B1 Relative Clauses 14 min read 보통

관계대명사: 사물에 대한 'Which'

사물, 동물, 그리고 '아이디어'에 대한 중요한 정보를 자연스럽게 덧붙이고 싶을 때 which를 사용해 보세요.
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Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use 'which' to give more information about objects, animals, or ideas without starting a new sentence.

  • Use 'which' only for things and animals, never for people. Example: 'The book which I read.'
  • In non-defining clauses (extra info), always use a comma before 'which'. Example: 'My car, which is old, broke.'
  • In defining clauses (essential info), 'which' can often be replaced by 'that' in informal English.
Object + which + [Verb/Subject + Verb]

Overview

친구한테 로봇처럼 들리지 않게 오작동하는 앱에 대해 설명해 본 적 있어? 아마 «그 새로 나온 음식 배달 앱 썼어. 그 앱이 두 번이나 멈췄어.» 이런 식으로 말했을 거야.
나쁘지는 않지만, 네 실력에 비하면 좀 평범하지. 영어도 딱딱한 설명서가 아니라 넷플릭스 예고편처럼 매끄럽게 흘러가길 원하잖아? 바로 그럴 때 which가 필요해.
사물, 동물, 아이디어를 연결해 주는 최고의 연결 고리거든. 5초마다 마침표 버튼을 누르지 않고도 이야기를 계속 이어갈 수 있게 두 가지 생각을 하나로 묶어주는 접착제라고 생각해 봐. 지루한 두 문장을 세련된 하나의 생각으로 바꿔줘서, 마치 런던이나 뉴욕에서 1년쯤 살다 온 사람처럼 들리게 해 줄 거야.
which를 사용하는 건 명사에 특별한 풍미를 더하는 것과 같아. 문법적으로는 관계대명사라고 부르지만, 그냥 '포인터(pointer)'라고 생각해도 돼. who가 네 친구들이나 가족에게만 쓰인다면, which는 그 외의 모든 것들—네 아이폰, 동네 길고양이, 월요일 아침에 느끼는 존재론적 공포, 또는 계속 생각나는 틱톡 영상 같은 것들을 담당하거든.
새로운 문장을 시작하지 않고도 대상에 대해 더 많은 정보를 줄 수 있게 해 줘. 영어에서 which는 우리가 정확히 어떤 것을 말하고 있는지 정의하거나, 꼭 필요하지는 않지만 알아두면 재미있는 '보너스' 사실을 덧붙일 때 사용해. 게시물의 '수정' 버튼 같은 거지.
깜빡하고 말하지 못한 디테일을 문장에 다시 들어가서 추가할 수 있게 해주니까. 다만 사람한테는 절대 쓰지 마. 안 그러면 네 절친이 토스터기가 된 기분을 느낄지도 몰라.

How This Grammar Works

기본적으로 which는 명사를 대신해. 문장의 두 번째 부분에서 명사를 반복하는 대신 which로 바꾸는 거지. 예를 들어 «노트북이 탁자 위에 있어»와 «그 노트북은 고장 났어»라는 두 생각이 있다고 해보자.
the laptop을 반복하는 대신
그 노트북은, which 탁자 위에 있는데, 고장 났어(The laptop, which is on the table, is broken).
라고 말하는 거야. 어때? 훨씬 매끄럽지?
이걸 사용하는 데는 크게 두 가지 방법이 있어. 첫 번째는 정확히 어떤 물건을 말하는지 알려주는 '제한적(defining)' 버전이야.
내가 어제 산 그 게임(which I bought yesterday) 진짜 대박이야.
두 번째는 없어도 상관없는 추가 정보를 더하는 '계속적(non-defining)' 버전이야.
내 차는, which 10년이나 됐는데, 아직도 쌩쌩해.
여기 콤마(,) 보여? 이 콤마들은 마치 손잡이 같아서, 원한다면 추가 정보를 들어서 던져버릴 수도 있다는 뜻이야. 만약 정보가 그냥 '참고로 말하자면' 같은 느낌이라면 콤마를 써.
하지만 네가 무슨 말을 하는지 알기 위해 꼭 필요한 정보라면 콤마는 집에 두고 와야 해. 또한 which는 때때로 상황 전체를 가리킬 수도 있어.
걔가 내 생일을 잊어버렸어, which 진짜 짜증 났어.
여기서 which는 그냥 생일이 아니라, 걔가 생일을 잊어버렸다는 '사실'을 말하는 거야.
그야말로 '드라마' 같은 대명사지.

