रिपोर्टिंग क्रियाएँ: किसने क्या कहा?
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use passive reporting to talk about general beliefs or news without naming a specific person as the source.
- Use 'It + is + said + that' for general statements like 'It is said that he is rich.'
- Use 'Subject + is + thought + to' for specific focus like 'He is thought to be rich.'
- Common verbs include: say, think, believe, consider, report, know, and expect.
Overview
reporting verbs की एक पूरी दुनिया है जो आपकी बातचीत को और भी सटीक (precise) बनाती है।The boss announced that we have a meeting या The boss suggested working late, तो सुनने वाले को तुरंत समझ आ जाता है कि बात एक आदेश की थी या एक सुझाव की। हिंदी व्याकरण में हम 'कहना', 'बताना', 'पूछना' जैसे क्रियाओं का सहारा लेते हैं, लेकिन अंग्रेजी में reporting verbs का चुनाव सीधे तौर पर स्पीकर के 'attitude' को दर्शाता है। यह सिर्फ एक ग्रामर नियम नहीं है, बल्कि एक 'कम्युनिकेशन स्किल' है। यह आपको एक साधारण स्पीकर से एक प्रभावशाली वक्ता बनाता है।direct speech (सीधे शब्द) को indirect speech (अप्रत्यक्ष कथन) में बदलना है। हिंदी में हम अक्सर ki (कि) का प्रयोग करके वाक्य जोड़ते हैं, जैसे 'उसने कहा कि वह आएगा'। अंग्रेजी में हम that का प्रयोग करते हैं, लेकिन कई बार that को हटा भी सकते हैं।reporting verbs का सबसे महत्वपूर्ण हिस्सा है 'pattern'। हिंदी में क्रिया का रूप वाक्य की संरचना (structure) के हिसाब से बदलता है, लेकिन अंग्रेजी में क्रिया के बाद आने वाला शब्द (जैसे to-infinitive या gerund) उस reporting verb पर निर्भर करता है। उदाहरण के लिए, suggest के बाद हमेशा -ing (gerund) आता है, जैसे He suggested going home (उसने घर जाने का सुझाव दिया)। आप यहाँ He suggested to go नहीं कह सकते, क्योंकि यह गलत है। हिंदी में हम 'सुझाव दिया कि जाना चाहिए' या 'घर चलने का सुझाव दिया' कह सकते हैं, जहाँ व्याकरणिक बंधन इतने सख्त नहीं हैं।backshift कहते हैं। जब हम अतीत (past) की बात रिपोर्ट करते हैं, तो अंदर वाला काल (tense) एक कदम पीछे चला जाता है। जैसे I am tired बन जाता है He said he was tired। यह हिंदी में भी होता है लेकिन हम अक्सर काल को उतना सख्ती से नहीं बदलते। अंग्रेजी में यह नियम 'sequence of tenses' को बनाए रखने के लिए अनिवार्य है। इसके अलावा, passive reporting (जैसे It is said that...) का इस्तेमाल तब होता है जब हमें यह नहीं पता कि बात किसने कही, या हम बात को अधिक औपचारिक (formal) बनाना चाहते हैं। यह बॉलीवुड की फिल्मों या न्यूज़ रिपोर्टिंग में बहुत कॉमन है।He admitted that he made a mistake. | उसने माना कि उसने गलती की। |She asked me to help her. | उसने मुझे उसकी मदद करने को कहा। |They promised to arrive on time. | उन्होंने समय पर आने का वादा किया। |He suggested going for tea. | उसने चाय पर जाने का सुझाव दिया। |reporting verbs का उपयोग तब करते हैं जब आप किसी के शब्दों को सारांश (summarize) कर रहे हों। मान लीजिए आप ऑटो रिक्शा वाले से बात कर रहे हैं और वह कहता है, 'भाई, थोड़ा और पैसा दो, ट्रैफिक बहुत है।' आप अपने दोस्त को बताएंगे: The driver requested me to pay more because of the traffic. यहाँ आपने requested का इस्तेमाल किया क्योंकि आप स्थिति की गंभीरता को समझाना चाहते थे।announced, proposed, या agreed जैसे शब्दों का प्रयोग आपकी बातों में स्पष्टता लाता है। यह सिर्फ जानकारी देना नहीं है, बल्कि उस जानकारी के पीछे के 'इरादे' को स्पष्ट करना है। क्या किसी ने वादा किया? क्या किसी ने चेतावनी दी? क्या किसी ने मना कर दिया?reporting verbs से ही संभव हैं।- 1The 'that' Trap: हिंदी भाषी अक्सर
