B1 · 중급 챕터 9

문장을 매끄럽게 잇는 마법: 사람과 사물 상세히 설명하기

6 총 규칙
70 예문
6

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Unlock the power of relative clauses to connect your ideas and describe your world with precision.

  • Identify the correct relative pronouns for people and objects.
  • Construct defining relative clauses to clarify your meaning.
  • Apply the 'that' shortcut to sound more natural in conversation.
Connect your world with confidence.

배울 내용

안녕하세요! 이제 영어 문장을 훨씬 더 길고 자연스럽게 이어볼 시간이에요. «이게 내가 산 가방이야»라고 말하고 싶은데, 문장이 자꾸 뚝뚝 끊겨서 고민해본 적 없으신가요? 이번 챕터에서는 문장 사이의 연결고리 역할을 하는 관계대명사 'who', 'which', 'that'을 완벽하게 마스터할 거예요. 사람을 설명할 땐 'who', 사물이나 아이디어를 설명할 땐 'which'를 쓰고, 어디에나 어울리는 만능 친구 'that'까지 활용하는 법을 차근차근 배웁니다. 예를 들어, 파티에서 «빨간 셔츠를 입은 저 사람(The person who...)»이 누구인지 정확히 지목하거나, 내가 어제 산 물건에 대해 구체적으로 설명하는 상황에서 이 스킬들은 빛을 발하죠. 특히 문장의 주인공 역할을 하는 관계대명사는 절대 생략하면 안 된다는 규칙부터, 반대로 목적어일 때는 과감히 생략해 원어민처럼 쿨하고 자연스럽게 말하는 '생략의 기술'까지 모두 전수해 드릴게요. 이 과정을 마치면 여러 개의 짧은 문장을 하나로 합쳐 세련되게 표현할 수 있게 됩니다. 이제 더 디테일하고 풍성한 영어 대화를 시작해 볼까요?

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Use relative pronouns to describe people and objects in a professional context.

챕터 가이드

Overview

Do you ever find yourself struggling to clearly identify people or describe objects when speaking English? Mastering how to connect your thoughts smoothly is a game-changer for B1 English grammar, especially when you want to sound more natural and confident. This guide will help you precisely identify people and things, making your descriptions effortless and your communication much clearer.
You'll learn the specific uses of who, which, and that – these are your secret weapons for building more sophisticated sentences. We’ll also explore defining relative clauses, which act like essential ID tags for the nouns you're talking about, and even uncover a clever shortcut that native speakers use all the time! Get ready to polish your English identifying people and things skills and impress with your improved fluency.

How This Grammar Works

At the heart of identifying people and things smoothly are relative pronouns. They act like bridges, connecting extra information to a noun. For people, we almost exclusively use who.
For example,
The woman who answered the phone was very helpful.
Here, who connects answered the phone to The woman, telling us exactly *which* woman. When you're talking about things or even animals, which is your go-to.
I found the book which you lent me yesterday.
This tells us specifically *which* book.
Now, for a versatile option: that. You can use that for *both* people and things, but only in defining relative clauses. These clauses provide essential information about the noun; without them, the sentence’s meaning would change or be unclear.
They *never* take commas. For instance,
The student that won the award studied very hard
(referring to a person). Or,
This is the car that needs to be repaired
(referring to a thing).
A key distinction comes with dropping these pronouns. When the relative pronoun (like who, which, or that) is the subject of the relative clause – meaning it performs the action – you cannot drop it. Look at
The chef who cooked our meal is famous.
Who is the subject of cooked, so it must stay.
However, you *can* drop the relative pronoun when it's the object of the verb in the relative clause. This is the that shortcut. For example,
This is the movie (that) I watched last night.
Here, that is the object of watched (I watched *that* movie), so it can be omitted. This makes your English sound much more fluid and natural.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ The person which called me was my sister.
✓ The person who called me was my sister.
*Explanation:* Remember to always use who when referring to people. Which is for things or animals.
  1. 1✗ The report I wrote was very long. (Intended as subject pronoun omitted)
✓ The report that I wrote was very long. OR The report which I wrote was very long.
*Explanation:* While you *can* drop object relative pronouns, you cannot drop a subject relative pronoun. If the pronoun is followed by a verb (e.g.,
The car *that* *is* parked outside...
), it's the subject and cannot be omitted. In the corrected example, 'I' is the subject of 'wrote', so the relative pronoun 'that' or 'which' is the object and *can* be dropped (making
The report I wrote was very long
also correct, but the mistake here was thinking it was a subject pronoun drop). A better example of a subject drop mistake:
✗ The dog barked loudly chased the squirrel.
✓ The dog that barked loudly chased the squirrel.
*Explanation:* Here, that is the subject of barked and performs the action, so it cannot be dropped.
  1. 1✗ My new phone, that I bought yesterday, is very fast.
✓ My new phone, which I bought yesterday, is very fast.
*Explanation:* The pronoun that is typically used only in *defining* relative clauses (no commas). If the information is extra or non-essential (often indicated by commas), use which.