Formation Pattern

1
which로 문장을 만드는 건 레고 세트를 조립하는 것과 같아. 순서만 잘 따르면 돼:
2
주요 명사(네가 말하고 싶은 대상)로 시작해.
3
(선택 사항) 그냥 추가적인 정보를 주는 거라면 콤마를 찍어.
4
명사 바로 뒤에 which를 넣어.
5
행동이나 묘사(동사와 나머지 상세 내용)를 이어가.
6
(선택 사항) 문장이 계속된다면 또 다른 콤마로 '추가 정보 상자'를 닫아줘.
7
주요 생각을 마무리해.
8
예시:
그 피자는 (1), which (3) 파인애플이 올라가 있었는데 (4), 맛있었어 (6).
9
기억할 점: which가 이끄는 절은 명사와 최대한 가까이 있어야 해. 너무 멀리 떨어뜨려 놓으면 사람들이 네가 뭘 설명하는지 헷갈릴 수 있거든.
나는 파란색이었던(which was blue) 차 안에 있는 고양이를 봤어
라고 말하지 마. 고양이가 파란색이었을까, 차가 파란색이었을까? 아바타 고양이가 아니라면, 아마 차가 파란색이었다는 뜻이겠지?

When To Use It

반복하지 않고 사물을 특정하거나 디테일을 추가하고 싶을 때는 언제든 which를 써봐. 이럴 때 딱이야:
  • 소셜 미디어 캡션:
    그 풍경은, which 내 숨을 멎게 했는데, 하이킹할 가치가 있었어.
  • 제품 리뷰:
    그 헤드폰은, which 아마존에서 주문했는데, 망가진 채로 왔어.
  • 업무용 이메일:
    그 보고서는, which 최종 데이터를 포함하고 있는데, 아래에 첨부되어 있습니다.
  • 스토리텔링:
    우리는 예전에 유령 성이었던 which 호텔에서 묵었어.
  • 선택지 명확히 하기:
    네가 보고 싶어 했던 영화가 which 어떤 거야?
    (잠깐, which가 두 번이나 들어갔네! 문법적으로는 문제없지만, 좀 반복적일 수 있으니 하나는 that으로 바꿔서 더 자연스럽게 말해봐.)
또한 공식적인 글쓰기에서도 아주 많이 쓰여. 일상 대화에서는 that이 정말 흔하지만, which는 '논문을 쓰는 대학생'이나 '발표하는 CEO' 같은 느낌을 주거든. 공식적인 편지나 에세이를 쓴다면 which가 네 최고의 친구가 될 거야. 문자 메시지에서는? 쓸 수는 있지만 가볍게 유지해.
방금 쏟은 which 커피가 내 흰 셔츠에 다 묻었어. 망했다.

Common Mistakes

전문 학습자들도 자주 실수하는 부분이니까 너무 걱정하지 마.
  • 사람 실수(The Human Error): 사람한테 which를 쓰는 것.
    친절한 which 선생님.
    ✗ 땡! who를 써야 해. 선생님이 홀로그램이 아닌 이상 who를 써드릴 가치가 있어.
  • 콤마 트라우마(Comma Trauma): 추가 정보를 줄 때 콤마를 잊는 것.
    삼성인 내 핸드폰 which 은 새 거야.
    만약 핸드폰이 하나뿐이라면 콤마가 필요해:
    내 핸드폰은, which 삼성인데, 새 거야.
    콤마가 없으면 핸드폰이 다섯 대쯤 있는데 그중 삼성 것을 특정하는 것처럼 들려.
  • 이중 주어(The Double Subject): 대명사를 하나 더 추가하는 것.
    내가 읽은 그 책 which 은 그것은 좋았어.
    ✗ 안 돼! which가 이미 '그것(it)'을 대신하고 있어. 대명사를 너무 욕심내지 마.
  • Which 대 What: which 대신 what을 쓰는 것.
    내가 본 그 영화 what.
    ✗ 이건 원어민 같지 않거나 아주 특이한 방언처럼 들려. 사물에는 which나 that을 쓰자.
  • 거리 문제(Distance Issues): 명사와 which 사이에 너무 많은 단어를 넣는 것. 둘이 첫 데이트를 하는 것처럼 서로 아주 좋아해서 딱 붙어 있게 해 줘.

