B1 · متوسط فصل 9

Identifying People and Things

6 مجموع قواعد
70 مثال‌ها
6 دقیقه
قواعد این فصل تمرین سریع

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Unlock the power of relative clauses to connect your ideas and describe your world with precision.

  • Identify the correct relative pronouns for people and objects.
  • Construct defining relative clauses to clarify your meaning.
  • Apply the 'that' shortcut to sound more natural in conversation.
Connect your world with confidence.

چی یاد می‌گیری

Want to describe the world around you more smoothly? Get ready to master relative pronouns like 'who' and 'which', and even learn a clever shortcut for 'that'! You'll soon connect your thoughts effortlessly and sound much more natural.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Use relative pronouns to describe people and objects in a professional context.

راهنمای فصل

مرور کلی

Do you ever find yourself struggling to clearly identify people or describe objects when speaking English? Mastering how to connect your thoughts smoothly is a game-changer for B1 English grammar, especially when you want to sound more natural and confident. This guide will help you precisely identify people and things, making your descriptions effortless and your communication much clearer.
You'll learn the specific uses of who, which, and that – these are your secret weapons for building more sophisticated sentences. We’ll also explore defining relative clauses, which act like essential ID tags for the nouns you're talking about, and even uncover a clever shortcut that native speakers use all the time! Get ready to polish your English identifying people and things skills and impress with your improved fluency.

این گرامر چطور کار می‌کنه

At the heart of identifying people and things smoothly are relative pronouns. They act like bridges, connecting extra information to a noun. For people, we almost exclusively use who.
For example,
The woman who answered the phone was very helpful.
Here, who connects answered the phone to The woman, telling us exactly *which* woman. When you're talking about things or even animals, which is your go-to.
I found the book which you lent me yesterday.
This tells us specifically *which* book.
Now, for a versatile option: that. You can use that for *both* people and things, but only in defining relative clauses. These clauses provide essential information about the noun; without them, the sentence’s meaning would change or be unclear.
They *never* take commas. For instance,
The student that won the award studied very hard
(referring to a person). Or,
This is the car that needs to be repaired
(referring to a thing).
A key distinction comes with dropping these pronouns. When the relative pronoun (like who, which, or that) is the subject of the relative clause – meaning it performs the action – you cannot drop it. Look at
The chef who cooked our meal is famous.
Who is the subject of cooked, so it must stay.
However, you *can* drop the relative pronoun when it's the object of the verb in the relative clause. This is the that shortcut. For example,
This is the movie (that) I watched last night.
Here, that is the object of watched (I watched *that* movie), so it can be omitted. This makes your English sound much more fluid and natural.

اشتباهات رایج

  1. 1✗ The person which called me was my sister.
✓ The person who called me was my sister.
*Explanation:* Remember to always use who when referring to people. Which is for things or animals.
  1. 1✗ The report I wrote was very long. (Intended as subject pronoun omitted)
✓ The report that I wrote was very long. OR The report which I wrote was very long.
*Explanation:* While you *can* drop object relative pronouns, you cannot drop a subject relative pronoun. If the pronoun is followed by a verb (e.g.,
The car *that* *is* parked outside...
), it's the subject and cannot be omitted. In the corrected example, 'I' is the subject of 'wrote', so the relative pronoun 'that' or 'which' is the object and *can* be dropped (making
The report I wrote was very long
also correct, but the mistake here was thinking it was a subject pronoun drop). A better example of a subject drop mistake:
✗ The dog barked loudly chased the squirrel.
✓ The dog that barked loudly chased the squirrel.
*Explanation:* Here, that is the subject of barked and performs the action, so it cannot be dropped.
  1. 1✗ My new phone, that I bought yesterday, is very fast.
✓ My new phone, which I bought yesterday, is very fast.
*Explanation:* The pronoun that is typically used only in *defining* relative clauses (no commas). If the information is extra or non-essential (often indicated by commas), use which.

