الأسئلة المنقولة بكلمات الاستفهام (من، ماذا، لماذا)
wh- تحوّل الاستفسارات إلى جمل خبرية، مع تغيير «ترتيب الكلمات» و«إرجاع الأزمنة».
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Switch from question order to statement order and drop 'do/does/did' when reporting Wh-questions.
- Use statement word order: Subject + Verb, not Verb + Subject. Example: 'where he was' not 'where was he'.
- Remove auxiliary 'do', 'does', or 'did'. Example: 'why she left' not 'why did she leave'.
- Shift tenses backward (Backshift) if the reporting verb is in the past. Example: 'is' becomes 'was'.
نظرة عامة
who وwhat وwhy وwhere وwhen وhow ليس مجرد مهارة نحوية عابرة، بل هو علامة فارقة تدل على تمكنك من اللغة الإنجليزية في مستوى متقدم (C1). في هذا المستوى، لا يُتوقع منك فقط نقل المعلومة، بل التلاعب بالبنى اللغوية لخدمة أغراض بلاغية، وسياقية، واجتماعية معقدة. هذه القاعدة هي الجسر الذي يربط بين الاقتباس المباشر (Direct Quote) والخطاب المدمج (Integrated Discourse)، حيث تتحول الجملة من مجرد سؤال يبحث عن إجابة إلى جملة اسمية (Noun Clause) تعمل كجزء من سياق أكبر.“Where is the manager?” إلى He inquired where the manager was تعكس وعياً عميقاً بـ الكياسة اللغوية (Politeness) والاحترافية. في المجالس المهنية أو الحوارات الأدبية، نادراً ما نستخدم الأسئلة المباشرة الفجة؛ بل نلجأ للأسئلة المنقولة لإضفاء نوع من النعومة أو التقريرية على حديثنا.- 1تغيير ترتيب الكلمات (Word Order Shift): في السؤال المباشر، نستخدم صيغة الاستقصاء حيث يسبق الفعل المساعد الفاعل (
Are you...?أوWhere do you...?). أما في السؤال المنقول، فتعود الجملة إلى ترتيبها الطبيعي: الفاعل أولاً ثم الفعل (...where you were). تذكر دائماً: السؤال المنقول ليس سؤالاً من الناحية النحوية، بل هو جملة خبرية تصف سؤالاً.
- 1حذف الأفعال المساعدة (Omission of Auxiliaries): الأفعال المساعدة مثل
doوdoesوdidتُستخدم في الإنجليزية فقط لتكوين السؤال المباشر أو النفي. بما أن السؤال المنقول يتحول إلى صيغة «خبرية»، فإن هذه الأفعال تختفي تماماً. على سبيل المثال،“What do you want?”تصبحHe asked what I wanted. لاحظ كيف اختفتdoوتحول الفعلwantإلى الماضي.
- 1إزاحة الزمن (Tense Backshift): إذا كان فعل النقل (مثل
askedأوwondered) في الماضي، فإن زمن السؤال الأصلي يتراجع خطوة إلى الوراء في الماضي. هذا يضمن الاتساق الزمني (Chronological Consistency).
do أو did تظهر وتختفي، وهذا هو السبب الرئيسي الذي يجعل المتعلم العربي يخطئ أحياناً في الإنجليزية، حيث يحاول الإبقاء على الفعل المساعد أو ترتيب السؤال المباشر بسبب تأثير لغته الأم (L1 Interference).Where is he?) | فاعل + فعل (...where he was) |do, does, did | تختفي do, does, did |? | ينتهي بنقطة . |asked. استخدم أفعالاً تعبر عن الدقة:Inquire: للسياقات الرسمية (مثل التحقيقات أو المعاملات الحكومية).Wonder: للتعبير عن الفضول الشخصي أو التفكير بصوت عالٍ.Want to know: للتعبير عن رغبة قوية في الحصول على معلومة.Demand to know: عندما يكون هناك نوع من السلطة أو الغضب.