Contrast With Similar Patterns

which의 가장 큰 라이벌은 that이야. 많은 경우, 특히 미국 영어에서는 둘을 섞어서 써.
내가 원하는 그 차(that I want)
와
내가 원하는 그 차(which I want)
둘 다 괜찮아. 하지만 비밀 규칙이 하나 있어: 콤마가 있는 '계속적 용법'에는 오직 which만 쓸 수 있어.
내 집은, that 빨간색인데, 모퉁이에 있어.
✗ 이건 그냥 이상하게 들려. 반드시 which를 써야 해.
또 다른 비교 대상은 who야. 말했듯이 who는 사람용, which는 사물용이지. 동물은 좀 애매해. 네 반려견 '스파키'라면 who를 써줘. 가족이잖아! 하지만 공원에 있는 이름 모를 비둘기라면 which를 쓰는 게 맞아.
마지막으로 where와 비교해 보자. where는 장소에 쓰지만, 전치사를 더하면 which도 장소에 쓸 수 있어.
내가 사는 그 집(where I live)
은
내가 그 안에서 사는 그 집(in which I live)
과 같아. 두 번째 표현은 드라마 '다운튼 애비' 같은 아주 격식 있는 느낌이야. 보통 사람들은 그냥
The house I live in
이라고 말하지만, 품격 있는 느낌을 주고 싶을 땐 which가 아주 유용해.

Quick FAQ

Q

which로 질문을 시작할 수 있어?

응, 하지만 그건 역할이 달라!

어떤 걸 원해?(Which one do you want?)
는 의문 대명사야. 여기서 우리가 배운 which는 문장을 이어주는 관계 대명사고.

Q

which가 that보다 더 격식 있어?

대체로 그래. 일상적인 문자에서는 that을 쓰거나 대명사를 아예 생략하기도 해.

내가 읽은 책(The book I read)
이
내가 읽은 which 그 책
보다 훨씬 흔해.

Q

which가 문장 전체를 가리킬 수 있어?

당연하지!

하루 종일 비가 왔어, which 우리 소풍을 망쳤지.
여기서 which는 비가 왔다는 사실 전체를 가리켜.

Q

which 앞에는 항상 콤마가 필요해?

항상 그런 건 아냐. 정보가 '추가적'이고 그 내용이 없어도 문장이 말이 될 때만 콤마를 써.

Q

회사에 대해 말할 때는 어떡해?

회사는 보통 '사물'로 취급하니까 which를 써.

그 회사는, which 2010년에 설립되었는데, 이제 세계적인 대기업이야.

Q

반려동물한테 which를 써도 돼?

차갑고 거리감을 두고 싶다면 그래도 돼. 하지만 사랑한다면 who를 써줘!

Using 'Which' in Different Roles

Role Structure Example Notes
Subject
Noun + which + Verb
The car which crashed...
'Which' acts as the subject.
Object
Noun + which + Subject + Verb
The car which I bought...
'Which' acts as the object.
With Preposition (Formal)
Noun + Prep + which + Subj + Verb
The house in which I live...
Common in formal writing.
With Preposition (Informal)
Noun + which + Subj + Verb + Prep
The house which I live in...
Common in spoken English.
Sentential
Clause + , + which + Verb
It rained, which was bad.
Refers to the whole situation.