thatको हर जगह लगाने की कोशिश करते हैं या फिरto-infinitiveके साथ गलत कंजंक्शन लगाते हैं। जैसे:He suggested that to go- यह गलत है क्योंकिsuggestके बादto-infinitiveनहीं आता। - 2Direct to Indirect confusion: हिंदी में हम अक्सर कहते हैं 'उसने मुझे कहा कि...' (He said to me that...), लेकिन अंग्रेजी में
saidके बादtoका प्रयोग तभी होगा जब उसके बाद कोई व्यक्ति (object) हो (जैसेHe said to me).toldके साथtoनहीं आता। हिंदी में 'कहना' और 'बताना' के बीच जो हल्का अंतर है, उसे अंग्रेजी मेंsayऔरtellके नियमों में अक्सर लोग भूल जाते हैं। - 3Tense Backshift omission: हिंदी में हम भूतकाल की बात करते समय भी वर्तमान काल का प्रयोग कर लेते हैं, लेकिन अंग्रेजी में
He said he is comingगलत हो सकता है अगर बात पुरानी हो। यहL1 interferenceके कारण होता है क्योंकि हिंदी में हम अपनी बात को 'तनाव' (tense) के हिसाब से उतना नहीं बदलते जितना अंग्रेजी में जरूरी है।
He suggested going. | उसने जाने का सुझाव दिया। | Gerund का प्रयोग। |He suggested that we go. | उसने सुझाव दिया कि हम जाएं। | Clause का प्रयोग। |suggest के बाद to-infinitive (to go) कभी नहीं आता, जबकि हिंदी में 'जाने का' कहना बहुत स्वाभाविक है। यह अंतर याद रखना बहुत जरूरी है।- 1क्या
thatका इस्तेमाल करना जरूरी है?
that वैकल्पिक (optional) है। आप He said he was happy कह सकते हैं, जो He said that he was happy के बराबर ही है।- 1
SayऔरTellमें क्या फर्क है?
Tell हमेशा किसी व्यक्ति के साथ आता है (He told me), जबकि Say के बाद व्यक्ति का होना जरूरी नहीं है (He said that...)।- 1क्या मैं हमेशा
backshiftकरूँ?
backshift नहीं भी करेंगे तो चलेगा। जैसे He said he is coming (अगर वह अभी भी आ रहा है)। लेकिन रिपोर्टिंग के लिए was ज्यादा सुरक्षित है।Common Reporting Verbs in the Passive
| Verb | It-Structure (Present) | Subject-Structure (Present) | Past Meaning (Subject-Structure) |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Say
|
It is said that...
|
He is said to be...
|
He is said to have been...
|
|
Think
|
It is thought that...
|
He is thought to be...
|
He is thought to have been...
|
|
Believe
|
It is believed that...
|
He is believed to be...
|
He is believed to have been...
|
|
Know
|
It is known that...
|
He is known to be...
|
He is known to have been...
|
|
Report
|
It is reported that...
|
He is reported to be...
|
He is reported to have been...
|
|
Expect
|
It is expected that...
|
He is expected to be...
|
He is expected to have been...
|
Meanings
A formal way to report what people generally say, think, or believe without identifying the specific speakers.
General Belief
Reporting a widely held opinion or fact using 'It is said that...'
“It is thought that the earth was once much hotter.”
“It is known that smoking causes cancer.”
Specific Subject Focus
Starting the sentence with the person or thing being talked about.
“She is said to be the best doctor in town.”
“The thief is believed to have escaped through the window.”
Rumors and Allegations
Reporting something that hasn't been proven yet, often in legal or journalistic contexts.