who, what, where, when, why, how, which, whose). هي تعمل هنا كأداة ربط (Subordinating Conjunction).“Where do you live?” → He asked where I lived. |“What are you doing?” → She asked what I was doing. |“Why did you leave?” → I wondered why he had left. |“Who has seen it?” → They asked who had seen it. |“When will it start?” → He inquired when it would start. |“How can I help?” → She asked how she could help. |- 1في التقارير المهنية والأكاديمية:
The committee inquired why the project had been delayed. هذا يعطي النص انسيابية واحترافية.- 1عند سرد القصص (Narrative Style):
He stood there, wondering how he would explain the situation to his family.- 1لزيادة الأدب واللباقة (Indirectness):
I was wondering...) يجعل الطلب أو السؤال أكثر قبولاً. بدلاً من قول “Why are you late?” لموظفك، يمكنك القول: I was wondering why you were late this morning.- 1تجنب التكرار:
He said... then he said... في المحادثات الطويلة، نستخدم الأسئلة المنقولة لتنويع بنية الجمل.- خطأ:
He asked me where was the bank. - صواب:
He asked me where the bank was. - لماذا يحدث هذا؟ لأن عقلك الباطن لا يزال يتعامل مع الجملة كسؤال، فيضع الفعل
wasقبل الفاعل. تذكر: الفاعل أولاً!
that مع أداة الاستفهام:- خطأ:
She asked me that why I was late. - صواب:
She asked me why I was late. - لماذا يحدث هذا؟ في اللغة العربية، نستخدم أحياناً «أنّ» أو ما يشبهها للربط، أو قد يخلط المتعلم بين الجمل الخبرية المنقولة (التي تستخدم
that) والأسئلة المنقولة. في الأسئلة، أداة الاستفهام تكفي للربط.
do/does/did:- خطأ:
He asked what did I buy. - صواب:
He asked what I had bought(أوwhat I bought). - لماذا يحدث هذا؟ التأثير القوي لصيغة السؤال المباشر في ذهن المتعلم يجعل من الصعب عليه التخلي عن الفعل المساعد الذي اعتاد استخدامه.
- خطأ:
Ahmed asked me,→Where is your car?
Ahmed asked me where is your car.(هذا يعني سيارة الشخص الذي يقرأ الآن!) - صواب:
Ahmed asked me where my car was.
He asked... / I wondered... | Could you tell me... / Do you know... |. | تنتهي بعلامة استفهام ? |He asked where I lived. | Could you tell me where you live? |Could you tell me...) أنت لا تزال تسأل سؤالاً حقيقياً وتنتظر إجابة الآن. أما في السؤال المنقول، أنت تحكي خبراً عن سؤال وقع وانتهى.He asked what the capital of France is)، يمكنك البقاء في المضارع. ولكن في الكتابة الأكاديمية، الإزاحة للماضي هي المعيار.if أو whether بدلاً من أداة الاستفهام. مثال: “Are you coming?” تصبح He asked if I was coming.say لنقل السؤال؟He said where I was going. الفعل say يستخدم للجمل الخبرية فقط. لنقل الأسئلة، يجب استخدام أفعال مثل ask, inquire, wonder.Who كفاعل؟who هي الفاعل (مثل: “Who called you?”)، يبقى الترتيب كما هو لأن who هي الفاعل أصلاً: He asked who had called me. لا نحتاج لتغيير الترتيب هنا لأن الفاعل يسبق الفعل بالفعل.3. Tense Backshift in Reported Wh-Questions
| Direct Question Tense | Direct Example | Reported Tense | Reported Example |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Present Simple
|
Where is he?
|
Past Simple
|
She asked where he was.
|
|
Present Continuous
|
What are you doing?
|
Past Continuous
|
He asked what I was doing.
|
|
Past Simple
|
Why did they leave?
|
Past Perfect
|
I asked why they had left.
|
|
Present Perfect
|
Who has seen it?
|
Past Perfect
|
She asked who had seen it.
|
|
Future (will)
|
When will it end?
|
Conditional (would)
|
They asked when it would end.
|
|
Can
|
How can I help?
|
Could
|
He asked how he could help.
|
Meanings
The process of conveying a question asked by someone else without quoting them directly, requiring changes in word order, pronouns, and tenses.
