لا تسقط الفاعل: الضمائر الموصولة (who, which, that)
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
In English, you can never delete a relative pronoun (who, which, that) if it acts as the subject of the following verb.
- Use 'who' for people and 'which' for things; 'that' works for both in informal speech.
- If the pronoun is followed immediately by a verb, it is the subject: 'The man who lives here.'
- Never omit the subject pronoun: 'The man lives here' is wrong if you mean 'The man who lives here.'
نظرة عامة
relative pronouns الخاصة بك عن طريق الخطأ. في اللغة الإنجليزية، نحن نحب الاختصارات.relative pronoun كـ subject لـ clause، لا يمكنك حذفه مطلقًا. إذا فعلت ذلك، ستنهار جملتك أسرع من مظلة رخيصة في عاصفة ممطرة في لندن.Relative pronouns هي كلمات مثل who و which و that. إنها تعمل مثل الغراء بين فكرتين. تخيل أن لديك جملتين منفصلتين: I saw a guyو
The guy was wearing a Pikachu onesie.بدلاً من أن تبدو وكأنك روبوت، تقوم بدمجهما:
I saw a guy who was wearing a Pikachu onesie. في هذه الجملة الجديدة المدمجة، تقوم who بوظيفتين.subject للفعل was wearing. لأنها الـ subject، فهي ضرورية. لا يمكنك أن تقول فقط، I saw a guy was wearing a Pikachu onesie.هذا يجعلك تبدو وكأنك تعاني من خلل تقني (glitching).
I have a phone. It works wellو
I have a phone that works well. الأولى للأطفال الصغار؛ والأخرى لشخص مستعد للنجاح في مقابلة على Zoom.كيف تعمل هذه القاعدة
pronoun، علينا أن ننظر إلى ما يفعله. فكر في الـ relative clause كجملة مصغرة داخل جملة أكبر. كل جملة تحتاج إلى subject.relative pronoun هو ذلك الـ subject، فإن إزالته تترك الـ verb «بدون مأوى». دعنا نلقي نظرة على الجملة: The app that crashed my phone is annoying. هنا، that هي الـ subject للفعل crashed. إذا قمت بإزالة that، تصبح الجملة The app crashed my phone is annoying.الآن لديك فعلان (
crashed و is) يتشاجران على نفس الـ noun (the app).that، فإنك تحدد بوضوح بداية الوصف.مهلاً! أنا على وشك أن أعطيك المزيد من المعلومات حول هذا الـ noun! إنها تحافظ على تنظيم أفكارك، وهو أمر مفيد عندما تحاول أن تشرح للدعم الفني سبب تجمد شاشتك على «ميم» لقطة.
نمط التكوين
noun، والرابط، والحدث.
who للأشخاص، which للأشياء، أو that لأي منهما).
who/which/that] + [Verb] + [Extra Info].
The girl (who) (lives) (next door) (is a DJ).
متى نستخدمها
Defining Relative Clauses. إذا كنت في حفلة وقلت، I like the guy,فلن يعرف أحد من تعني.
I like the guy who brought the extra pizza, سيفهم الجميع تمامًا (وربما يوافقونك الرأي). استخدمها عند كتابة المراجعات على Amazon: The headphones that arrived yesterday are broken. استخدمها عندما تشتكي من Netflix: The show which everyone is talking about is actually boring. إنها قواعد التحديد. بدونها، العالم مجرد ضباب من الـ nouns الغامضة.I am a developer who specializes in Python. إنها تجعلك تبدو محترفًا، ومتمكنًا، وكشخص يعرف حقًا أين توجد الـ subjects في جمله.
