Tellसही 'say' और 'tell' का इस्तेमाल करके तुम अपनी बात को
smoothऔरnaturalबना सकते हो, जैसे कि तुम कोई कहानी सुना रहे हो। -
रिपोर्टिंग क्रियाएँ: किसने क्या कहा?रिपोर्टिंग वर्ब्स तुम्हारी बातों को और गहरा और सटीक बनाते हैं, जिससे तुम्हारी कहानियाँ «जीवंत» और «स्पष्ट» लगती हैं.
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लोगों ने क्या कहा रिपोर्ट करना (टेंस बैकशिफ्ट)Tense backshift को समझकर तुम अपनी बात को «साफ» और «प्राकृतिक» बना सकते हो, खासकर जब तुम किसी की कही बात बताते हो।
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रिपोर्टेड स्पीच: समय और स्थान में परिवर्तनजब तुम किसी की बात बताते हो, तो हमेशा समय और जगह के निशानों को अपडेट करो ताकि बात साफ़ और सही लगे। ये हैं तुम्हारे «समय» और «जगह» के जादूगर!
Learning Objectives
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
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By the end you will be able to: Accurately report a past conversation using correct tense shifts and time references.
अध्याय गाइड
Overview
How This Grammar Works
He said he was busy.Here, the important part is the message,
he was busy. You use tell when you want to mention the person who received the message – it *always* needs a direct or indirect object (like *me*, *her*, *us*, *them*).He told *me* he was busy.Other common reporting verbs include ask (for questions), explain, or agree, each adding a specific nuance to the reported statement.
I *am* happy, when you report it later, you'd say, She said she *was* happy.The present simple
am shifts to the past simple was. Similarly, I *will* go becomes He said he *would* go,and
I *have finished* becomes She told me she *had finished*.
tomorrow is no longer accurate. It becomes "He said he'd see me *the next day*. Likewise, here often becomes there, and now might become then." These small but significant changes ensure your reported speech is clear and makes sense in your present context.Common Mistakes
- 1Confusing 'say' and 'tell' without an object.
- 1Forgetting to backshift the tense.
I am coming.)Am becomes was.- 1Not changing time or place expressions.
here, now, today, tomorrow, and yesterday need to be adjusted to align with the current time and place of your reporting.Real Conversations
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Quick FAQ
Do I always have to backshift the tense when repeating what people said?
Not always! If the reported statement is still true or refers to a general truth, you don't *have* to backshift. For example,
She said that London *is* a big cityis perfectly fine because London is still a big city. However, backshifting to
She said that London *was* a big cityis also grammatically correct, especially if the context is firmly in the past.
Can I always use the word that after a reporting verb?
You can, but it's often optional, especially in informal speech. For instance,
He said that he was tiredis correct, but
He said he was tiredis also common and natural. It's often included for clarity or in more formal contexts.
What happens if the original speaker used a modal verb like 'can' or 'will'?
Similar to regular verbs, modal verbs often backshift. Can becomes could, will becomes would, may becomes might, and must often becomes had to. For example, "He said, 'I *can* swim.' becomes He said he *could* swim."
Cultural Context
He said he *is* cominginstead of
He said he *was* comingif he's due to arrive any minute. However, for clear, accurate communication, especially in writing or when there's a time gap, using tense backshift and adjusting time and place changes is the standard.
मुख्य उदाहरण (8)
My friend said he'd be here by 7 PM.
मेरे दोस्त ने कहा कि वह शाम 7 बजे तक यहाँ होगा।
रिपोर्टेड स्पीच: Say बनाम TellShe told me she passed the exam!
उसने मुझे बताया कि वह परीक्षा में पास हो गई!
रिपोर्टेड स्पीच: Say बनाम TellMy friend **insisted on** buying me coffee this morning, even though I offered.
मेरे दोस्त ने आज सुबह मुझे कॉफ़ी पिलाने पर ज़ोर दिया, भले ही मैंने मना किया था.
रिपोर्टिंग क्रियाएँ: किसने क्या कहा?The HR manager **announced that** the new work-from-home policy would start next month.