Standard Reporting
Relaying a past inquiry to a third party.
“He inquired what the total cost would be.”
“They asked who was responsible for the oversight.”
Polite Indirect Inquiries
Using reported structures to ask a question more tentatively or formally in the present.
“I was wondering why you decided to resign.”
“Could you tell me what time the train leaves?”
Academic/Legal Reporting
Reporting questions in a highly formal, detached manner using specific reporting verbs.
“The plaintiff questioned why the safety protocols were ignored.”
“The committee queried how the funds were allocated.”
Reference Table
| السؤال المباشر | السؤال المنقول | تغيير الزمن | التغيير الأساسي |
|---|---|---|---|
|
What do you want?
|
He asked what I wanted.
|
المضارع البسيط ← الماضي البسيط
|
لا قلب، لا 'do'
|
|
Where are they going?
|
She wondered where they were going.
|
المضارع المستمر ← الماضي المستمر
|
لا قلب
|
|
Why has he left?
|
I wanted to know why he had left.
|
المضارع التام ← الماضي التام
|
لا قلب
|
|
When did she arrive?
|
They asked when she had arrived.
|
الماضي البسيط ← الماضي التام
|
لا قلب، لا 'did'
|
|
How will you finish?
|
He inquired how I would finish.
|
المستقبل البسيط ← الشرطي
|
لا قلب
|
|
Which book do you prefer?
|
She asked which book I preferred.
|
المضارع البسيط ← الماضي البسيط
|
كلمة الاستفهام + المفعول به تعمل كأداة ربط
|
طيف الرسمية
I should like to inquire as to why the proceedings have been delayed. (Business/Social)
He asked why the meeting was late starting. (Business/Social)
He asked why we were so slow. (Business/Social)
He was like, 'Why the holdup?' (Business/Social)
الأسئلة المنقولة بكلمات الاستفهام
تغييرات رئيسية
- لا علامة استفهام تصبح جمل خبرية
- ترتيب فاعل-فعل مثل الجملة العادية
- إرجاع الزمن غالباً ما يعود خطوة للوراء
كلمات الاستفهام
- Who فاعل أو مفعول به
- What فاعل أو مفعول به
- Why السبب
- Where الموقع
أفعال النقل
- Ask عام
- Wonder فضول
- Inquire رسمي
- Want to know رغبة في المعلومة
مقارنة: أسئلة الـ 'Wh-' المباشرة مقابل المنقولة
مخطط انسيابي لتكوين أسئلة الـ 'Wh-' المنقولة
هل تبدأ بفعل النقل؟
هل كلمة الـ 'Wh-' هي الفاعل (مثلاً: 'Who broke...')؟
هل يتطلب السياق إرجاع الزمن (فعل نقل في الماضي)؟
هل توجد علامة استفهام؟
أفعال النقل الشائعة
عام
- • ask
- • tell (someone)
فضول
- • wonder
- • be curious
- • want to know
رسمي
- • inquire
- • question
- • demand to know
غير مباشر
- • be interested in
- • find out
- • check
أمثلة حسب المستوى
He asked where the shop is.
She asked what my name is.
I asked who that man is.
They asked why you are sad.
He asked where I lived.
She wanted to know what I liked.
I asked why she was late.
They asked who cooked the dinner.
She asked me why I had chosen that book.
He wondered what time the film started.
They inquired where they could park their car.
I asked him who he was waiting for.
The interviewer asked why I had decided to change careers.
