الكلام المنقول مع الأفعال الناقصة والتبليغ المبني للمجهول (C1)
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Shift modals back in time and use passive 'it' or 'subject' structures to report information objectively and formally.
- Shift 'can' to 'could' and 'will' to 'would' in reported speech. Example: 'I can go' becomes 'He said he could go'.
- Use 'It is said that...' for general beliefs. Example: 'It is said that the CEO will resign'.
- Use 'Subject + is thought + to + verb' for specific focus. Example: 'He is thought to be hiding'.
- Keep 'should', 'ought to', and 'might' unchanged in reported speech. Example: 'You should stay' becomes 'She said I should stay'.
نظرة عامة
Reported Speech (الكلام المنقول) مع الأفعال الناقصة Modals وهياكل Passive Reporting (الصيغ المبنية للمجهول في النقل) علامة فارقة في رحلتك نحو التمكن من اللغة الإنجليزية بمستوى C1. بصفتي معلماً يشاركك الخلفية اللغوية العربية، أعلم جيداً أننا في لغتنا العربية نستخدم غالباً «قال فلان إن...» أو «يُقال إن...»، ولكن الإنجليزية في المستويات المتقدمة تتطلب دقة أكبر في نقل المعنى، خاصة عندما لا نريد ذكر القائل، أو عندما نريد التركيز على المعلومة ذاتها بدلاً من المصدر. هذا النوع من القواعد ليس مجرد ترف لغوي، بل هو أداة ضرورية في التقارير الإخبارية، الأبحاث الأكاديمية، وحتى في نقاشات العمل الرسمية في المكاتب أو التجمعات المهنية.It is said that أو He is believed to be، وهي تراكيب تمنح كلامك طابعاً من الرسمية والموضوعية. الفرق الجوهري هنا هو أنك في الإنجليزية لا تنقل الكلمات فحسب، بل تنقل «حالة» الجملة (هل هي احتمالية؟ هل هي إلزام؟)، وهو ما يتطلب فهماً عميقاً لكيفية تحويل الأفعال الناقصة Modals عند النقل.Backshift (إرجاع الزمن للوراء)، ولكن عندما تدخل Modals إلى المشهد، تصبح الأمور أكثر دقة. في العربية، نحن لا نغير الفعل في الجملة المنقولة بنفس الطريقة الصارمة؛ فإذا قال أحدهم «أنا أستطيع الذهاب»، نقول «قال إنه يستطيع الذهاب». أما في الإنجليزية، فإن can تتحول إلى could.Passive Reporting، فهو أسلوب لرفع الحرج أو إضفاء طابع رسمي. بدلاً من قول People say that he is rich (وهي جملة عامية)، نستخدم He is said to be rich. هنا، قمنا بتحويل المفعول به (He) إلى فاعل للجملة المنقولة، واستخدمنا to-infinitive لربط الفعل المنقول.can | could | I can swim -> She said she could swim |will | would | I will call -> He said he would call |must | had to | I must go -> She said she had to go |may | might | It may rain -> He said it might rain |should | should | You should study -> He said I should study |Passive Reporting، فهي تتبع نمطين رئيسيين:- 1النمط الأول (غير شخصي):
It + be + past participle + that-clause
It is believed that the company will grow.- 1النمط الثاني (شخصي):
Subject + be + past participle + to-infinitive
The company is believed to grow. (أو to have grown إذا كان الفعل في الماضي).- الموضوعية: عندما تريد تقديم معلومة دون إظهار رأيك الشخصي، مثل:
It is widely accepted that.... - التقارير الرسمية: في العمل، بدلاً من قول «مديري قال إننا يجب أن نؤجل الاجتماع»، استخدم
It was decided that the meeting should be postponed. - تجنب المسؤولية: إذا كنت تنقل إشاعة أو خبراً غير مؤكد، استخدم
He is alleged to have committed.... - اللباقة: عند تقديم نصيحة، بدلاً من قول «يجب عليك أن تفعل كذا»، استخدم
It was suggested that you should....
