الضمائر الوصلية: 'Which' للأشياء
add detail و connect ideas و sound natural.
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use 'which' to give more information about objects, animals, or ideas without starting a new sentence.
- Use 'which' only for things and animals, never for people. Example: 'The book which I read.'
- In non-defining clauses (extra info), always use a comma before 'which'. Example: 'My car, which is old, broke.'
- In defining clauses (essential info), 'which' can often be replaced by 'that' in informal English.
نظرة عامة
I used that new food delivery app. The app crashed twice.ده تمام، بس ده مستوى بسيط شوية لواحد في مستواك.
which. دي الأداة المثالية لربط الأشياء، الحيوانات، والأفكار.which كله عبارة عن إضافة نكهة زيادة للأسماء بتاعتك. في عالم القواعد، بنسميه ضمير وصل (relative pronoun). بس انت ممكن تعتبره مجرد مؤشر.who مخصصة بس للشلة والعيلة، which بتهتم بكل حاجة تانية—الـ iPhone بتاعك، القطة الشاردة في حيكم، القلق الوجودي اللي بتحس بيه يوم الاثنين الصبح، أو فيديو TikTok اللي انت مش قادر تطلعه من دماغك. هي بتسمح لك تدي معلومات أكتر عن حاجة معينة من غير ما تبدأ جملة جديدة تماماً. في الإنجليزي، بنستخدمها عشان نحدد إيه الشيء «المحدد» اللي بنتكلم عنه أو عشان نضيف حقيقة «بونص» مش ضرورية أوي بس أكيد مثيرة للاهتمام.كيف تعمل هذه القاعدة
which بتحل محل الاسم. بدل ما تكرر الاسم في الجزء التاني من جملتك، بدله بـ which. تخيل عندك فكرتين: The laptop is on the tableو
The laptop is broken.بدل ما تكرر
the laptop، بتقول: The laptop, which is on the table, is broken. شايف؟The game which I bought yesterday is amazing. ثانياً، فيه النسخة «غير المُعرفة»، اللي بتضيف فيها معلومات زيادة ممكن نعيش من غيرها عادي. My car, which is ten years old, still runs perfectly. واخد بالك من الفواصل دي؟ دي زي مقابض صغيرة تخليك تشيل المعلومات الزيادة وترميها لو حبيت.which ساعات ممكن تشير لموقف بالكامل.He forgot my birthday, which was really annoying. هنا، which مش بس عيد الميلاد؛ دي حقيقة إنه نسيه. ده ضمير «الدراما».
نمط التكوين
which زي تركيب مجموعة Lego. محتاج بس تمشي بالترتيب الصح:
which مباشرة بعد الاسم.
The pizza (1),which(3) had pineapple on it (4), was delicious (6).
which لازم تكون قريبة من الاسم قدر الإمكان. لو حطيتها بعيد أوي، الناس ممكن تتلخبط انت بتوصف إيه. ما تقولش I saw a cat in the car which was blue. هل القطة هي اللي زرقاء ولا العربية؟ إلا لو كانت قطة من فيلم Avatar، غالباً انت تقصد العربية.
متى نستخدمها
which كل ما تحب تحدد شيء أو تضيف تفصيلة من غير ما تكون متكرر. هي ممتازة لـ:- Social Media Captions:
The view,
whichtook my breath away, was worth the hike. - Product Reviews:
The headphones,
whichI ordered on Amazon, arrived broken. - Professional Emails:
The report,
whichcontains the final data, is attached below. - Storytelling:
We stayed in a hotel
whichused to be a haunted castle. - Clarifying Choices:
Which is the movie
(استنى، دول اتنينwhichyou wanted to see?which! قانوني تماماً، بس يمكن تكرار شوية—جرب تستخدمthatلواحدة منهم عشان تبان طبيعي أكتر).
that شائعة جداً في الكلام العادي، which غالباً بتحسسنا بجو «طالب جامعة بيكتب رسالة» أو «مدير تنفيذي بيعمل عرض تقديمي». لو بتكتب خطاب رسمي أو مقال، which هي صديقتك الصدوقة.which I just spilled is all over my white shirt.