She inquired what the company's policy was regarding remote work.
He asked me how I would handle a difficult client.
They wondered why the project hadn't been completed on time.
The board questioned why the CEO had withheld such vital information.
She demanded to know who had authorized the expenditure without her consent.
The researchers investigated why the participants had reacted so inconsistently.
He queried what the implications would be if the merger failed.
The defense attorney cross-examined the witness, asking why they had hitherto remained silent.
The philosopher pondered what it truly meant to live a life of virtue in the modern age.
The diplomat inquired as to why the treaty had been summarily rejected by the council.
She questioned why the protagonist’s motivations remained so opaque throughout the novel.
سهل الخلط
Learners often think they are the same. While they use the same word order, reported questions refer to the past, while indirect questions are often used for present politeness.
When 'who' is the subject of the question, the word order doesn't seem to change much, which confuses learners.
Learners sometimes try to use 'whether' with a Wh-word.
أخطاء شائعة
He asked where is the bus?
He asked where the bus is.
She asked what do you want.
She asked what you want.
I asked who is he.
I asked who he is.
They asked why you are here?
They asked why you are here.
He asked why did she leave.
He asked why she left.
She asked where was I going.
She asked where I was going.
I asked what time does it start.
I asked what time it started.
He asked me why I am late.
He asked me why I was late.
She wondered what had he done.
She wondered what he had done.
I asked him who was he waiting for.
I asked him who he was waiting for.
The board inquired why was the budget exceeded.
The board inquired why the budget had been exceeded.
She demanded to know what were the reasons.
She demanded to know what the reasons were.
He queried as to why did the results vary.
He queried as to why the results varied.
أنماط الجُمل
I was wondering why ___.
She asked me what ___.
The investigator inquired as to how ___.
They demanded to know who ___.
Real World Usage
The recruiter asked why I was interested in the role.
She asked what time we were meeting.
I inquired why my refund hadn't been processed.
The study explored why the results were inconsistent.
The officer asked where the suspect had gone.
So I asked him why he was being so rude!
تذكر: لا قلب للفعل والفاعل!
انتبه لـ 'إرجاع الزمن'!
كن سيد الأفعال الناقلة!
اللباقة في الكلام غير المباشر
Smart Tips
Stop! Delete 'did' and move the main verb into the Past Perfect.
Don't overthink the word order; it stays the same, just change the tense.
Use 'I was wondering if you could clarify why...' instead of 'Why did...'.
Say the reported part as a normal sentence first, then add 'He asked' at the front.
النطق
Falling Intonation
Unlike direct questions which may have rising intonation, reported questions end with falling intonation because they are grammatically statements.
Stress on Wh-word
The Wh-word (why, what, where) often receives slightly more stress as it is the key information link.
Declarative Fall
I asked what he wanted. ↘
Conveys that the speaker is making a statement of fact about a past inquiry.
احفظها
وسيلة تذكّر
Remember 'SV' (Subject-Verb) for Reported Speech, not 'VS' (Verb-Subject) for Questions.
ربط بصري
Imagine a question mark (?) being flattened into a period (.) as it moves from a direct quote into a reported sentence. The 'do' auxiliary falls off the sentence like a loose leaf.
Rhyme
When reporting what they say, throw the 'do' and 'does' away. Put the subject in the lead, that is all the help you need!
Story
A detective is reporting to his boss. He doesn't ask 'Who did it?'; he tells his boss 'I asked the witness who had done it.' He changes the tense to show the mystery is being solved.
Word Web
تحدٍّ
Write down three questions you were asked today. Now, rewrite them as reported questions starting with 'Someone asked me...'.
ملاحظات ثقافية
In formal British English, 'inquire' is often spelled with an 'e' (enquire) for general questions and an 'i' (inquire) for formal investigations, though this distinction is fading.
Americans are more likely to use 'asked' even in semi-formal contexts, reserving 'inquired' for very formal or legal situations.