مکالمات واقعی

A

A

Hey, do you know the student who just presented the project?
B

B

Yes, she’s the one that I mentioned yesterday, the one who helped me with my research.
A

A

Did you find the keys which you lost this morning?
B

B

Not yet! I’m looking for the bag that I took to the gym. I think they might be inside.
A

A

Have you met our new team member? She's the person who designed the new website layout.
B

B

Oh, yes! I heard about the fantastic work (that) she did. Her portfolio, which I saw online, was very impressive.

سؤالات رایج

Q

When can I drop 'that' or 'which' in a sentence?

You can drop that or which when they are the object of the verb in the relative clause. For example,

This is the book (that) I read.
Here, 'I' is the subject of 'read', so 'that' is the object and can be omitted.

Q

Is 'that' always interchangeable with 'who' or 'which'?

Not always! While that can often replace who or which in *defining* clauses, it cannot be used in *non-defining* clauses (those with commas). Also, who is exclusively for people, and which for things (especially in formal contexts or non-defining clauses).

Q

Do defining relative clauses need commas?

No, defining relative clauses never use commas. They provide essential information that identifies the noun, and the sentence's meaning would change or be unclear without them.

Q

Can I use 'which' for animals?

Yes, you can use which for animals, especially when you are referring to them as things rather than giving them human-like qualities. For example,

The dog which won the race was very fast.

بافت فرهنگی

Native English speakers use these relative pronoun patterns constantly in daily communication. You'll often hear that used quite broadly for both people and things in informal speech, even when who or which would be grammatically correct. The dropping the pronoun shortcut is extremely common in spoken English when the pronoun is the object – it makes sentences flow much more naturally and quickly. While formal writing might prefer who for people and which for things (especially in non-defining clauses), in casual conversation, don't be surprised to hear more flexibility.

مثال‌های کلیدی (8)

1

Do you know the student `who` sits in the front row?

دانشجویی که ردیف جلو می‌نشینه رو می‌شناسی؟

ضمایر موصولی: استفاده از 'Who' برای افراد
2

I just talked to the customer service rep `who` helped me with my order.

من همین الان با نماینده خدمات مشتری که توی سفارشم بهم کمک کرد، صحبت کردم.

ضمایر موصولی: استفاده از 'Who' برای افراد
3

The phone `which is ringing` is mine.

گوشی که داره زنگ می‌خوره مال منه.

ضمایر موصولی: 'Which' برای اشیاء
4

She bought a dress `which was on sale`.

اون یه لباسی خرید که تو حراج بود.

ضمایر موصولی: 'Which' برای اشیاء
5

The girl `that` I met at the concert is a singer.

دختری که تو کنسرت دیدم خواننده‌ست.

ضمایر موصولی: استفاده از 'That' برای افراد و اشیا
6

I lost the watch `that` my dad gave me.

ساعتی که بابام بهم داد رو گم کردم.

ضمایر موصولی: استفاده از 'That' برای افراد و اشیا
7

The influencer who posted that video is actually really nice.

اینفلوئنسری که اون ویدئو رو پست کرده، در واقع خیلی آدم خوبیه.

جملات موصولی تعریف‌کننده: شناسایی افراد و اشیاء
8

I can't find the email that you sent me this morning.

ایمیلی که امروز صبح فرستادی رو پیدا نمی‌کنم.

جملات موصولی تعریف‌کننده: شناسایی افراد و اشیاء

نکات و ترفندها (4)

💡

آدم‌ها 'who' می‌گیرن، چیزها 'which'.