الأخطاء الشائعة
- The Human Error: استخدام
whichللناس.The teacher
✗ غلط! استخدمwhichis nice.who. إلا لو مدرسك هولوجرام، يستاهلwho. - Comma Trauma: نسيان الفواصل للمعلومات الزيادة.
My phone
لو عندك تليفون واحد بس، محتاج فواصل:whichis a Samsung is new.My phone,
من غير فواصل، بيبان كأن عندك خمس تليفونات وبتحدد السامسونج فيهم.whichis a Samsung, is new. - The Double Subject: إضافة ضمير زيادة.
The book
✗ لأ! الـwhichI read it was good.whichخلاص حلت محل الـ 'it'. ما تبقاش طماع في الضماير. - Which vs. What: استخدام
whatبدلاً منwhich.The movie
✗ ده بيبان مش لغة أصلية خالص أو لهجة محددة جداً. خليك فيwhatI saw.whichأوthatللأشياء. - Distance Issues: تحط كلمات كتير بين الاسم و
which. خلي المسافة بينهم قريبة، كأنهم في أول ديت ومعجبين ببعض جداً.
مقارنة مع أنماط مشابهة
which هو that. في حالات كتير، بالذات في الإنجليزي الأمريكي، الناس بيستخدموهم مكان بعض. The car that I want ضد The car which I want. الاتنين تمام.which فقط مع الجمل غير المُعرفة (اللي فيها فواصل). ما ينفعش تقول، My house, that is red, is on the corner. ✗ دي بتبان غريبة. لازم تكون which.who. زي ما قلنا، who للناس، و which للأشياء. الحيوانات منطقة رمادية. لو كلبك الأليف، Sparky، استخدم who. ده من العيلة! لو حمامة عشوائية في الحديقة، استخدم which.where. Where للأماكن، بس فعلياً تقدر تستخدم which لو ضفت حرف جر. The house where I live هي نفسها The house in which I live. التانية رسمية جداً—تخيل أجواء 'Downtown Abbey'. معظم الناس بتقول بس The house I live in,بس
which بتديك اللمسة الراقية دي لما تحتاجها.أسئلة شائعة
هل ممكن أستخدم which لبدء سؤال؟
أيوه، بس دي وظيفة تانية!
Which one do you want?ده ضمير استفهام.
which بتاعتنا هنا ضمير وصل، بيستخدم لربط الجمل.
هل which رسمية أكتر من that؟
عموماً، أيوه. في الرسايل العادية، الناس غالباً بتستخدم that أو بيحذفوا الضمير خالص.
The book I readشائعة أكتر من
The book which I read.
هل ممكن which تشير لجملة كاملة؟
طبعاً!
It rained all day, which ruined our picnic. الـ which بتشير لحقيقة إن الدنيا مطرت بالكامل.
هل دايماً محتاج فاصلة قبل which؟
مش دايماً. بس لو المعلومة «زيادة» والجملة هتفضل مفهومة من غيرها.
طب لو بتكلم عن شركة؟
الشركات عادة بتتعامل معاملة «الأشياء»، فاستخدم which.
The company, which was founded in 2010, is now a global giant.
ممكن أستخدم which لحيوان أليف؟
لو عايز تكون بارد ومش مهتم، أيوه. لو بتحبهم، استخدم who.
Using 'Which' in Different Roles
| Role | Structure | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Subject
|
Noun + which + Verb
|
The car which crashed...
|
'Which' acts as the subject.
|
|
Object
|
Noun + which + Subject + Verb
|
The car which I bought...
|
'Which' acts as the object.
|
|
With Preposition (Formal)
|
Noun + Prep + which + Subj + Verb
|
The house in which I live...
|
Common in formal writing.
|
|
With Preposition (Informal)
|
Noun + which + Subj + Verb + Prep
|
The house which I live in...
|
Common in spoken English.
|
|
Sentential
|
Clause + , + which + Verb
|
It rained, which was bad.
|
Refers to the whole situation.
|
Meanings
A relative pronoun used to introduce a relative clause that provides additional information about a noun that is not a person (objects, animals, concepts, or whole situations).