Using reported questions is a key 'softening' technique in global business culture to avoid sounding too demanding or aggressive.
The structure of reported speech in English evolved from Old English, where 'thaet' (that) was often used to introduce reported clauses, including questions.
بدايات محادثة
Tell me about a time someone asked you why you chose your career.
If you could ask a famous person one thing, what would it be? Now, tell me what you would ask them using reported speech.
Have you ever been in a situation where you had to inquire why a service was poor?
What did your parents always ask you when you were a child?
مواضيع للكتابة اليومية
أخطاء شائعة
Test Yourself
She wanted to know what I ___ (do) that evening.
Find and fix the mistake:
He asked me why did I leave early.
اختر الجملة الصحيحة:
Score: /3
تمارين تطبيقية
8 exercisesHe asked me ___.
Find and fix the mistake:
She asked why did I leave the party early.
The auditor ___ why the receipts were missing.
asked / where / she / I / been / had
He wanted to know what time the train ___ (leave) the next day.
In reported Wh-questions, we use the same word order as in direct questions.
A: 'Why are you crying?' B: 'What did he say?' C: 'He asked ___.'
Select the correct sentence.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
11 exercisesI wondered `when he ___ (finish) the report`.
They inquired how much it will cost?
أي جملة تنقل بشكل صحيح: 'What are you reading?'
Translate into English: 'Ella quería saber por qué él se fue tan temprano.'
رتب هذه الكلمات لتكوين جملة:
طابق السؤال المباشر مع شكله المنقول:
The client inquired `what their options ___ (be)`.
My mom always wants to know where are my keys.
اختر الجملة الصحيحة:
Translate into English: 'Me preguntaba qué estaba pasando.'
رتب هذه الكلمات لتكوين جملة:
Score: /11
الأسئلة الشائعة (8)
Not always. If the reporting verb is in the present (e.g., 'He asks') or if the situation is still true (e.g., 'He asked where the station is'), you can keep the present tense.
No. In standard English, we do not use `that` before a Wh-word. For example, say 'He asked why I left,' not 'He asked that why I left.'
`Ask` is neutral and common. `Inquire` is formal and often used in business or official contexts. `Inquire` often takes the preposition `about` or the phrase `as to`.
For Yes/No questions, use `if` or `whether` instead of a Wh-word. For example, 'Are you coming?' becomes 'He asked if I was coming.'
These are 'dummy' auxiliaries used only to facilitate inversion in questions. Since reported questions don't have inversion, these auxiliaries are no longer needed.
No. 'I wonder why he is late' is a statement, so it ends with a period. However, 'Do you wonder why he is late?' is a question and needs a question mark.
If `shall` is used for a future fact, it becomes `would`. If it's used for a suggestion (e.g., 'Shall we go?'), it often becomes `should` (e.g., 'He asked if we should go').
In some dialects (like Hiberno-English) or in very informal speech, you might hear it, but in standard English and all exams, it is considered incorrect.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Preguntas indirectas (e.g., Me preguntó qué quería)
Spanish doesn't have an equivalent to the 'do/does' auxiliary, so the 'removal' rule isn't a problem for them.
L'interrogation indirecte (e.g., Il a demandé ce que je faisais)
French uses 'ce que' or 'ce qui' for 'what', whereas English just uses 'what'.
Indirekte Fragesätze (e.g., Er fragte, was ich mache)
In German, the verb moves to the end; in English, it just moves after the subject.
Kikimashita (e.g., Nani o shite iru ka kikimashita)
Japanese keeps the question marker 'ka', while English removes all question markers (like 'do' or the question mark).
Al-as'ila al-ghayr mubashira
Arabic does not have a mandatory backshift of tenses like English does.
Jiànjiē wèntí
Chinese has no structural change at all, making the English 'transformation' very difficult for learners.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Learn These First
أسئلة Wh الإنجليزية: ماذا، أين، متى
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