Chapter in 30 Seconds
Unlock the power of relative clauses to connect your ideas and describe your world with precision.
- Identify the correct relative pronouns for people and objects.
- Construct defining relative clauses to clarify your meaning.
- Apply the 'that' shortcut to sound more natural in conversation.
배울 내용
안녕하세요! 이제 영어 문장을 훨씬 더 길고 자연스럽게 이어볼 시간이에요. «이게 내가 산 가방이야»라고 말하고 싶은데, 문장이 자꾸 뚝뚝 끊겨서 고민해본 적 없으신가요? 이번 챕터에서는 문장 사이의 연결고리 역할을 하는 관계대명사 'who', 'which', 'that'을 완벽하게 마스터할 거예요. 사람을 설명할 땐 'who', 사물이나 아이디어를 설명할 땐 'which'를 쓰고, 어디에나 어울리는 만능 친구 'that'까지 활용하는 법을 차근차근 배웁니다. 예를 들어, 파티에서 «빨간 셔츠를 입은 저 사람(The person who...)»이 누구인지 정확히 지목하거나, 내가 어제 산 물건에 대해 구체적으로 설명하는 상황에서 이 스킬들은 빛을 발하죠. 특히 문장의 주인공 역할을 하는 관계대명사는 절대 생략하면 안 된다는 규칙부터, 반대로 목적어일 때는 과감히 생략해 원어민처럼 쿨하고 자연스럽게 말하는 '생략의 기술'까지 모두 전수해 드릴게요. 이 과정을 마치면 여러 개의 짧은 문장을 하나로 합쳐 세련되게 표현할 수 있게 됩니다. 이제 더 디테일하고 풍성한 영어 대화를 시작해 볼까요?
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관계대명사: 사람에게 'Who' 사용하기사람에 대한 중요한 «정보»를 자연스럽게 «추가»하고 싶을 때, 'who'를 쓰면 «간결»하고 «명확»한 영어를 구사할 수 있어요.
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관계대명사: 사물에 대한 'Which'사물, 동물, 그리고 '아이디어'에 대한 중요한 정보를 자연스럽게 덧붙이고 싶을 때
which를 사용해 보세요. -
관계대명사: 사람과 사물에 'That' 사용하기일상 영어에서 사람과 사물을 정의할 때 'that'은 당신의 «다재다능한» 친구예요.
defining people과things를 이어주는 데 아주 유용하답니다. -
제한적 관계절: 사람과 사물 식별하기관계대명사절은 우리가 말하는 «어떤» 사람이나 사물인지 정확히 콕! 짚어주는 «핵심 정보»예요.
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주어를 생략하지 마세요: 관계대명사 (who, which, that)관계대명사가 문장의 주어일 때는
who,which,that중 그 어떤 것도 절대 빼먹지 마세요! 꼭! 필요한 부분이에요. -
관계대명사 생략 ('that' 단축키)관계대명사 'that'을 똑똑하게 생략하면 영어가 훨씬 유창하고 자연스럽게 들릴 거예요! 진짜 현지인처럼 말해봐요.
object일 때만drop하는 걸 기억하세요!
Learning Objectives
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
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By the end you will be able to: Use relative pronouns to describe people and objects in a professional context.
챕터 가이드
Overview
ID tags for the nouns you're talking about, and even uncover a clever shortcut that native speakers use all the time! Get ready to polish your English identifying people and things skills and impress with your improved fluency.How This Grammar Works
The woman who answered the phone was very helpful.Here, who connects
answered the phone to The woman, telling us exactly *which* woman. When you're talking about things or even animals, which is your go-to. I found the book which you lent me yesterday.This tells us specifically *which* book.
The student that won the award studied very hard(referring to a person). Or,
This is the car that needs to be repaired(referring to a thing).
The chef who cooked our meal is famous.Who is the subject of
cooked, so it must stay.that shortcut. For example, This is the movie (that) I watched last night.Here, that is the object of
watched (I watched *that* movie), so it can be omitted. This makes your English sound much more fluid and natural.Common Mistakes
- 1✗ The person which called me was my sister.
- 1✗ The report I wrote was very long. (Intended as subject pronoun omitted)
The car *that* *is* parked outside...), it's the subject and cannot be omitted. In the corrected example, 'I' is the subject of 'wrote', so the relative pronoun 'that' or 'which' is the object and *can* be dropped (making
The report I wrote was very longalso correct, but the mistake here was thinking it was a subject pronoun drop). A better example of a subject drop mistake:
that is the subject of barked and performs the action, so it cannot be dropped.- 1✗ My new phone, that I bought yesterday, is very fast.