“He is alleged to have stolen the car.”
“The suspect is reported to be hiding in the forest.”
Reference Table
| रिपोर्टिंग वर्ब | पैटर्न | उदाहरण (एक्टिव) | उदाहरण (पैसिव) |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Admit
|
that-क्लॉज़ / V-ing
|
She admitted that she made a mistake.
|
It was admitted that a mistake was made.
|
|
Advise
|
ऑब्जेक्ट + to-इनफिनिटिव
|
He advised me to save money.
|
I was advised to save money.
|
|
Announce
|
that-क्लॉज़
|
They announced that tickets were sold out.
|
It was announced that tickets were sold out.
|
|
Apologize
|
for + V-ing
|
He apologized for being late.
|
An apology was made for the delay.
|
|
Claim
|
that-क्लॉज़
|
She claimed that she saw a ghost.
|
It is claimed that ghosts exist.
|
|
Deny
|
V-ing
|
He denied stealing the car.
|
The theft was denied by him.
|
|
Insist
|
on + V-ing / that-क्लॉज़
|
She insisted on paying.
|
It was insisted that she pay.
|
|
Order
|
ऑब्जेक्ट + to-इनफिनिटिव / that-क्लॉज़
|
The teacher ordered us to sit down.
|
We were ordered to sit down.
|
|
Promise
|
to-इनफिनिटिव / that-क्लॉज़
|
They promised to help us.
|
It was promised that they would help.
|
|
Suggest
|
V-ing / that-क्लॉज़
|
I suggested going for a walk.
|
It was suggested that we go for a walk.
|
औपचारिकता का स्तर
He is considered to be a genius. (Academic or social evaluation)
It is thought that he is a genius. (Academic or social evaluation)
Everyone thinks he's a genius. (Academic or social evaluation)
People say he's got a massive brain. (Academic or social evaluation)
रिपोर्टिंग वर्ब्स: बारीकियों को समझना
उद्देश्य
- रवैया भावना/इरादा दिखाओ
- सारांशित करें मूल बात को छोटा करें
- दोहराव से बचें शब्दावली में विविधता लाएँ
सामान्य पैटर्न
- That-क्लॉज़ वर्ब + (that) + S + V
- To-इनफिनिटिव वर्ब + (ऑब्जेक्ट) + to + V
- जेरंड वर्ब + V-ing
पैसिव फॉर्म्स
- It is said that सामान्य मान्यता/रिपोर्ट
- He is believed to सब्जेक्ट + पैसिव वर्ब + to-V
उदाहरण वर्ब्स
- Suggest सिफारिश
- Admit स्वीकारोक्ति
- Demand ज़ोरदार अनुरोध
- Warn चेतावनी
रिपोर्टिंग वर्ब्स: स्ट्रक्चर्स पर एक नज़र
सही रिपोर्टिंग वर्ब और स्ट्रक्चर चुनना
क्या आपको किसी की कही बात को रिपोर्ट करने की ज़रूरत है?
क्या आप रवैया, भावना या इरादा व्यक्त करना चाहते हैं?
क्या मूल बात एक स्टेटमेंट, अनुरोध या प्रश्न है?
क्या आपके चुने हुए वर्ब को 'that', 'to-infinitive', या 'gerund' की ज़रूरत है?
क्या मूल घटना भूतकाल में है?
क्या स्रोत अज्ञात या सामान्य है (औपचारिक संदर्भ)?
आधुनिक संदर्भों में रिपोर्टिंग वर्ब्स
टेक्स्टिंग/DMs
- • Said (that)
- • Asked if
- • Replied that
- • Admitted
- • Complained
ऑनलाइन मीटिंग/क्लासेस
- • Announced that
- • Explained that
- • Reminded us to
- • Suggested reviewing
- • Ordered them to
सोशल मीडिया (कैप्शन)
- • Claimed that
- • Boasted about
- • Wondered if
- • Shared that
- • Posted that
गेमिंग/वॉयस चैट
- • Shouted that
- • Warned us to
- • Suggested waiting
- • Agreed to
- • Ordered to attack
स्तर के अनुसार उदाहरण
People say he is a good teacher.