Real Conversations

A

A

Hey, do you know the student who just presented the project?
B

B

Yes, she’s the one that I mentioned yesterday, the one who helped me with my research.
A

A

Did you find the keys which you lost this morning?
B

B

Not yet! I’m looking for the bag that I took to the gym. I think they might be inside.
A

A

Have you met our new team member? She's the person who designed the new website layout.
B

B

Oh, yes! I heard about the fantastic work (that) she did. Her portfolio, which I saw online, was very impressive.

Quick FAQ

Q

When can I drop 'that' or 'which' in a sentence?

You can drop that or which when they are the object of the verb in the relative clause. For example,

This is the book (that) I read.
Here, 'I' is the subject of 'read', so 'that' is the object and can be omitted.

Q

Is 'that' always interchangeable with 'who' or 'which'?

Not always! While that can often replace who or which in *defining* clauses, it cannot be used in *non-defining* clauses (those with commas). Also, who is exclusively for people, and which for things (especially in formal contexts or non-defining clauses).

Q

Do defining relative clauses need commas?

No, defining relative clauses never use commas. They provide essential information that identifies the noun, and the sentence's meaning would change or be unclear without them.

Q

Can I use 'which' for animals?

Yes, you can use which for animals, especially when you are referring to them as things rather than giving them human-like qualities. For example,

The dog which won the race was very fast.

Cultural Context

Native English speakers use these relative pronoun patterns constantly in daily communication. You'll often hear that used quite broadly for both people and things in informal speech, even when who or which would be grammatically correct. The dropping the pronoun shortcut is extremely common in spoken English when the pronoun is the object – it makes sentences flow much more naturally and quickly. While formal writing might prefer who for people and which for things (especially in non-defining clauses), in casual conversation, don't be surprised to hear more flexibility.

주요 예문 (8)

1

Do you know the student `who` sits in the front row?

맨 앞줄에 앉은 학생 알아?

관계대명사: 사람에게 'Who' 사용하기
2

I just talked to the customer service rep `who` helped me with my order.

방금 내 주문을 도와준 고객 서비스 담당자랑 통화했어.

관계대명사: 사람에게 'Who' 사용하기
3

The phone `which is ringing` is mine.

울리고 있는 전화기는 내 거야.

관계대명사: 사물에 대한 'Which'
4

She bought a dress `which was on sale`.

그녀는 세일 중이던 드레스를 샀어.

관계대명사: 사물에 대한 'Which'
5

The barista who made my coffee smiled.

내 커피를 만들어 준 바리스타가 웃었다.

제한적 관계절: 사람과 사물 식별하기
6

I bought the shoes that were on sale.

나는 세일 중이던 신발을 샀다.

제한적 관계절: 사람과 사물 식별하기
7

This is the student who always asks insightful questions.

이 학생은 항상 통찰력 있는 질문을 하는 학생이에요.

주어를 생략하지 마세요: 관계대명사 (who, which, that)
8

I love the new cafe which opened downtown last week.

저는 지난주에 시내에 새로 생긴 카페가 정말 좋아요.

주어를 생략하지 마세요: 관계대명사 (who, which, that)

팁과 요령 (4)

💡

사람에게는 'who', 사물에게는 'which'를 사용해요.

정말 중요한 간단한 규칙이에요! 만약 사람이 주어라면 항상 'who'를 사용하세요. 사물, 개념, 또는 동물(의인화된 경우 제외)에 대해서는 'which'를 사용하고요.
I like the teacher who teaches English.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 관계대명사: 사람에게 'Who' 사용하기
💡

명확하게 "Which" 쓰기

여러 가능성 중에 *어떤* 특정 사물이나 아이디어를 정확히 짚어주고 싶을 때 which를 써서 문장을 명확하게 만들어요. 헷갈리지 않게 도와주죠!
I need the report which has the latest sales figures.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 관계대명사: 사물에 대한 'Which'
💡

'필수 정보'라고 생각해 보세요

'that'으로 시작하는 절이 명사를 특정하는 데 아주 중요한 정보라면 제대로 가고 있는 거예요. 만약 이 절을 빼도 문장이 말이 된다면 'that'은 아마 잘못된 쓰임일 거예요.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 관계대명사: 사람과 사물에 'That' 사용하기
💡

꼭 필요한 정보만 담아요

관계대명사절을 빼면 문장 의미가 불분명해진다면, 그건 바로 정의적 관계대명사절이에요. 그냥 추가 정보가 아니라, 문장의 '핵심'이 되는 정보죠!
The house that has a red door is mine.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 제한적 관계절: 사람과 사물 식별하기

핵심 어휘 (5)

Identify to distinguish Relative connected to Pronoun word replacing a noun Clause part of a sentence Omit to leave out

Real-World Preview

briefcase

Office Introduction

Review Summary

  • Person + who + verb
  • Thing + which + verb
  • Noun + (that/which) + Subject + Verb

자주 하는 실수

Use 'who' for people, not 'which'.

Wrong: The man which lives there.
정답: The man who lives there.