Real Conversations
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Quick FAQ
When can I drop 'that' or 'which' in a sentence?
You can drop that or which when they are the object of the verb in the relative clause. For example,
This is the book (that) I read.Here, 'I' is the subject of 'read', so 'that' is the object and can be omitted.
Is 'that' always interchangeable with 'who' or 'which'?
Not always! While that can often replace who or which in *defining* clauses, it cannot be used in *non-defining* clauses (those with commas). Also, who is exclusively for people, and which for things (especially in formal contexts or non-defining clauses).
Do defining relative clauses need commas?
No, defining relative clauses never use commas. They provide essential information that identifies the noun, and the sentence's meaning would change or be unclear without them.
Can I use 'which' for animals?
Yes, you can use which for animals, especially when you are referring to them as things rather than giving them human-like qualities. For example,
The dog which won the race was very fast.
Cultural Context
correct. The dropping the pronoun shortcut is extremely common in spoken English when the pronoun is the object – it makes sentences flow much more naturally and quickly. While formal writing might prefer who for people and which for things (especially in non-defining clauses), in casual conversation, don't be surprised to hear more flexibility.주요 예문 (8)
I just talked to the customer service rep `who` helped me with my order.
방금 내 주문을 도와준 고객 서비스 담당자랑 통화했어.
관계대명사: 사람에게 'Who' 사용하기This is the student who always asks insightful questions.
이 학생은 항상 통찰력 있는 질문을 하는 학생이에요.
주어를 생략하지 마세요: 관계대명사 (who, which, that)I love the new cafe which opened downtown last week.
저는 지난주에 시내에 새로 생긴 카페가 정말 좋아요.
주어를 생략하지 마세요: 관계대명사 (who, which, that)팁과 요령 (4)
사람에게는 'who', 사물에게는 'which'를 사용해요.
I like the teacher who teaches English.
명확하게 "Which" 쓰기
which를 써서 문장을 명확하게 만들어요. 헷갈리지 않게 도와주죠! I need the report which has the latest sales figures.
'필수 정보'라고 생각해 보세요
꼭 필요한 정보만 담아요
The house that has a red door is mine.
핵심 어휘 (5)
Real-World Preview
Office Introduction
Review Summary
- Person + who + verb
- Thing + which + verb
- Noun + (that/which) + Subject + Verb
자주 하는 실수
Use 'who' for people, not 'which'.
Don't repeat the object pronoun (it).
Avoid redundant pronouns in relative clauses.
이 챕터의 규칙 (6)
Next Steps
You are doing amazing work! Keep practicing these structures and you will be a fluent speaker in no time.
Write a paragraph describing your favorite room.
빠른 연습 (10)
This is the phone ___ I bought yesterday.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 관계대명사: 사람과 사물에 'That' 사용하기
Choose the correct sentence:
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 관계대명사 생략 ('that' 단축키)
Find and fix the mistake:
That's the movie star which played my favorite superhero.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 관계대명사: 사람에게 'Who' 사용하기
The person ___ helps me with tech is very patient.
who는 사람에게 사용되며, 여기서 절의 주어예요. that도 맞지만, who도 아주 좋은 선택이에요.frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 제한적 관계절: 사람과 사물 식별하기
Find and fix the mistake:
The person which called me was very rude.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 관계대명사: 사물에 대한 'Which'
The painter ___ lives next door is very famous.
Painter는 사람이니까 who가 올바른 관계대명사예요. lives 동사의 주어 역할도 하죠.frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 주어를 생략하지 마세요: 관계대명사 (who, which, that)
This is the gift ___ my friend gave me.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 관계대명사 생략 ('that' 단축키)
The woman ___ lives next door is a doctor.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 관계대명사: 사람에게 'Who' 사용하기
I need the book ___ is on the top shelf.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 관계대명사: 사물에 대한 'Which'
Find and fix the mistake:
The person stole my wallet ran away.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 관계대명사 생략 ('that' 단축키)
Score: /10
자주 묻는 질문 (6)
I bought a book which was recommended.처럼 명사에 대한 구체적이고 설명적인 정보를 추가하는 데 도움이 된답니다.
The dog who barked)은 흔한 실수이고 부자연스럽게 들려요.
This is the car that has the flat tire.
the person that called이나
the email that arrived처럼 사람과 사물 모두에 사용할 수 있답니다.