Meanings

A relative pronoun used to introduce a relative clause that provides additional information about a noun that is not a person (objects, animals, concepts, or whole situations).

1

Defining Relative Clause

Used to identify exactly which object we are talking about. The information is essential to the sentence.

“The umbrella which I lost yesterday was blue.”

“Where is the letter which arrived this morning?”

2

Non-Defining Relative Clause

Used to add extra, non-essential information about an object. It is always separated by commas.

“My house, which was built in 1920, needs repairs.”

“The movie, which lasted three hours, was very boring.”

3

Sentential Relative Clause

Used to refer back to the entire previous clause or sentence rather than just a single noun.

“He arrived late, which annoyed everyone.”

“She passed the exam, which was a huge relief.”

Reference Table

Reference table for 관계대명사: 사물에 대한 'Which'
대명사 지칭 대상 기능 예시
who
People
Subject/Object of relative clause
The student `who` passed.
which
Things, animals, ideas
Subject/Object of relative clause
The book `which` I read.
that
People, things, animals, ideas
Subject/Object of relative clause
The car `that` broke down.
whom
People (formal object)
Object of relative clause (formal)
The person `whom` I met.
whose
Possession (people/things)
Possessive
The artist `whose` work I admire.

격식 수준 스펙트럼

격식체
The vehicle which was acquired last month is performing well.

The vehicle which was acquired last month is performing well. (Purchasing a car)

중립
The car which I bought last month is running great.

The car which I bought last month is running great. (Purchasing a car)

비격식체
The car I got last month is great.

The car I got last month is great. (Purchasing a car)

속어
That ride which I copped is fire.

That ride which I copped is fire. (Purchasing a car)

"Which" 이해하기

`Which`

지칭 대상

  • Things 무생물
  • Animals 반려동물, 야생동물
  • Ideas 개념, 계획

기능

  • Connects Clauses 설명 정보를 연결
  • Adds Detail 필수 또는 부가 정보 제공
  • Avoids Repetition 두 번째 절에서 명사 대체

문법 구조

  • `Noun + which + Clause` 표준 패턴
  • Subject/Object 둘 다 가능
  • Defining Clauses 필수 정보

`Who` vs. `Which` vs. `That`

`Who`
The person `who` called. 사람을 지칭
She's the friend `who` helped. 개인/그룹에만 사용
`Which`
The book `which` I read. 사물, 동물, 아이디어를 지칭
The dog `which` barked. 제한적 또는 비제한적
`That`
The car `that` broke down. 사람, 사물, 동물, 아이디어 모두 지칭
The student `that` passed. 주로 제한적 관계절

사물에 맞는 관계대명사 선택 흐름도

1

그 명사가 사람인가요?

YES
`who` 또는 `that`을 사용하세요.
NO
계속 진행
2

그 명사가 사물, 동물 또는 아이디어인가요?

YES
`which` (또는 `that`)를 사용하세요.
NO
명사를 다시 평가하세요.
3

이 정보가 명사를 식별하는 데 필수적인가요?

YES
`which`를 사용하세요 (콤마 없음).
NO
부가 정보를 위해 `which`를 사용하세요 (콤마와 함께) (B2+ 주제).
4

관계대명사가 절의 주어 역할을 하나요?

YES
`which`를 유지하세요 (생략 불가).
NO
선택적으로 `which`를 생략할 수 있어요 (B2+ 주제).

"Which"의 현대적 맥락

💬

온라인 대화

  • • 친구와 문자
  • • 게임 음성 채팅
  • • 온라인 리뷰
🏠

일상생활

  • • 음식 주문 (앱)
  • • 커피숍 대화
  • • 문제 설명
📚

학업/전문

  • • 대학교 그룹 프로젝트
  • • 줌 면접
  • • 보고서/프레젠테이션
🎬

엔터테인먼트

  • • 넷플릭스 자막
  • • 영화/쇼 토론
  • • 인스타그램/틱톡 캡션
무료 가입하고 전체 설명 읽기

수준별 예문

1

I have a car which is red.