Defining Relative Clause
Used to identify exactly which object we are talking about. The information is essential to the sentence.
“The umbrella which I lost yesterday was blue.”
“Where is the letter which arrived this morning?”
Non-Defining Relative Clause
Used to add extra, non-essential information about an object. It is always separated by commas.
“My house, which was built in 1920, needs repairs.”
“The movie, which lasted three hours, was very boring.”
Sentential Relative Clause
Used to refer back to the entire previous clause or sentence rather than just a single noun.
“He arrived late, which annoyed everyone.”
“She passed the exam, which was a huge relief.”
Reference Table
| الضمير | يشير إلى | الوظيفة | مثال |
|---|---|---|---|
|
who
|
People
|
Subject/Object of relative clause
|
The student `who` passed.
|
|
which
|
Things, animals, ideas
|
Subject/Object of relative clause
|
The book `which` I read.
|
|
that
|
People, things, animals, ideas
|
Subject/Object of relative clause
|
The car `that` broke down.
|
|
whom
|
People (formal object)
|
Object of relative clause (formal)
|
The person `whom` I met.
|
|
whose
|
Possession (people/things)
|
Possessive
|
The artist `whose` work I admire.
|
طيف الرسمية
The vehicle which was acquired last month is performing well. (Purchasing a car)
The car which I bought last month is running great. (Purchasing a car)
The car I got last month is great. (Purchasing a car)
That ride which I copped is fire. (Purchasing a car)
فهم 'Which'
يشير إلى
- أشياء Inanimate objects
- حيوانات Pets, wildlife
- أفكار Concepts, plans
الوظيفة
- يربط الجمل Links descriptive information
- يضيف تفاصيل Provides essential or extra info
- يتجنب التكرار Replaces noun in second clause
التركيب النحوي
- `اسم + which + جملة` Standard pattern
- فاعل/مفعول به Can function as both
- جمل تعريفية Essential information
`Who` مقابل `Which` مقابل `That`
اختيار الضمير الموصول الصحيح لشيء
هل الاسم شخص؟
هل الاسم شيء، حيوان، أو فكرة؟
هل المعلومة ضرورية لتحديد الاسم؟
هل الضمير الموصول هو فاعل الجملة؟
سياقات حديثة لـ 'Which'
المحادثات عبر الإنترنت
- • مراسلة الأصدقاء
- • الدردشة الصوتية في الألعاب
- • مراجعات عبر الإنترنت
الحياة اليومية
- • طلب الطعام (تطبيقات)
- • محادثات المقهى
- • شرح المشاكل
أكاديمي/مهني
- • مشاريع جماعية جامعية
- • مقابلات عمل عبر Zoom
- • تقارير/عروض تقديمية
ترفيه
- • ترجمات Netflix
- • مناقشة الأفلام/المسلسلات
- • تعليقات Instagram/TikTok
أمثلة حسب المستوى
I have a car which is red.
I have a car which is red.
This is the book which I like.
This is the book which I like.
The dog which is in the garden is mine.
The dog which is in the garden is mine.
I want the cake which has chocolate.
I want the cake which has chocolate.
The phone which I bought yesterday is broken.
The phone which I bought yesterday is broken.
Is this the bus which goes to the airport?
Is this the bus which goes to the airport?
I lost the keys which were on the table.
I lost the keys which were on the table.
The movie which we saw was very funny.
The movie which we saw was very funny.
My computer, which is quite old, is very slow.
My computer, which is quite old, is very slow.
He forgot my birthday, which made me sad.
He forgot my birthday, which made me sad.
The hotel which we stayed in was near the beach.
The hotel which we stayed in was near the beach.
I need a job which allows me to work from home.
I need a job which allows me to work from home.
The document to which you are referring is lost.
The document to which you are referring is lost.
The city, which was founded in 1200, is famous for its art.
The city, which was founded in 1200, is famous for its art.
They offered me a promotion, which I immediately accepted.
They offered me a promotion, which I immediately accepted.
The criteria by which we judge success are changing.
The criteria by which we judge success are changing.
The proposal, the merits of which are debatable, was rejected.
The proposal, the merits of which are debatable, was rejected.
