Identifying People and Things
Chapter in 30 Seconds
Unlock the power of relative clauses to connect your ideas and describe your world with precision.
- Identify the correct relative pronouns for people and objects.
- Construct defining relative clauses to clarify your meaning.
- Apply the 'that' shortcut to sound more natural in conversation.
तुम क्या सीखोगे
Want to describe the world around you more smoothly? Get ready to master relative pronouns like 'who' and 'which', and even learn a clever shortcut for 'that'! You'll soon connect your thoughts effortlessly and sound much more natural.
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सापेक्ष सर्वनाम: लोगों के लिए 'Who' का उपयोगकिसी व्यक्ति के बारे में ज़रूरी जानकारी को
seamlessly add detailsकरने के लिए 'who' का इस्तेमाल करो, ताकि तुम्हारी इंग्लिशnatural and clearलगे। -
सापेक्ष सर्वनाम: वस्तुओं के लिए 'Which'तुमने तीन 'जादुई' शब्द सीखे हैं: 'which' चीजों को 'जोड़ता' है, 'who' 'लोगों' के लिए है, और 'that' 'दोनों' के लिए इस्तेमाल हो सकता है।
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सापेक्ष सर्वनाम: व्यक्तियों और चीज़ों के लिए 'That' का उपयोगDefining
peopleऔरthingsके लिए 'That' तुम्हारा सबसेversatileसाथी है, खासकर रोज़मर्रा की बातचीत में। -
परिभाषित संबंधवाचक उपवाक्य: लोगों और चीजों की पहचान करनापरिभाषित रिलेटिव क्लॉज़ तुम्हें ठीक-ठीक बताते हैं कि तुम किस «व्यक्ति» या «चीज़» की बात कर रहे हो।
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विषय न छोड़ें: सापेक्ष सर्वनाम (who, which, that)जब 'who', 'which', या 'that' किसी रिलेटिव क्लॉज़ के सब्जेक्ट हों, तो उन्हें कभी मत हटाना! ये हैं तुम्हारे तीन जादूई शब्द:
who,which,that. -
रिलेटिव प्रोनाउन छोड़ना ('that' का शॉर्टकट)तुम 'that' को हटाकर अपनी इंग्लिश को और
naturalबना सकते हो, पर सिर्फ तब जब 'that' वाक्य काobjectहो. बहुत आसान है!
Learning Objectives
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
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1
By the end you will be able to: Use relative pronouns to describe people and objects in a professional context.
अध्याय गाइड
Overview
ID tags for the nouns you're talking about, and even uncover a clever shortcut that native speakers use all the time! Get ready to polish your English identifying people and things skills and impress with your improved fluency.How This Grammar Works
The woman who answered the phone was very helpful.Here, who connects
answered the phone to The woman, telling us exactly *which* woman. When you're talking about things or even animals, which is your go-to. I found the book which you lent me yesterday.This tells us specifically *which* book.
The student that won the award studied very hard(referring to a person). Or,
This is the car that needs to be repaired(referring to a thing).
The chef who cooked our meal is famous.Who is the subject of
cooked, so it must stay.that shortcut. For example, This is the movie (that) I watched last night.Here, that is the object of
watched (I watched *that* movie), so it can be omitted. This makes your English sound much more fluid and natural.Common Mistakes
- 1✗ The person which called me was my sister.
- 1✗ The report I wrote was very long. (Intended as subject pronoun omitted)
The car *that* *is* parked outside...), it's the subject and cannot be omitted. In the corrected example, 'I' is the subject of 'wrote', so the relative pronoun 'that' or 'which' is the object and *can* be dropped (making
The report I wrote was very longalso correct, but the mistake here was thinking it was a subject pronoun drop). A better example of a subject drop mistake:
that is the subject of barked and performs the action, so it cannot be dropped.- 1✗ My new phone, that I bought yesterday, is very fast.
Real Conversations
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Quick FAQ
When can I drop 'that' or 'which' in a sentence?
You can drop that or which when they are the object of the verb in the relative clause. For example,
This is the book (that) I read.Here, 'I' is the subject of 'read', so 'that' is the object and can be omitted.
Is 'that' always interchangeable with 'who' or 'which'?
Not always! While that can often replace who or which in *defining* clauses, it cannot be used in *non-defining* clauses (those with commas). Also, who is exclusively for people, and which for things (especially in formal contexts or non-defining clauses).
Do defining relative clauses need commas?
No, defining relative clauses never use commas. They provide essential information that identifies the noun, and the sentence's meaning would change or be unclear without them.
Can I use 'which' for animals?
Yes, you can use which for animals, especially when you are referring to them as things rather than giving them human-like qualities. For example,
The dog which won the race was very fast.