I have a car which is red.

2

This is the book which I like.

This is the book which I like.

3

The dog which is in the garden is mine.

The dog which is in the garden is mine.

4

I want the cake which has chocolate.

I want the cake which has chocolate.

1

The phone which I bought yesterday is broken.

The phone which I bought yesterday is broken.

2

Is this the bus which goes to the airport?

Is this the bus which goes to the airport?

3

I lost the keys which were on the table.

I lost the keys which were on the table.

4

The movie which we saw was very funny.

The movie which we saw was very funny.

1

My computer, which is quite old, is very slow.

My computer, which is quite old, is very slow.

2

He forgot my birthday, which made me sad.

He forgot my birthday, which made me sad.

3

The hotel which we stayed in was near the beach.

The hotel which we stayed in was near the beach.

4

I need a job which allows me to work from home.

I need a job which allows me to work from home.

1

The document to which you are referring is lost.

The document to which you are referring is lost.

2

The city, which was founded in 1200, is famous for its art.

The city, which was founded in 1200, is famous for its art.

3

They offered me a promotion, which I immediately accepted.

They offered me a promotion, which I immediately accepted.

4

The criteria by which we judge success are changing.

The criteria by which we judge success are changing.

1

The proposal, the merits of which are debatable, was rejected.

The proposal, the merits of which are debatable, was rejected.

2

He was late for the meeting, which fact he failed to mention.

He was late for the meeting, which fact he failed to mention.

3

The system, which had been failing for years, finally collapsed.

The system, which had been failing for years, finally collapsed.

4

It was a decision from which there was no turning back.

It was a decision from which there was no turning back.

1

The treaty, the signing of which heralded a new era, was brief.

The treaty, the signing of which heralded a new era, was brief.

2

She argued that the law was unjust, which view was widely shared.

She argued that the law was unjust, which view was widely shared.

3

The company went bankrupt, which outcome surprised no one.

The company went bankrupt, which outcome surprised no one.

4

We reached the summit at noon, by which time the fog had lifted.

We reached the summit at noon, by which time the fog had lifted.

혼동하기 쉬운

Relative Pronouns: 'Which' for Things 대 Which vs. That

Learners often use 'that' after a comma or 'which' without a comma when they shouldn't.

Relative Pronouns: 'Which' for Things 대 Which vs. Who

Using 'which' for people or 'who' for objects.

Relative Pronouns: 'Which' for Things 대 Which vs. What

Using 'what' to join two sentences.

자주 하는 실수

✗

The man which is tall.

✓

The man who is tall.

Use 'who' for people, not 'which'.
✗

The book it is good.

✓

The book which is good.

When joining sentences, 'which' replaces 'it'.
✗

I like the cat who is black.

✓

I like the cat which is black.

Animals usually take 'which' unless they are pets with names.
✗

The car which it is red.

✓

The car which is red.

Don't use a double subject ('which' and 'it').
✗

The movie what I saw.

✓

The movie which I saw.

Don't use 'what' as a relative pronoun.
✗

The pen which I write with it.

✓

The pen which I write with.

Remove the object pronoun 'it' at the end.
✗

The house where I bought.

✓

The house which I bought.

Use 'which' for objects, 'where' for locations only if you are talking about the place *in* which something happens.
✗

My car, that is old, broke down.

✓

My car, which is old, broke down.

You cannot use 'that' in non-defining clauses (with commas).
✗

He was late that was annoying.

✓

He was late, which was annoying.

Use 'which' to refer to a whole situation.
✗

The city which I live is big.

✓

The city which I live in is big.

Don't forget the preposition if the verb needs one.
✗

The company who's profits are high.

✓

The company, the profits of which are high.

In very formal English, 'of which' is preferred for inanimate objects over 'whose'.

문장 패턴

I have a ___ which ___.

The ___ which I ___ is ___.

My ___, which is ___, is ___.

___, which meant that ___.

Real World Usage

Online Shopping very common

I want to return the shoes which I ordered last week.

Job Interviews common

I am looking for a role which offers growth opportunities.