- 1حذف الفعل المساعد: يقع الكثير من العرب في خطأ
He said he richبدلاً منHe said he was rich، وذلك لأننا في العربية لا نستخدم فعلاً للربط في الجمل الاسمية (أنا طالب = I student). تذكر دائماً أن الإنجليزية تتطلب فعلاً في كل جملة. - 2عدم تحويل
must: يخطئ المتعلمون في إبقاءmustكما هي في الكلام المنقول. في الإنجليزية،mustللالتزام تتحول إلىhad toفي الماضي، بينما تبقى كما هي فقط إذا كانت للاستنتاج (Deduction). - 3الخلط بين
to-infinitiveوthat-clause: يكتب البعضIt is said that he to be richوهذا خطأ فادح. تذكر:It is said thatتأتي بعدها جملة كاملة، بينماHe is saidيأتي بعدهاto-infinitive.
Active Reporting | المصدر (القائل) | People believe that he is honest. |Passive (It) | المعلومة | It is believed that he is honest. |Passive (Subject) | الشخص | He is believed to be honest. |- 1هل يجب دائماً تغيير الزمن في
Reported Speech؟ ليس دائماً، إذا كانت المعلومة لا تزال صحيحة (مثل حقيقة علمية)، يمكنك الإبقاء على الزمن الأصلي. - 2متى نستخدم
to have + past participle؟ نستخدمها عندما يكون الفعل المنقول قد حدث قبل فعل النقل (مثلاً: «يُعتقد أنه غادر» ->He is believed to have left). - 3هل يمكنني استخدام
wouldبدلاً منwillفي كل الحالات؟ في الكلام المنقول، نعم،wouldهي البديل المباشر لـwillعند التحدث عن المستقبل من وجهة نظر الماضي.
Modal Shifts in Reported Speech
| Direct Speech Modal | Reported Speech Modal | Example Direct | Example Reported |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Will
|
Would
|
I will help.
|
He said he would help.
|
|
Can
|
Could
|
I can swim.
|
She said she could swim.
|
|
May (Possibility)
|
Might
|
It may rain.
|
He said it might rain.
|
|
May (Permission)
|
Could
|
May I leave?
|
He asked if he could leave.
|
|
Must (Obligation)
|
Had to
|
You must stay.
|
She said I had to stay.
|
|
Must (Deduction)
|
Must (no change)
|
He must be tired.
|
She said he must be tired.
|
|
Should / Ought to
|
No change
|
You should go.
|
He said I should go.
|
Passive Reporting Infinitive Forms
| Infinitive Type | Structure | Usage | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Simple
|
to + verb
|
Present/Future state
|
He is said to be rich.
|
|
Continuous
|
to be + -ing
|
Action in progress
|
They are thought to be hiding.
|
|
Perfect
|
to have + past participle
|
Past action
|
She is believed to have left.
|
|
Perfect Continuous
|
to have been + -ing
|
Past action over time
|
He is alleged to have been lying.
|
Meanings
This grammar allows speakers to report information, beliefs, or rumors without taking personal responsibility for the truth of the statement, often used in journalism and academic writing.
Reporting Modals
Changing the tense of modal verbs when moving from direct to indirect speech to maintain temporal logic.
“Direct: 'I may arrive late.' Indirect: 'He mentioned he might arrive late.'”
“Direct: 'You must sign this.' Indirect: 'She insisted that I had to sign it.'”
Impersonal Passive Reporting
Using 'It + passive verb + that' to report general opinions or facts objectively.
“It is widely believed that the climate is changing rapidly.”
“It has been suggested that the meeting be postponed.”
Personal Passive Reporting
Using 'Subject + passive verb + to-infinitive' to focus on the person or thing being discussed.
“The suspect is understood to be cooperating with the police.”
“The painting is estimated to be worth millions.”
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Impersonal Passive
|
It + is/was + [verb-ed] + that...
|
It is rumored that they are dating.
|
|
Personal Passive
|
Subject + is/was + [verb-ed] + to...
|
They are rumored to be dating.
|
|
Negative Passive
|
It + is not + [verb-ed] + that...
|
It is not known where he is.
|
|
Question Passive
|
Is it + [verb-ed] + that...?
|
Is it expected that she will win?
|
|
Past Modal Report
|
Subject + said + [modal-past] + verb
|
He said he could handle it.
|
|
Perfect Modal Report
|
Subject + said + [modal] + have + [verb-ed]
|
She said he might have forgotten.
|
طيف الرسمية
He is considered to be the most suitable candidate for the position. (Job recruitment)
It is thought that he is the best candidate. (Job recruitment)
Everyone says he's the best one for the job. (Job recruitment)
He's the GOAT for this role, no cap. (Job recruitment)
The Reporting Distance Map
Direct
- Active John said 'I will...'