People say he is a good teacher.
They think the movie is funny.
They think the movie is funny.
Everyone knows her name.
Everyone knows her name.
I believe you are right.
I believe you are right.
It is said that the food here is great.
It is said that the food here is great.
It is known that he is very rich.
It is known that he is very rich.
People believe the story is true.
People believe the story is true.
It is thought that the cat is lost.
It is thought that the cat is lost.
It is believed that the strike will end soon.
It is believed that the strike will end soon.
The painting is thought to be a fake.
The painting is thought to be a fake.
He is said to live in a huge mansion.
He is said to live in a huge mansion.
It is expected that the team will win.
It is expected that the team will win.
The CEO is reported to have resigned yesterday.
The CEO is reported to have resigned yesterday.
It is widely considered that his work is revolutionary.
It is widely considered that his work is revolutionary.
The suspect is alleged to have stolen the jewels.
The suspect is alleged to have stolen the jewels.
The virus is known to spread through the air.
The virus is known to spread through the air.
The manuscript is reputed to have been written by Dickens.
The manuscript is reputed to have been written by Dickens.
It is understood that negotiations are at a delicate stage.
It is understood that negotiations are at a delicate stage.
He is thought to have been working for the government for years.
He is thought to have been working for the government for years.
The company is estimated to be worth over ten billion dollars.
The company is estimated to be worth over ten billion dollars.
The artifact is purportedly to have originated from the Ming Dynasty.
The artifact is purportedly to have originated from the Ming Dynasty.
It is contended by some scholars that the text is a later addition.
It is contended by some scholars that the text is a later addition.
The defendant is claimed to have been being coerced at the time of the crime.
The defendant is claimed to have been being coerced at the time of the crime.
The policy is widely acknowledged to have been a failure.
The policy is widely acknowledged to have been a failure.
आसानी से भ्रमित होने वाले
Learners think every passive sentence needs 'by someone'.
Mixing 'He said that...' with 'He is said to...'.
Using 'that' after a person-subject.
सामान्य गलतियाँ
People says he is good.
People say he is good.
Is said that he is rich.
It is said that he is rich.
He is said that he lives in London.
He is said to live in London.
It is believed to be true.
It is believed that it is true.
He is thought to be a thief last year.
He is thought to have been a thief last year.
He is alleged to steal the money yesterday.
He is alleged to have stolen the money yesterday.
वाक्य संरचनाएँ
It is ___ that ___.
The ___ is thought to be ___.
He is said to have ___.
It is widely ___ that ___.
Real World Usage
The suspect is believed to be heading south.
It is generally accepted that the data is accurate.
It is rumored that the boss is quitting.
I am known to be a very hard worker.
This temple is thought to have been built in 500 BC.
The defendant is alleged to have committed fraud.
बारीकियों पर ध्यान दो
He grumbled that he was tired.
पैटर्न मत मिलाओ!
She insisted on paying the bill.
इरादा सोचो
He promised to call me back.
संदर्भ सबसे ज़रूरी है
Smart Tips
Replace 'I think' with 'It is often argued that' or 'It is generally believed that'.
Always look for the 'to'. If there is no 'to', the sentence is likely wrong.
Use 'It is rumored that...'. It completely removes you from the gossip.
Remember: 'to have' is your time machine. Use it to go back in time.
उच्चारण
Weak 'to'
In the structure 'is said to be', the word 'to' is usually reduced to a schwa /tə/.
Linking 'is'
The 'is' often links to the following past participle.
Reporting Stress
It is SAID that he is RICH.
Stress the reporting verb and the key information at the end.
याद करें
स्मृति सहायक
Remember 'IT THAT' or 'SUBJECT TO'. It's either 'It... that' or 'Subject... to'.
दृश्य संबंध
Imagine a news anchor behind a desk. They don't say 'My friend told me'; they say 'It is reported that...'. The desk is the 'It is' structure—it's formal and hides the person.
Rhyme
When 'It' is the start, 'that' plays the part. When the Subject is first, 'to' quenches the thirst.