Texting Friends constant

I lost my phone, which is why I didn't call.

Travel/Tourism common

Is this the museum which has the Picasso paintings?

Technical Support occasional

Click the button which is located in the top right corner.

Social Media very common

Check out this sunset, which was taken without a filter!

무료 가입하고 모든 예문 보기
💡

명확하게 "Which" 쓰기

여러 가능성 중에 *어떤* 특정 사물이나 아이디어를 정확히 짚어주고 싶을 때 which를 써서 문장을 명확하게 만들어요. 헷갈리지 않게 도와주죠!
I need the report which has the latest sales figures.
⚠️

사람에게는 절대 "Which"를 쓰지 마세요! ⚠️

이건 정말 흔한 실수인데, which는 사람에게 사용하지 않아요. 개인, 그룹, 직업을 나타낼 때는 항상 who나 that을 써야 해요!
The student who passed the exam was happy.
🎯

"Which"를 생략해도 될 때

which (또는 that)가 관계절의 *목적어*일 때는 가끔 생략할 수 있어요. 예를 들어,
The movie (which) I watched...
처럼요. 하지만 which가 주어일 때는 절대 생략하면 안 돼요!
The book which was written by him is famous.
🌍

격식체 vs. 비격식체

전치사 뒤에 which가 오는 것 (
the device with which
)은 격식 있는 글쓰기에서 정확하지만, 일상 대화에서는 전치사를 문장 끝으로 옮기는 경우가 더 많아요: "That's the car which I went on a trip with."
💡

'사물, 동물, 아이디어'를 떠올려 보세요

who를 써야 할지 which를 써야 할지 헷갈릴 때는 이렇게 스스로에게 물어보세요: '이게 사람인가?' 사람이 아니라면, which가 정답일 확률이 높아요. 참 쉽죠?
I bought a new phone which has a great camera.

Smart Tips

Use 'which' instead of 'that' to sound more professional and precise.

I received the file that you sent. → I received the file which you sent.

Use ', which' at the end of your sentence to share your opinion.

I passed the test. I am happy. → I passed the test, which makes me very happy.

Never use 'that' after a comma in a relative clause. It's always 'which'.

My car, that is blue, is fast. → My car, which is blue, is fast.

Try removing 'which' to see if the sentence sounds more natural in speech.

The movie which I saw was great. → The movie I saw was great.

발음

/wɪtʃ/

The 'wh' sound

In most modern English dialects, 'which' is pronounced exactly like 'witch' /wɪtʃ/. Some older or regional dialects (like Scottish) might use a voiceless 'w' /hw/.

My car [pause] which is old [pause] broke.

Comma Intonation

In non-defining clauses, there is a slight drop in pitch and a brief pause where the commas are.

Non-defining drop

The cake, ↘ which was chocolate, ↗ was eaten.

The information inside the commas is parenthetical (extra).

암기하기

기억법

W-H-I-C-H: Whatever Has Inanimate Characteristics Here.

시각적 연상

Imagine a giant question mark (?) turning into a bridge. The bridge connects a box (the object) to a label (the description). The bridge is made of the letters W-H-I-C-H.

Rhyme

For a person use 'who', for a thing 'which' will do.

Story

A robot named 'Which' only collects objects. He picks up a 'ball which is round' and a 'box which is heavy'. He never picks up people because he doesn't understand 'who' they are.

Word Web

ObjectAnimalIdeaCommaRelativeClauseConnector

챌린지

Look around your room. Pick 5 objects and describe them using 'which'. (e.g., 'The chair which is near the window is brown.')

문화 노트

American style guides (like APA or Chicago) are very strict about using 'that' for defining clauses and 'which' only for non-defining clauses.

British English is more flexible. It is very common to hear 'which' used in defining clauses where an American would almost always use 'that'.

In academic writing globally, 'which' is preferred for its precision, especially when used with prepositions like 'in which' or 'by which'.

From Old English 'hwilc', which was originally a question word meaning 'of what form'.

대화 시작하기

“

What is a movie which you have seen many times?