Indirect
- Backshifted John said he would...
Objective
- Passive (It) It is said that...
- Passive (Subject) He is said to...
Modal Shift Timeline
Choosing Your Passive Structure
Focus on the person?
Action in the past?
أمثلة حسب المستوى
He says, 'I can help.'
He says he can help.
She says, 'I will go.'
She says she will go.
They say, 'We are happy.'
They say they are happy.
I say, 'I must leave.'
I say I must leave.
He said he could help.
He said he could help.
She told me she would come.
She told me she would come.
They said they might be late.
They said they might be late.
He said he had to go.
He said he had to go.
It is said that he is very rich.
It is said that he is very rich.
She suggested that we should leave.
She suggested that we should leave.
He claimed he could speak five languages.
He claimed he could speak five languages.
They promised they would finish on time.
They promised they would finish on time.
The company is thought to be losing money.
The company is thought to be losing money.
It was reported that the strike had ended.
It was reported that the strike had ended.
He is believed to have left the country.
He is believed to have left the country.
She insisted that he must have been joking.
She insisted that he must have been joking.
The suspect is understood to have been residing in London for years.
The suspect is understood to have been residing in London for years.
It is widely acknowledged that the policy may have been flawed.
It is widely acknowledged that the policy may have been flawed.
The artifact is estimated to date back to the 4th century.
The artifact is estimated to date back to the 4th century.
He is alleged to have been embezzling funds since 2015.
He is alleged to have been embezzling funds since 2015.
The manuscript is purported to have been authored by Shakespeare himself.
The manuscript is purported to have been authored by Shakespeare himself.
It has been contended that such measures might prove counterproductive.
It has been contended that such measures might prove counterproductive.
The witness is reported to have been under considerable duress.
The witness is reported to have been under considerable duress.
The findings are presumed to be indicative of a larger trend.
The findings are presumed to be indicative of a larger trend.
سهل الخلط
Learners confuse 'He was told' (someone spoke to him) with 'He is said to' (people talk about him).
Using 'that' after the subject-passive structure.
Using 'must' for past obligation in reported speech.
أخطاء شائعة
He say he can help.
He says he can help.
He said he will come.
He said he would come.
It is said him to be rich.
He is said to be rich.
The thief is reported to escape last night.
The thief is reported to have escaped last night.
أنماط الجُمل
It is ___ that ___.
The ___ is thought to be ___.
He is alleged to have ___.
They are understood to be ___ing ___.
Real World Usage
Local Man Reported to Have Won Lottery Twice
It is widely acknowledged that further research is required.
She's rumored to be getting the promotion.
The defendant is alleged to have committed the offense on June 1st.
The new iPhone is said to be coming out in September! 📱
The patient is understood to have a history of heart disease.
Use 'Understood' for Professionalism
Watch the Tense of 'Is'
The 'That' Shortcut
Avoiding Blame
Smart Tips
Use 'allegedly' or 'is alleged to have' when talking about unproven events.
Don't try to change them! They are already 'past' enough.
Look for the word 'that'. It's the signal that a full sentence is coming next.
Use the 'Subject + is said to' structure. It's the most natural way to describe what people think of someone.
النطق
Weak forms of 'to'
In the structure 'is said to be', the word 'to' is usually reduced to a schwa /tə/.
Stress on the reporting verb
The main stress usually falls on the reporting verb (said, thought, rumored), not the 'is' or 'to'.
Falling intonation for certainty
It is widely believed that the economy will recover. ↘
Conveys a sense of established fact or high confidence.
احفظها
وسيلة تذكّر
W.C.M. (Will to Would, Can to Could, May to Might) - The 'Wicked Cool Modals' shift back!
ربط بصري
Imagine a news anchor sitting behind a desk. They aren't saying 'I think,' they are saying 'It is reported that...' This desk represents the 'Passive Reporting' structure that protects them from being wrong.