الأخطاء الشائعة
pronoun لأنك تعتقد أنه اختياري. يحدث هذا عادةً لأنك تعرف أنه *أحيانًا* يمكنك إسقاطه (سنصل إلى ذلك بعد ثانية). غالبًا ما يقول المتعلمون أشياء مثل، I have a friend lives in Tokyo.بالنسبة للمتحدث الأصلي، يبدو هذا وكأن جملتين اصطدمتا ببعضهما البعض. يجب أن تقول،
I have a friend who lives in Tokyo. خطأ آخر هو استخدام الـ pronoun الخاطئ، مثل استخدام which لجدتك. ما لم تكن جدتك روبوتًا (وهو أمر رائع، لكنه غير محتمل)، التزم بـ who. الخطأ الثالث هو إضافة pronoun إضافي بعد الـ relative pronoun. لا تقل، The car that it is parked outside is mine. لديك بالفعل that تعمل كـ subject! إضافة it يشبه ارتداء قبعتين في نفس الوقت. واحدة تكفي، واثنتان تجعلك تبدو وكأنك تبالغ في المحاولة.مقارنة مع أنماط مشابهة
relative pronoun إذا كان هو الـ object للـ clause. على سبيل المثال: The book (that) I read was great. في هذه الحالة، I هو الـ subject، و that (الكتاب) هو الـ object.verb read لديه بالفعل subject (I)، فإن الـ pronoun that مجرد معلومات إضافية يمكننا العيش بدونها. ولكن في قاعدتنا لمستوى B1، الـ pronoun *هو* الـ subject. The book that is on the table is great. هنا، that هي الـ subject لـ is.pronoun. إذا جاء verb بعده (who is, that crashed, which works)، يجب عليك الاحتفاظ بالـ pronoun.that I read, who you met)، فمن المحتمل أنه يمكنك إسقاطه. إنه مثل حارس الأمن - إذا كان الـ verb وحيدًا، يبقى الـ pronoun لحمايته. إذا كان للـ verb subject بالفعل، يمكن للـ pronoun أن يأخذ استراحة.أسئلة شائعة
هل يمكنني استخدام that للأشخاص؟
نعم، في اللغة الإنجليزية غير الرسمية!
The guy that lives here مقبولة تمامًا. لكن who شائعة أكثر وتبدو أفضل قليلاً.
هل which للأشياء فقط؟
نعم. لا تستخدم which للأشخاص إلا إذا كنت تحاول أن تكون لئيمًا أو تتحدث عن شبح.
ماذا يحدث إذا نسيت الـ pronoun؟
سيفهمك الناس عادةً، لكن ستبدو وكأنك تتحدث إنجليزية «مكسرة». هذا يقطع تدفق المحادثة.
هل ينطبق هذا على الزمن الماضي أيضًا؟
بالتأكيد.
The movie that started at 8:00 صارمة تمامًا مثل The movie that starts at 8:00.
هل هذه القاعدة رسمية أم غير رسمية؟
كلاهما! إنها قاعدة أساسية في اللغة. سواء كنت تراسل صديقًا أو تكتب رسالة علمية، احتفظ بـ subject pronoun ذلك في مكانه.
Choosing the Correct Subject Relative Pronoun
| Antecedent (The Noun) | Relative Pronoun | Function | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
|
People (Formal)
|
Who
|
Subject
|
The man who knows...
|
|
People (Informal)
|
That
|
Subject
|
The girl that lives...
|
|
Things/Animals
|
Which
|
Subject
|
The cat which barks...
|
|
Things/Animals
|
That
|
Subject
|
The car that broke...
|
|
Possession
|
Whose
|
Subject/Determiner
|
The boy whose dog...
|
Meanings
A relative pronoun connects a main clause to a relative clause. When that pronoun is the subject of the relative clause, it provides essential information about the noun it follows.
Identifying People
Using 'who' or 'that' to specify exactly which person we are talking about.
“The woman who won the lottery is my aunt.”
“Students that study hard usually pass.”
Identifying Things
Using 'which' or 'that' to specify exactly which object or concept we are discussing.
“The car which crashed was red.”
“I bought a phone that has a great camera.”
Defining Essential Information
Providing information that is necessary to understand which specific noun is being referred to.
“I don't like movies that have sad endings.”
“Where is the key which opens this door?”
Reference Table
| الضمير | يشير إلى | الدور في الجملة | هل يمكن حذفه؟ |
|---|---|---|---|
|
`who`
|
أشخاص
|
فاعل
|
لا
|
|
`which`
|
أشياء، حيوانات
|
فاعل
|
لا
|
|
`that`
|
أشخاص، أشياء
|
فاعل
|
لا
|
|
`who`
|
أشخاص
|
مفعول به
|
نعم
|
|
`which`
|
أشياء، حيوانات
|
مفعول به
|
نعم
|
|
`that`
|
أشخاص، أشياء
|
مفعول به
|
نعم
|
طيف الرسمية
There is a gentleman who is inquiring after you. (Workplace/Street)
There is a man who is looking for you. (Workplace/Street)
There's a guy that's looking for you. (Workplace/Street)
Some dude's lookin' for ya. (Workplace/Street)
الضمائر الوصلية (دور الفاعل)
Who
- الأشخاص Person, student, colleague
- مثال The student WHO studies hard.
Which
- الأشياء Book, idea, car
- الحيوانات Dog, cat, bird
- مثال The car WHICH broke down.
That
- الأشخاص Person, friend
- الأشياء App, phone
- مثال The app THAT helps me.