“

Tell me about a hobby which you started recently.

“

Describe a city which you would love to visit.

“

Think of a problem in your town which needs to be fixed.

일기 주제

Write about three objects in your house which are very important to you. Explain why.
Describe a difficult situation you faced recently, which had a surprising outcome.
Compare two technologies which have changed the world. Use both defining and non-defining clauses.
Write a formal letter complaining about a product which did not meet your expectations.

자주 하는 실수

Incorrect

정답

Incorrect

정답

Incorrect

정답

Incorrect

정답

Sign up free to see all tips

Test Yourself

올바른 형태를 선택하세요.

I need the book ___ is on the top shelf.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: which
'book'은 사물이므로, 'which'가 올바른 관계대명사예요.
실수를 찾아 고치세요. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

The person which called me was very rude.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The person who called me was very rude.
'which'는 사물, 동물, 또는 아이디어에 사용돼요. 사람에게는 'who'를 사용해야 합니다.
올바른 문장을 선택하세요. 객관식

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The car which broke down needed repairs.
'which'는 무생물인 'the car'를 올바르게 가리키며, 관계절이 명사 바로 뒤에 와요.
올바른 영어 문장을 입력하세요. 번역

Translate into English: 'Vi la película que ganó el premio.'

Answer starts with: ["I...

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ["I saw the movie which won the award.","I saw the film which won the award."]
'movie'는 사물이므로, 'which'를 사용하여 그것을 묘사하는 관계절을 도입합니다.

Score: /4

연습 문제

8 exercises
Choose the correct relative pronoun. 객관식

The car ___ I bought is very fast.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: which
We use 'which' for objects like cars.
Find and fix the mistake. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

The man which lives next door is a doctor.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The man who lives next door is a doctor.
You must use 'who' for people.
Fill in the blank with 'which' and a comma if necessary.

My bike ___ is in the garage is broken.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: which
This is a defining clause (identifying which bike), so no comma is needed.
Combine the sentences using 'which'. Sentence Transformation

I have a new phone. It has a great camera.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: I have a new phone which has a great camera.
'Which' replaces 'it' and acts as the subject.
Is the following sentence grammatically correct? True False Rule

Paris, that is the capital of France, is beautiful.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
You cannot use 'that' in a non-defining clause (between commas). You must use 'which'.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: Why are you upset? B: I lost my wallet, ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: which was annoying
Use a sentential relative clause to comment on the situation.
Which sentence is a 'Non-Defining' clause? Grammar Sorting

Select the non-defining clause.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The book, which I read yesterday, was good.
Non-defining clauses use commas and provide extra info.
Match the start and end of the sentences. Match Pairs

1. The house... 2. He lied... 3. The dog...

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1-which I built, 2-which was sad, 3-which barked
All these antecedents (house, situation, dog) take 'which'.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

13 exercises
올바른 형태를 선택하세요. 빈칸 채우기

The laptop ___ I use for work is very fast.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: which
올바른 문장을 선택하세요. 객관식

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: This is the song which makes me happy.
올바른 형태를 선택하세요. 빈칸 채우기

Do you know the café ___ has outdoor seating?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: which
명사와 올바른 관계대명사를 연결하세요. Match Pairs

Match the subjects with the correct form:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: matched
실수를 찾아 고치세요. Error Correction

The movie, who was nominated for an Oscar, is streaming now.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The movie, which was nominated for an Oscar, is streaming now.
올바른 영어 문장을 입력하세요. 번역

Translate into English: 'Ella tiene un perro que siempre duerme en su cama.'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ["She has a dog which always sleeps on her bed.","She has a dog that always sleeps on her bed."]
단어들을 배열하여 문장을 만드세요. Sentence Reorder

Arrange these words into a sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The book which I recommend is great.
올바른 형태를 선택하세요. 빈칸 채우기

The concept ___ he explained was quite complex.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: which
실수를 찾아 고치세요. Error Correction

I found the keys was under the couch.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: I found the keys which were under the couch.
단어들을 배열하여 문장을 만드세요. Sentence Reorder