این یه قانون ساده‌ست ولی مهم‌ترینش! اگه داری در مورد یه آدم حرف می‌زنی، همیشه 'who' رو انتخاب کن. برای اشیاء، مفاهیم یا حیوانات (مگر اینکه بهشون شخصیت انسانی بدی)، از 'which' استفاده کن. مثلاً:
The man who saw me
درسته، نه
The man which saw me
.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ضمایر موصولی: استفاده از 'Who' برای افراد
💡

برای وضوح بیشتر با Which

وقتی می‌خوای دقیقاً بگی منظورت کدوم یکی از بین چند تا شیئه، از which استفاده کن. اینطوری جمله‌ت کاملاً واضح میشه و سوءتفاهمی پیش نمیاد:
I want the shoes which are on the top shelf.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ضمایر موصولی: 'Which' برای اشیاء
🎯

قانون ویرگول

اگه قبل از ضمیر موصولی یه ویرگول دیدی، هیچ‌وقت از 'that' استفاده نکن. برای اشیاء برو سراغ 'which' و برای آدم‌ها 'who'. مثلاً، فرض کن داری یه نامه رسمی می‌نویسی:
My neighbor, who is a doctor, helped me.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ضمایر موصولی: استفاده از 'That' برای افراد و اشیا
🎯

میان‌بر "That"

اگه عجله داری و نمی‌دونی who بذاری یا which، از that استفاده کن. هم برای آدم‌ها و هم برای چیزها توی این جور جمله‌ها کاملاً درسته!
The person that called me
or
The thing that broke.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: جملات موصولی تعریف‌کننده: شناسایی افراد و اشیاء

واژگان کلیدی (5)

Identify to distinguish Relative connected to Pronoun word replacing a noun Clause part of a sentence Omit to leave out

Real-World Preview

briefcase

Office Introduction

Review Summary

  • Person + who + verb
  • Thing + which + verb
  • Noun + (that/which) + Subject + Verb

اشتباهات رایج

Use 'who' for people, not 'which'.

Wrong: The man which lives there.
صحیح: The man who lives there.

Don't repeat the object pronoun (it).

Wrong: The car that I like it is red.
صحیح: The car that I like is red.

Avoid redundant pronouns in relative clauses.

Wrong: The person that I met him.
صحیح: The person that I met.

قواعد این فصل (6)

1

ضمایر موصولی: استفاده از 'Who' برای افراد

B1
با 'who' می‌تونی جزئیات مهم رو درباره آدم‌ها اضافه کنی تا انگلیسی‌ت طبیعی و واضح به نظر بیاد. کلمات کلیدی‌ت اینان: people, details, natural.
Do you know the student `who` sits in the front ro...
12 مثال‌ها
2

ضمایر موصولی: 'Which' برای اشیاء

B1
یادت باشه، which یه جور چسب قوی برای اضافه کردن اطلاعات مهم به «اشیا», «حیوانات», و «ایده‌ها» هستش.
The phone `which is ringing` is mine.
12 مثال‌ها
3

ضمایر موصولی: استفاده از 'That' برای افراد و اشیا

B1
برای وصل کردن «آدم‌ها» و «چیزها» تو «جملات توصیفی» و «بدون ویرگول»، 'that' یه ابزار «همه کاره» است.
This is the app that helps me learn Spanish.
12 مثال‌ها
4

جملات موصولی تعریف‌کننده: شناسایی افراد و اشیاء

B1
جمله‌های موصولی تعریف‌کننده مثل «شناسنامه» اسمن و هیچ‌وقت «کاما» نمی‌گیرن.
The barista who made my coffee smiled.
12 مثال‌ها
5

مفعول را حذف نکنید: ضمایر موصولی (who, which, that)

B1
وقتی who, which یا that فاعلِ «فعلی» هستن که بلافاصله بعدشون میاد، همیشه نگهشون دار.
This is the student who always asks insightful que...
12 مثال‌ها
6

حذف ضمایر موصولی (میانبر 'that')

B1
می‌تونی ضمایر موصولی رو حذف کنی، ولی فقط وقتی که بعدش یه فاعل دیگه (new subject) توی جمله بیاد.
This is the book I was reading last week.
10 مثال‌ها

Next Steps

You are doing amazing work! Keep practicing these structures and you will be a fluent speaker in no time.