Story
A detective is investigating a crime. He doesn't know who the witness is, so he writes in his notebook: 'The suspect is thought to have fled.' He uses this to sound professional and avoid blaming a specific person for the rumor.
Word Web
चैलेंज
Look at a news headline today. Try to rewrite it using 'It is said that...' or 'The [Subject] is said to...'.
सांस्कृतिक नोट्स
British news (like the BBC) uses these structures very frequently to maintain a 'neutral' and 'unbiased' tone.
In Western universities, using 'I think' in an essay is often discouraged. Students are taught to use 'It is argued that...' or 'It is generally accepted that...'.
Lawyers use 'alleged' to avoid lawsuits. If you say 'He is a thief' and it's not proven, you can be sued. If you say 'He is alleged to be a thief', you are safe.
This structure evolved from Old English 'man' (similar to German 'man'), which was an indefinite pronoun meaning 'one' or 'people'.
बातचीत की शुरुआत
It is said that breakfast is the most important meal of the day. Do you agree?
Your favorite celebrity is rumored to be moving to your city. What do you do?
It is expected that AI will change every job. How will it change yours?
Which historical figure is considered to be the most influential?
डायरी विषय
सामान्य गलतियाँ
Test Yourself
She ___ on arriving early to get good seats for the concert.
Find and fix the mistake:
My coach advised me to don't give up on my dream.
Choose the correct sentence:
Arrange the words in the correct order:
All words placed
Click words above to build the sentence
Score: /4
अभ्यास प्रश्न
8 exercisesIt ___ that the company is losing money.
He is said ___ live in a castle.
Find and fix the mistake:
She is thought that she is the best singer.
People say that he is a genius.
We use 'to have + past participle' to talk about the past in reporting structures.
A: Is the new movie good? B: Well, it ___ to be the best of the year.
Pick the odd one out.
1. People think he is rich. 2. People say he was rich.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesThe news report ___ that the new stadium would be completed by next year.
She apologized for miss her flight.
Choose the correct sentence:
Translate into English: 'Ella me recordó que enviara el correo electrónico.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Match the verbs with their patterns:
It ___ that the ancient city was built by an unknown civilization.
My friend said me to buy more milk.
Choose the correct sentence:
Translate into English: 'Sugirió pedir comida para llevar.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Match the verbs with the prepositions:
Score: /12
अक्सर पूछे जाने वाले सवाल (8)
No, 'It is said' implies a general consensus or rumor. For your own opinion, use `I think` or `In my opinion`.
Yes, much more formal. It is preferred in writing and professional contexts.
No, only 'reporting' or 'mental' verbs like `say, think, believe, know, expect, report, consider, allege`.
The first is about the present ('He is rich now'). The second is about the past ('He was rich before').
In English, every sentence needs a subject. 'It' acts as a 'dummy subject' to fill the space when we don't want to name a person.
Yes, it is common in both British and American English, especially in news and formal writing.
Yes, but it's more common to say `It is said that it is true` or `The story is said to be true`.
Mostly, yes. It means something is claimed but not yet proven in a court of law.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Se dice que...
Spanish lacks the 'He is said to be' structure.
On dit que...
French uses an active pronoun 'on' instead of a passive verb.
Man sagt, dass...
German uses the modal verb 'sollen' for reporting.
...to iwarete iru
Japanese word order is reversed, with the reporting verb at the end.
Yuqal 'anna...
Arabic usually keeps the 'that' (anna) structure.
Jùshuō (据说)
Chinese doesn't use verb conjugation or a 'to-infinitive' structure.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
संबंधित वीडियो
05:44 The dark history of Graham crackers - Stephanie Honchell Smith
05:57 The infamous JoJo thought experiment - Michael Vazquez and Sarah Stroud
05:29 3 things that can cause painful periods - Chen X. Chen
Reported Speech | Indirect Speech | English Grammar in Hindi | By Rani Ma'am
Rani Ma'am
Reported Speech (Indirect Speech) | English Grammar | Basic to Advance | SSC CGL, CHSL, CPO, MTS
Dear Sir
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