Don't repeat the object pronoun (it).

Wrong: The car that I like it is red.
정답: The car that I like is red.

Avoid redundant pronouns in relative clauses.

Wrong: The person that I met him.
정답: The person that I met.

이 챕터의 규칙 (6)

Next Steps

You are doing amazing work! Keep practicing these structures and you will be a fluent speaker in no time.

Write a paragraph describing your favorite room.

빠른 연습 (10)

올바른 관계대명사를 고르세요.

This is the phone ___ I bought yesterday.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: that
'the phone'은 사물이고, 해당 절이 필수적인 식별 정보를 제공하므로 'that'을 사용합니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 관계대명사: 사람과 사물에 'That' 사용하기

관계대명사를 올바르게 사용했거나 생략한 문장을 고르세요.

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The food that tastes good is often unhealthy.
정답 문장에서 'that'은 'tastes good'의 주어이므로 반드시 유지해야 합니다. 관계절의 주어는 생략할 수 없어요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 관계대명사 생략 ('that' 단축키)

오류를 찾아 고치세요.

Find and fix the mistake:

That's the movie star which played my favorite superhero.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: That's the movie star who played my favorite superhero.
'which'는 사물에 사용되지만, 'movie star'는 사람이에요. 따라서 'who'가 올바른 관계대명사예요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 관계대명사: 사람에게 'Who' 사용하기

올바른 관계대명사를 고르세요.

The person ___ helps me with tech is very patient.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: who
who는 사람에게 사용되며, 여기서 절의 주어예요. that도 맞지만, who도 아주 좋은 선택이에요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 제한적 관계절: 사람과 사물 식별하기

실수를 찾아 고치세요.

Find and fix the mistake:

The person which called me was very rude.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The person who called me was very rude.
'which'는 사물, 동물, 또는 아이디어에 사용돼요. 사람에게는 'who'를 사용해야 합니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 관계대명사: 사물에 대한 'Which'

가장 적절한 관계대명사를 선택하세요.

The painter ___ lives next door is very famous.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: who
Painter는 사람이니까 who가 올바른 관계대명사예요. lives 동사의 주어 역할도 하죠.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 주어를 생략하지 마세요: 관계대명사 (who, which, that)

문장을 완성하기 위한 가장 좋은 옵션을 고르고, 가능하다면 'that'을 생략해보세요.

This is the gift ___ my friend gave me.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
여기서 'my friend'는 'gave'의 주어이고, 'that'(또는 'which')은 목적어예요. 그러므로 더 자연스러운 소리를 위해 완전히 생략할 수 있습니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 관계대명사 생략 ('that' 단축키)

올바른 관계대명사를 선택하세요.

The woman ___ lives next door is a doctor.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: who
'who'는 사람을 지칭하는 데 사용돼요. 'The woman'은 사람이므로 'who'가 맞아요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 관계대명사: 사람에게 'Who' 사용하기

올바른 형태를 선택하세요.

I need the book ___ is on the top shelf.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: which
'book'은 사물이므로, 'which'가 올바른 관계대명사예요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 관계대명사: 사물에 대한 'Which'

문장에서 실수를 찾아 고쳐보세요.

Find and fix the mistake:

The person stole my wallet ran away.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The person who stole my wallet ran away.
'The person'은 'stole'의 주어예요. 관계절의 주어일 때는 관계대명사('who' 또는 'that')를 생략할 수 없습니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 관계대명사 생략 ('that' 단축키)

Score: /10

자주 묻는 질문 (6)

관계대명사는 절(주어와 동사가 있는 단어 묶음)을 명사나 대명사에 연결해주는 역할을 해요. 그 명사에 대한 추가 정보를 소개해 주죠. 예를 들어, 'The student who studies hard gets good grades'에서처럼요.
'who'는 특별히 사람을 지칭하기 위해 만들어졌어요. 'That's the guy who lives upstairs'처럼, 명사 반복을 피하고 사람 주어를 설명할 때 문장을 더 간결하게 만들어주는 데 도움을 줘요.
'which'는 사물, 동물, 또는 아이디어를 가리키며 두 개의 절을 연결해 줘요.
I bought a book which was recommended.
처럼 명사에 대한 구체적이고 설명적인 정보를 추가하는 데 도움이 된답니다.
사물, 동물, 그리고 아이디어에는 항상 'which'를 사용하세요. 'who'는 사람에게만 사용하도록 정해져 있어요. 이 둘을 헷갈려 쓰는 것 (예:
The dog who barked
)은 흔한 실수이고 부자연스럽게 들려요.
'that'은 주절을 제한적 관계대명사절에 연결하여, 앞선 명사를 식별하는 데 필요한 필수 정보를 제공합니다. 마치 정확히 가리키는 것과 같아요. 예를 들어,
This is the car that has the flat tire.
네, 물론이죠! 이게 'that'의 가장 큰 장점 중 하나예요.
the person that called
이나
the email that arrived
처럼 사람과 사물 모두에 사용할 수 있답니다.