He was late for the meeting, which fact he failed to mention.
He was late for the meeting, which fact he failed to mention.
The system, which had been failing for years, finally collapsed.
The system, which had been failing for years, finally collapsed.
It was a decision from which there was no turning back.
It was a decision from which there was no turning back.
The treaty, the signing of which heralded a new era, was brief.
The treaty, the signing of which heralded a new era, was brief.
She argued that the law was unjust, which view was widely shared.
She argued that the law was unjust, which view was widely shared.
The company went bankrupt, which outcome surprised no one.
The company went bankrupt, which outcome surprised no one.
We reached the summit at noon, by which time the fog had lifted.
We reached the summit at noon, by which time the fog had lifted.
سهل الخلط
Learners often use 'that' after a comma or 'which' without a comma when they shouldn't.
Using 'which' for people or 'who' for objects.
Using 'what' to join two sentences.
أخطاء شائعة
The man which is tall.
The man who is tall.
The book it is good.
The book which is good.
I like the cat who is black.
I like the cat which is black.
The car which it is red.
The car which is red.
The movie what I saw.
The movie which I saw.
The pen which I write with it.
The pen which I write with.
The house where I bought.
The house which I bought.
My car, that is old, broke down.
My car, which is old, broke down.
He was late that was annoying.
He was late, which was annoying.
The city which I live is big.
The city which I live in is big.
The company who's profits are high.
The company, the profits of which are high.
أنماط الجُمل
I have a ___ which ___.
The ___ which I ___ is ___.
My ___, which is ___, is ___.
___, which meant that ___.
Real World Usage
I want to return the shoes which I ordered last week.
I am looking for a role which offers growth opportunities.
I lost my phone, which is why I didn't call.
Is this the museum which has the Picasso paintings?
Click the button which is located in the top right corner.
Check out this sunset, which was taken without a filter!
Which للوضوح
I want the book which is on the table.
ممنوع استخدام Which مع الأشخاص!
The person who called me was rude.(وليس 'which').
متى يمكن حذف Which
(which) I watched...' لكن لو 'which' هو الفاعل، لازم تخليه! 'The movie which was great...' The car (which) I bought is red.
رسمي مقابل غير رسمي
with which') صحيح جداً في الكتابة الرسمية. لكن في الكلام العادي، الناس بتحب تحط حرف الجر في الآخر (زي 'the device which he fixed with'). This is the tool with which I repaired it.(رسمي)
This is the tool which I repaired it with.(عادي)
فكر: 'شيء، حيوان، فكرة'
I like the song which is playing.(وليست 'who').
Smart Tips
Use 'which' instead of 'that' to sound more professional and precise.
Use ', which' at the end of your sentence to share your opinion.
Never use 'that' after a comma in a relative clause. It's always 'which'.
Try removing 'which' to see if the sentence sounds more natural in speech.
النطق
The 'wh' sound
In most modern English dialects, 'which' is pronounced exactly like 'witch' /wɪtʃ/. Some older or regional dialects (like Scottish) might use a voiceless 'w' /hw/.
Comma Intonation
In non-defining clauses, there is a slight drop in pitch and a brief pause where the commas are.
Non-defining drop
The cake, ↘ which was chocolate, ↗ was eaten.
The information inside the commas is parenthetical (extra).
احفظها
وسيلة تذكّر
W-H-I-C-H: Whatever Has Inanimate Characteristics Here.
ربط بصري
Imagine a giant question mark (?) turning into a bridge. The bridge connects a box (the object) to a label (the description). The bridge is made of the letters W-H-I-C-H.
Rhyme
For a person use 'who', for a thing 'which' will do.
Story
A robot named 'Which' only collects objects. He picks up a 'ball which is round' and a 'box which is heavy'. He never picks up people because he doesn't understand 'who' they are.
Word Web
تحدٍّ
Look around your room. Pick 5 objects and describe them using 'which'. (e.g., 'The chair which is near the window is brown.')
ملاحظات ثقافية
American style guides (like APA or Chicago) are very strict about using 'that' for defining clauses and 'which' only for non-defining clauses.
British English is more flexible. It is very common to hear 'which' used in defining clauses where an American would almost always use 'that'.