مقارنة: الضمائر الوصلية الفاعلة والمفعول به
هل يجب أن أحذف الضمير الوصلي؟
هل الضمير الوصلي متبوع مباشرة بفعل؟
دليل الاستخدام: Who, Which, That
للأشخاص (فاعل)
- • `who` (شائع، رسمي)
- • `that` (شائع، غير رسمي)
للأشياء/الحيوانات (فاعل)
- • `which` (شائع، رسمي)
- • `that` (شائع، غير رسمي)
متى لا تحذف (الفاعل)
- • ضمير وصلي + فعل
- • الجمل التعريفية للوضوح
أمثلة حسب المستوى
The boy who is happy.
The boy who is happy.
The car that is red.
The car that is red.
A teacher who is nice.
A teacher who is nice.
A book that is big.
A book that is big.
I know a girl who speaks English.
I know a girl who speaks English.
This is the phone that works well.
This is the phone that works well.
The man who lives here is old.
The man who lives here is old.
I like movies that are funny.
I like movies that are funny.
The company which produces these cars is Japanese.
The company which produces these cars is Japanese.
People who want to join the club must pay a fee.
People who want to join the club must pay a fee.
Is there a restaurant that serves vegetarian food?
Is there a restaurant that serves vegetarian food?
The software which was installed yesterday is crashing.
The software which was installed yesterday is crashing.
The candidates who were interviewed yesterday were all excellent.
The candidates who were interviewed yesterday were all excellent.
The law, which was passed last year, has caused many problems.
The law, which was passed last year, has caused many problems.
Anyone who believes that story is very gullible.
Anyone who believes that story is very gullible.
The evidence that was presented in court was convincing.
The evidence that was presented in court was convincing.
The factors which contribute to climate change are multifaceted.
The factors which contribute to climate change are multifaceted.
It was my brother who eventually convinced me to move.
It was my brother who eventually convinced me to move.
The individual who is found responsible will be prosecuted.
The individual who is found responsible will be prosecuted.
The theories that underpin this research are quite complex.
The theories that underpin this research are quite complex.
The nuances that characterize his later work are often overlooked.
The nuances that characterize his later work are often overlooked.
He is a man who, despite his flaws, remains deeply respected.
He is a man who, despite his flaws, remains deeply respected.
The mechanisms which facilitate this biological process are still being studied.
The mechanisms which facilitate this biological process are still being studied.
Such are the challenges that await any newcomer to the field.
Such are the challenges that await any newcomer to the field.
سهل الخلط
Learners often use 'whom' as a subject because it sounds more formal.
Learners don't know when to use commas.
Using 'what' as a relative pronoun.
أخطاء شائعة
I have a friend lives in London.
I have a friend who lives in London.
The car is red is mine.
The car that is red is mine.
A person which works here.
A person who works here.
The man who he lives here.
The man who lives here.
The book who I bought.
The book that I bought.
Is this the bus goes to the city?
Is this the bus that goes to the city?
The people lives in this house.
The people who live in this house.
The man I met him was nice.
The man who I met was nice.
Everything what happened was my fault.
Everything that happened was my fault.
The lady who she called you is my boss.
The lady who called you is my boss.
The person whom called you is waiting.
The person who called you is waiting.
أنماط الجُمل
I know a person who ___.
The ___ that ___ is ___.
Is there anything which ___?
Anyone who ___ must ___.
Real World Usage
The girl that lives next door is having a party.
I am a person who takes initiative.
I want to return the item which arrived damaged.
Take the bus that goes to the museum.
A traveler who loves coffee.
The party who signs this contract...
ابحث عن الفاعل والفعل معاً
لا تستخدم 'Which' للأشخاص
I know a dog which loves to play.
جرب بـ 'He/She/It'
السياق يحدد استخدام 'That'
The movie that won an award is great.
تجنب الضمائر الزائدة
This is the book which tells a story.(وليس: This is the book which it tells a story.)
Smart Tips
Stop! You need a relative pronoun. Don't jump straight to the verb.
Use 'who' for people and 'which' for things. Avoid 'that' to sound more academic.
Try to replace the pronoun with 'He' or 'It'. If the sentence works, it's a subject!
Contract 'that is' to 'that's' and 'who is' to 'who's'. It sounds much more natural.
النطق
Contraction of 'that is'
In spoken English, 'that' and 'is' are almost always contracted to 'that's'.
Weak form of 'who'
The 'h' in 'who' is often very soft, and the vowel becomes a schwa-like sound in fast speech.
Relative Clause Rise-Fall
The man who LIVES here (slight rise) is NICE (fall).
The rise on the relative clause indicates it is descriptive information.