HR मैनेजर ने घोषणा की कि नई वर्क-फ़्रॉम-होम पॉलिसी अगले महीने से शुरू होगी.
रिपोर्टिंग क्रियाएँ: किसने क्या कहा?She told me `she was feeling` great.
उसने मुझे बताया कि वह बहुत अच्छा महसूस कर रही थी।
लोगों ने क्या कहा रिपोर्ट करना (टेंस बैकशिफ्ट)He said `he liked` the new song.
उसने कहा कि उसे नया गाना पसंद आया।
लोगों ने क्या कहा रिपोर्ट करना (टेंस बैकशिफ्ट)She said, "I'll meet you *tomorrow*."
उसने कहा, "मैं तुमसे कल मिलूँगी।"
रिपोर्टेड स्पीच: समय और स्थान में परिवर्तनHe mentioned that he had seen us *the day before*.
उसने बताया कि उसने हमें एक दिन पहले देखा था।
रिपोर्टेड स्पीच: समय और स्थान में परिवर्तनटिप्स और ट्रिक्स (4)
हमेशा सुनने वाले को देखो
She told *me* she was busy.
बारीकियों पर ध्यान दो
He grumbled that he was tired.
सोचो 'एक कदम पीछे'
She said she was happy. (Direct: I am happy.)अपनी नज़र से सोचो
Adjust time and place words to match your current viewpoint.
मुख्य शब्दावली (5)
Real-World Preview
Sharing Office News
Review Summary
- Subject + said + (that) + clause / Subject + told + object + (that) + clause
- Present -> Past
- now -> then, today -> that day, tomorrow -> the next day
सामान्य गलतियाँ
You cannot use 'said' directly with an object like 'me'. Use 'told' instead.
Even if she is still happy, in reported speech, we usually backshift the verb to match the reporting verb.
'Tell' must have an object (who he told). If no object is mentioned, use 'said'.
इस अध्याय के नियम (4)
Next Steps
You have mastered the foundation of reported speech! Keep practicing, and your storytelling will be unstoppable.
Listen to a news report and summarize it for a friend.
त्वरित अभ्यास (10)
Find and fix the mistake:
My coach advised me to don't give up on my dream.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: रिपोर्टिंग क्रियाएँ: किसने क्या कहा?
सही वाक्य चुनें:
The meeting is postponed. Present Simple, Past Simple में बदल जाता है।frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: लोगों ने क्या कहा रिपोर्ट करना (टेंस बैकशिफ्ट)
She ___ on arriving early to get good seats for the concert.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: रिपोर्टिंग क्रियाएँ: किसने क्या कहा?
He said he would call me ___.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: रिपोर्टेड स्पीच: समय और स्थान में परिवर्तन
Choose the correct sentence:
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: रिपोर्टिंग क्रियाएँ: किसने क्या कहा?
Find and fix the mistake:
The news reporter told that the storm was approaching.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: रिपोर्टेड स्पीच: Say बनाम Tell
Choose the correct sentence:
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: रिपोर्टेड स्पीच: समय और स्थान में परिवर्तन
Find and fix the mistake:
She told me she was here last week.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: रिपोर्टेड स्पीच: समय और स्थान में परिवर्तन
She said she ___ busy yesterday.
I am busy. Present Simple 'am', Past Simple 'was' में बदल जाता है।frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: लोगों ने क्या कहा रिपोर्ट करना (टेंस बैकशिफ्ट)
She ___ me she couldn't make it to the party.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: रिपोर्टेड स्पीच: Say बनाम Tell
Score: /10
सामान्य प्रश्न (6)
she told *me*. 'Say' के बाद आमतौर पर सीधा object नहीं होता या 'to + object' का इस्तेमाल होता है, जैसे he said (to *me*).He said to me that... कहोगे, न कि He said me that...। 'Tell' के साथ, object अनिवार्य है और तुरंत बाद आता है, जैसे He told me that...।He said hello बनाम The President stated his policy.
He admitted his mistake). 'Confess' का मतलब आमतौर पर किसी गलत या अवैध काम को स्वीकार करना होता है, अक्सर अपराधबोध के साथ (
She confessed to the crime)
I am happy. -> She said she was happy.