In academic writing globally, 'which' is preferred for its precision, especially when used with prepositions like 'in which' or 'by which'.
From Old English 'hwilc', which was originally a question word meaning 'of what form'.
بدايات محادثة
What is a movie which you have seen many times?
Tell me about a hobby which you started recently.
Describe a city which you would love to visit.
Think of a problem in your town which needs to be fixed.
مواضيع للكتابة اليومية
أخطاء شائعة
Test Yourself
I need the book ___ is on the top shelf.
which هو الضمير الموصول الصحيح هنا.Find and fix the mistake:
The person which called me was very rude.
Which يُستخدم للأشياء، الحيوانات، أو الأفكار. للأشخاص، يجب أن تستخدم who.Choose the correct sentence:
Which يشير بشكل صحيح إلى 'the car'، وهو شيء غير عاقل، والجملة تتبع الاسم مباشرة.Translate into English: 'Vi la película que ganó el premio.'
Answer starts with: ["I...
which يُستخدم لتقديم الجملة الوصفية التي تصفه.Score: /4
تمارين تطبيقية
8 exercisesThe car ___ I bought is very fast.
Find and fix the mistake:
The man which lives next door is a doctor.
My bike ___ is in the garage is broken.
I have a new phone. It has a great camera.
Paris, that is the capital of France, is beautiful.
A: Why are you upset? B: I lost my wallet, ___.
Select the non-defining clause.
1. The house... 2. He lied... 3. The dog...
Score: /8
Practice Bank
13 exercisesThe laptop ___ I use for work is very fast.
Choose the correct sentence:
Do you know the café ___ has outdoor seating?
Match the subjects with the correct form:
The movie, who was nominated for an Oscar, is streaming now.
Translate into English: 'Ella tiene un perro que siempre duerme en su cama.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
The concept ___ he explained was quite complex.
I found the keys was under the couch.
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Translate into English: 'El software, sin el cual no podemos operar, requiere una actualización.'
Which sentence demonstrates the most formal use of 'which'?
The painting, you bought, is beautiful.
Score: /13
الأسئلة الشائعة (8)
No, 'which' is strictly for things, animals, and ideas. For people, always use `who` or `whom`.
Use a comma if the information is 'extra' (non-defining). If the information is essential to identify the object, don't use a comma.
In American English, `that` is preferred for essential information. In British English, both are fine. However, only `which` can be used for extra information after a comma.
Yes, but only if it is the object of the clause (e.g., 'The book (which) I bought'). If it is the subject (e.g., 'The book which is on the table'), you must keep it.
It's when `which` refers to the whole previous sentence, not just one word. Example: 'He won, which surprised us.'
Yes, 'which' is the standard pronoun for animals. However, if the animal is a pet with a name, many people use `who`.
It is slightly more formal than `that` in defining clauses, but it is neutral in most other contexts.
It is a formal way to show possession for things. Example: 'The car, the door of which was open...' (Instead of 'whose door').
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
que / el cual
English distinguishes between 'who' (people) and 'which' (things), whereas Spanish often uses 'que' for both.
qui / que / lequel
French relative pronouns change based on grammatical function (subject/object) rather than person/thing.
der / die / das / welcher
German relative pronouns have gender (masculine/feminine/neuter), while English 'which' is gender-neutral.
Attributive form
Japanese uses word order (modifier before noun) instead of a connecting word like 'which'.
al-ladhi (الذي)
English 'which' is much simpler as it doesn't change for number or gender.
de (的)
The structure is reversed: [Description] + de + [Noun].
Learning Path
Prerequisites
فيديوهات ذات صلة
08:55 The Land Your State Doesn't Control
09:59 The Biggest Eruptions That Changed Earth Forever
07:46 You Are Not Where You Think You Are
RELATIVE PRONOUNS | RELATIVE CLAUSES | ADJECTIVE CLAUSES - who, which, that, whose, whom
Arnel's Everyday English
WHICH or THAT? A quick and simple guide. Relative clauses explained. English grammar lesson
To The Point English with Ben.
Relative Pronouns | Learn Basic English
English Animated
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