Rhyme
When reporting what they say, shift the modal back a day. If the source you want to hide, let the Passive be your guide.
Story
A detective is reporting on a mystery. He doesn't know the truth yet, so he tells his boss: 'The suspect is thought to have fled. It is believed that he might be in Paris. He was said to be carrying a red bag.'
Word Web
تحدٍّ
Write three sentences about a famous person using 'is rumored to', 'is said to have', and 'is thought to be'.
ملاحظات ثقافية
The BBC and other UK broadsheets frequently use 'is understood to' or 'is alleged to' to maintain a neutral, objective stance and avoid libel.
In US and UK universities, using 'It is argued that' is preferred over 'I think' to make the writing sound more scholarly and less biased.
In corporate 'office speak', passive reporting is used to deliver bad news gently or to distance the speaker from the decision.
Passive reporting structures evolved from Old English 'man sagt' (one says), similar to modern German.
بدايات محادثة
What is something that is rumored to be true about a famous person?
It is said that technology makes us lonelier. Do you agree?
What are some things that were once thought to be impossible but are now common?
If you heard a colleague was said to be leaving, would you ask them about it?
مواضيع للكتابة اليومية
أخطاء شائعة
Test Yourself
He said he ___ help me the next day.
The suspect is believed ___ (flee) the country last week.
Find and fix the mistake:
It is thought him to be the best player.
He is said to be a genius. -> ___
The modal 'should' always changes to 'would' in reported speech.
A: Did you hear about the CEO? B: Yes, she is rumored ___.
Select the modal that stays the same.
believed / to / is / have / the / painting / stolen / been
Score: /8
تمارين تطبيقية
8 exercisesHe said he ___ help me the next day.
The suspect is believed ___ (flee) the country last week.
Find and fix the mistake:
It is thought him to be the best player.
He is said to be a genius. -> ___
The modal 'should' always changes to 'would' in reported speech.
A: Did you hear about the CEO? B: Yes, she is rumored ___.
Select the modal that stays the same.
believed / to / is / have / the / painting / stolen / been
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesShe told me she ___ call me back later.
It is rumored that he has been fire from his job.
Which sentence is correct?
Translate: 'Ella dijo que podría ayudarnos.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Match the modals:
It ___ that the new policy will face strong opposition.
The documents are thought to have be destroyed.
Choose the correct sentence:
Translate: 'Se entiende que la empresa está contratando.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Match the structures:
Score: /12
الأسئلة الشائعة (8)
Use `It is said that...` when you want to emphasize the information itself. Use `He is said to...` when you want to focus on the person you are talking about. The latter is slightly more common in descriptions of people.
No. If `must` expresses a logical deduction (e.g., 'He must be tired'), it stays as `must`. If it expresses an obligation (e.g., 'You must go'), it changes to `had to`.
Yes, but it's very formal. In daily speech, we often use `is supposed to` or `is rumored to` instead of `is said to`.
`Is thought to be` refers to a present state (He is thought to be rich now). `Is thought to have been` refers to a past state (He is thought to have been rich in the 90s).
Not really. In informal English, we just say 'People say...' or 'I heard that...'. The passive version is for news, books, and formal reports.
Usually, no. `Allege` is almost always used for crimes or wrongdoings that haven't been proven yet.
We use `to have been` (the perfect infinitive) to show that the action happened *before* the reporting. It's like a 'past tense' for infinitives.
Yes. `Should`, `ought to`, `might`, and `could` (when expressing possibility) usually stay the same in reported speech.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Se dice que / Se cree que
Spanish lacks the 'Subject + to-infinitive' reporting structure.
On dit que / Il est dit que
French uses the pronoun 'On' much more frequently than English uses 'It is said'.
Soll-Konstruktion / Man sagt
German uses a modal verb ('sollen') instead of a passive verb ('is said').
~rashii / ~sou desu
Japanese reporting is handled by particles/auxiliaries, not by changing the main verb to passive.
يُقال أن (Yuqal anna)
Arabic rarely uses the personal 'Subject + to-infinitive' structure in this context.
据说 (Jùshuō)
Chinese has no verb conjugation or passive infinitive shifts.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Learn These First
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