احفظها
وسيلة تذكّر
S.O.S. — Subject Or Stay! If the pronoun is the Subject, it must Stay.
ربط بصري
Imagine a bridge connecting two islands. If the bridge (the pronoun) is missing, the cars (the verbs) fall into the water because they have no road (subject) to drive on.
Rhyme
If a verb comes next in line, keep the pronoun every time!
Story
A king (the noun) has a messenger (the relative pronoun) who carries a message (the verb). If the king sends the message without the messenger, the message never arrives. The messenger is the subject of the journey.
Word Web
تحدٍّ
Look around the room. Describe 5 things using 'that' or 'which' followed by a verb (e.g., 'The lamp that sits on the desk'). Ensure you don't drop the pronoun!
ملاحظات ثقافية
British speakers are slightly more likely to use 'which' in defining relative clauses than American speakers, though 'that' is still dominant in speech.
American English strictly prefers 'that' for defining clauses and 'which' for non-defining clauses (with commas).
In some rural dialects, 'as' was historically used as a relative pronoun, though this is now very rare and considered non-standard.
Relative pronouns in English evolved from interrogative pronouns (who/which) and demonstrative pronouns (that) in Old English.
بدايات محادثة
Tell me about a person who inspires you.
What kind of movies do you like?
Describe a piece of technology that you can't live without.
What are the qualities of a leader who succeeds?
مواضيع للكتابة اليومية
أخطاء شائعة
Test Yourself
The painter ___ lives next door is very famous.
Find and fix the mistake:
The book which was missing found its way back.
اختر الجملة الصحيحة:
اختر الجملة الصحيحة:
Score: /4
تمارين تطبيقية
8 exercisesThe man ___ lives next door is a doctor.
Find and fix the mistake:
The car is parked outside is mine.
I have a computer ___ works very fast.
Combine them using a relative pronoun.
'The book that is on the table is mine.'
Identify the 'Object' relative clause.
A: Which phone should I buy? B: Buy the one ___ has the best battery.
1. A pilot... 2. A key... 3. A student...
Score: /8
Practice Bank
11 exercisesThe new phone ___ has a great camera is very expensive.
The doctor she helped me was very kind.
رتّب هذه الكلمات لتكوين جملة:
اجمع هذه الجمل:
طابق الأسماء مع الضمير الوصلي الصحيح:
أي جملة صحيحة؟
The company ___ manufactures these parts is based in Germany.
I met a person was very kind.
اجمع الجمل:
The documentary ___ explores space travel is fascinating.
أي جملة صحيحة نحوياً؟
Score: /11
الأسئلة الشائعة (8)
No. In standard English, if the relative pronoun is the subject of the clause, it must be included. Dropping it makes the sentence ungrammatical.
'Who' is more formal and preferred in writing. 'That' is very common in spoken, informal English. Both are grammatically correct.
In 'The book I read,' 'I' is the subject. In 'The book that is red,' 'that' is the subject. You can only drop the pronoun if it's NOT the subject.
Yes, 'which' is used for objects, animals, and ideas. Never use 'which' for people.
This is a 'double subject' error. 'The man who he lives here' is wrong. 'Who' already does the job of 'he'.
Not for these 'defining' clauses. These clauses are essential to know which noun you are talking about, so no commas are used.
'Whose' is a possessive relative pronoun. It is followed by a noun, and together they can be the subject: 'The boy whose dog barked.'
In American English, 'that' is much more common for defining clauses. In British English, 'which' is used more often than in the US, but 'that' is still very frequent.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
que
English requires 'who' for people, whereas Spanish uses 'que' for both.
qui / que
In French, 'qui' is the subject pronoun regardless of whether it's a person or a thing.
der / die / das
German relative pronouns are much more complex due to case endings (nominative, accusative, etc.).
None (Pre-nominal modification)
Japanese has no words like 'who' or 'which' to connect clauses.
al-ladhi (الذي)
Arabic often requires a 'resumptive pronoun' later in the sentence, which English forbids.
de (的)
The word order is reversed compared to English.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
فيديوهات ذات صلة
01:49 John Cena Teaches Hugh Jackman Reverse Trash Talking
25:24 "Our Food Isn't That Bad" | Kitchen Nightmares
04:19 Why do We Brush Our Teeth? | Health for Kids | SciShow Kids
RELATIVE PRONOUNS | RELATIVE CLAUSES | ADJECTIVE CLAUSES - who, which, that, whose, whom
Arnel's Everyday English
Relative Clauses - English Grammar Lesson (Upper Intermediate)
Maltalingua English Language School
Related Grammar Rules
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