Cultural Context
correct. The dropping the pronoun shortcut is extremely common in spoken English when the pronoun is the object – it makes sentences flow much more naturally and quickly. While formal writing might prefer who for people and which for things (especially in non-defining clauses), in casual conversation, don't be surprised to hear more flexibility.मुख्य उदाहरण (8)
Do you know the student `who` sits in the front row?
क्या तुम उस छात्र को जानते हो जो पहली पंक्ति में बैठता है?
सापेक्ष सर्वनाम: लोगों के लिए 'Who' का उपयोगI just talked to the customer service rep `who` helped me with my order.
मैंने अभी-अभी उस कस्टमर सर्विस प्रतिनिधि से बात की जिसने मेरे ऑर्डर में मेरी मदद की थी।
सापेक्ष सर्वनाम: लोगों के लिए 'Who' का उपयोगThe phone `which is ringing` is mine.
जो फोन बज रहा है, वो मेरा है।
सापेक्ष सर्वनाम: वस्तुओं के लिए 'Which'She bought a dress `which was on sale`.
उसने एक ड्रेस खरीदी जो सेल पर थी।
सापेक्ष सर्वनाम: वस्तुओं के लिए 'Which'This is the app that helps me learn Spanish.
यह वो ऐप है जो मुझे स्पेनिश सीखने में मदद करती है।
सापेक्ष सर्वनाम: व्यक्तियों और चीज़ों के लिए 'That' का उपयोगThe student that asked the question got extra credit.
जिस छात्र ने प्रश्न पूछा था उसे अतिरिक्त अंक मिले।
सापेक्ष सर्वनाम: व्यक्तियों और चीज़ों के लिए 'That' का उपयोगThe barista who made my coffee smiled.
जिस बरिस्ता ने मेरी कॉफ़ी बनाई, वह मुस्कुराया।
परिभाषित संबंधवाचक उपवाक्य: लोगों और चीजों की पहचान करनाI bought the shoes that were on sale.
मैंने वो जूते खरीदे जो सेल में थे।
परिभाषित संबंधवाचक उपवाक्य: लोगों और चीजों की पहचान करनाटिप्स और ट्रिक्स (4)
लोग 'who' हैं, चीज़ें 'which' हैं।
The student who answered got an A.
'Which' से बात साफ करो
'ज़रूरी जानकारी' समझो
The phone that is ringing is mine.(यहाँ 'that is ringing' ज़रूरी है)
इसे ज़रूरी रखो
The student who studies hard will succeed.
मुख्य शब्दावली (5)
Real-World Preview
Office Introduction
Review Summary
- Person + who + verb
- Thing + which + verb
- Noun + (that/which) + Subject + Verb
सामान्य गलतियाँ
Use 'who' for people, not 'which'.
Don't repeat the object pronoun (it).
Avoid redundant pronouns in relative clauses.
इस अध्याय के नियम (6)
Next Steps
You are doing amazing work! Keep practicing these structures and you will be a fluent speaker in no time.
Write a paragraph describing your favorite room.
त्वरित अभ्यास (10)
Find and fix the mistake:
The person stole my wallet ran away.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: रिलेटिव प्रोनाउन छोड़ना ('that' का शॉर्टकट)
I need the book ___ is on the top shelf.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: सापेक्ष सर्वनाम: वस्तुओं के लिए 'Which'
Find and fix the mistake:
That's the movie star which played my favorite superhero.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: सापेक्ष सर्वनाम: लोगों के लिए 'Who' का उपयोग
This is the phone ___ I bought yesterday.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: सापेक्ष सर्वनाम: व्यक्तियों और चीज़ों के लिए 'That' का उपयोग
Choose the correct sentence:
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: विषय न छोड़ें: सापेक्ष सर्वनाम (who, which, that)
Choose the correct sentence:
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: विषय न छोड़ें: सापेक्ष सर्वनाम (who, which, that)
The woman ___ lives next door is a doctor.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: सापेक्ष सर्वनाम: लोगों के लिए 'Who' का उपयोग
This is the gift ___ my friend gave me.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: रिलेटिव प्रोनाउन छोड़ना ('that' का शॉर्टकट)
सही वाक्य चुनें:
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: सापेक्ष सर्वनाम: व्यक्तियों और चीज़ों के लिए 'That' का उपयोग
Find and fix the mistake:
The film, that I saw, was fantastic.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: परिभाषित संबंधवाचक उपवाक्य: लोगों और चीजों की पहचान करना
Score: /10
सामान्य प्रश्न (6)
The student who studies hard gets good grades.
I bought a book which was recommended.
The dog who barked) एक आम गलती है और यह स्वाभाविक नहीं लगता।
This is the car that has the flat tire.(यह वह कार है जिसका टायर पंचर है)।
the person that called(जिस व्यक्ति ने फ़ोन किया था) या
the email that arrived(जो ईमेल आया था) कह सकते हो, बिना pronoun बदले।