Arrange these words into a sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The reason for which he gave the explanation was not clear.
올바른 영어 문장을 입력하세요. 번역

Translate into English: 'El software, sin el cual no podemos operar, requiere una actualización.'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ["The software, without which we cannot operate, requires an update."]
'which'의 가장 격식적인 사용을 보여주는 문장을 선택하세요. 객관식

Which sentence demonstrates the most formal use of 'which'?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The report, for which the deadline passed, was approved.
실수를 찾아 고치세요. Error Correction

The painting, you bought, is beautiful.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The painting, which you bought, is beautiful.

Score: /13

자주 묻는 질문 (8)

No, 'which' is strictly for things, animals, and ideas. For people, always use `who` or `whom`.

Use a comma if the information is 'extra' (non-defining). If the information is essential to identify the object, don't use a comma.

In American English, `that` is preferred for essential information. In British English, both are fine. However, only `which` can be used for extra information after a comma.

Yes, but only if it is the object of the clause (e.g., 'The book (which) I bought'). If it is the subject (e.g., 'The book which is on the table'), you must keep it.

It's when `which` refers to the whole previous sentence, not just one word. Example: 'He won, which surprised us.'

Yes, 'which' is the standard pronoun for animals. However, if the animal is a pet with a name, many people use `who`.

It is slightly more formal than `that` in defining clauses, but it is neutral in most other contexts.

It is a formal way to show possession for things. Example: 'The car, the door of which was open...' (Instead of 'whose door').

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

무료 가입하고 연습하기

In Other Languages

Spanish moderate

que / el cual

English distinguishes between 'who' (people) and 'which' (things), whereas Spanish often uses 'que' for both.

French moderate

qui / que / lequel

French relative pronouns change based on grammatical function (subject/object) rather than person/thing.

German partial

der / die / das / welcher

German relative pronouns have gender (masculine/feminine/neuter), while English 'which' is gender-neutral.

Japanese none

Attributive form

Japanese uses word order (modifier before noun) instead of a connecting word like 'which'.

Arabic partial

al-ladhi (الذي)

English 'which' is much simpler as it doesn't change for number or gender.

Chinese low

de (的)

The structure is reversed: [Description] + de + [Noun].

Learning Path

Prerequisites

Previous
관계대명사: 사람에게 'Who' 사용하기
Next
관계대명사: 사람과 사물에 'That' 사용하기

Learn These First

B1 Requires

제한적 관계절: 사람과 사물 식별하기

### Overview 영어에서 관계대명사절(relative clauses)은 문장의 의미를 명확히 하는 데 필수적인 문법 요소입니다. 특히, **한...

Continue With

B1 Builds On

관계대명사: 사람과 사물에 'That' 사용하기

Overview 넷플릭스 리스트를 쭉 내리다가 "사람들이 다들 말하는 그 영화(`that`)가 어디 있지?"라고 생각해 본 적 있나요? 아...

관련 동영상

The Land Your State Doesn't Control 08:55

The Land Your State Doesn't Control
The Biggest Eruptions That Changed Earth Forever 09:59

The Biggest Eruptions That Changed Earth Forever
You Are Not Where You Think You Are 07:46

You Are Not Where You Think You Are
[관계대명사 PART 1] 두 문장 하나로 합치기 / 관계대명사가 왜 필요해요? (who, which, that) YouTube

[관계대명사 PART 1] 두 문장 하나로 합치기 / 관계대명사가 왜 필요해요? (who, which, that)

라이브 아카데미
[관계대명사 PART 2] most of which / all of whom 등 (실전에서 이렇게 써요!) YouTube

[관계대명사 PART 2] most of which / all of whom 등 (실전에서 이렇게 써요!)

라이브 아카데미
관계대명사, 언제 which를 쓰고 언제 that을 쓸까? | 에스텔잉글리쉬 YouTube

관계대명사, 언제 which를 쓰고 언제 that을 쓸까? | 에스텔잉글리쉬

에스텔잉글리쉬

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