Write a paragraph describing your favorite room.

Continue to: Describing Places, Times, and Ownership

تمرین سریع (10)

اشتباه جمله رو پیدا کن و درستش کن.

Find and fix the mistake:

I saw a movie was really scary last night.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: I saw a movie that was really scary last night.
ضمیر موصولی that گم شده. این کلمه فاعل was هست و نمیشه حذفش کرد.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: مفعول را حذف نکنید: ضمایر موصولی (who, which, that)

شکل درست رو انتخاب کن.

I need the book ___ is on the top shelf.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: which
کتاب یه شیء هست، بنابراین which ضمیر موصولی درسته.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ضمایر موصولی: 'Which' برای اشیاء

اشتباه این جمله رو درست کن.

Find and fix the mistake:

The book I am reading it is very long.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The book I am reading is very long.
وقتی از جمله موصولی استفاده می‌کنی (حتی اگه ضمیر حذف شده باشه)، باید ضمیر مفعولی اصلی 'it' رو حذف کنی.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: حذف ضمایر موصولی (میانبر 'that')

جای خالی رو با ضمیر موصولی صحیح پر کن.

The person ___ lives next door is very noisy.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: who
برای آدم‌ها از who استفاده می‌کنیم. Which برای اشیا، و where برای مکان‌هاست.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: جملات موصولی تعریف‌کننده: شناسایی افراد و اشیاء

کدوم جمله توی مکالمه‌های روزمره طبیعی‌تر به نظر میاد؟

Pick the best option:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The pizza I ordered is late.
درسته که 'that' صحیحه، ولی حذف کردنش توی انگلیسی محاوره‌ای طبیعی‌تره.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: حذف ضمایر موصولی (میانبر 'that')

کدوم جمله درسته؟

جمله درست رو انتخاب کن:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The car which broke down needed repairs.
which به درستی به 'the car' اشاره می‌کنه که یه شیء بی‌جانه، و جمله پیرو بلافاصله بعد از اسم میاد.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ضمایر موصولی: 'Which' برای اشیاء

اشتباه رو پیدا کن و درستش کن

Find and fix the mistake:

The computer, that I use at work, is very slow.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The computer that I use at work is very slow.
اگه جمله‌واره توصیفیه، ویرگول‌ها رو حذف کن تا بتونی از 'that' استفاده کنی. وگرنه از 'which' استفاده کن.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ضمایر موصولی: استفاده از 'That' برای افراد و اشیا

اشتباه رو پیدا و اصلاح کن.

Find and fix the mistake:

That's the movie star which played my favorite superhero.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: That's the movie star who played my favorite superhero.
'Which' برای اشیاء هست، اما 'movie star' یه انسانه. بنابراین، 'who' ضمیر موصولی درست هست.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ضمایر موصولی: استفاده از 'Who' برای افراد

جای خالی رو پر کن

Where is the book ___ I bought yesterday?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: that
'that' بهترین انتخاب برای یه شیء مثل کتابه.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ضمایر موصولی: استفاده از 'That' برای افراد و اشیا

جای خالی رو با ضمیر موصولی صحیح (who/which) پر کن.

The people ___ live in that house are very noisy.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: who
برای آدم‌ها از who استفاده می‌کنیم. اینجا نمیتونیم حذفش کنیم چون فاعل فعل live هست.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: مفعول را حذف نکنید: ضمایر موصولی (who, which, that)

Score: /10

سوالات رایج (6)

ضمیر موصولی یه بند (گروهی از کلمات که فاعل و فعل دارن) رو به یه اسم یا ضمیر وصل می‌کنه. اطلاعات بیشتری در مورد اون اسم میده، مثلاً توی جمله:
The student who studies hard gets good grades
.
'who' مخصوصاً برای اشاره به آدم‌ها طراحی شده. بهمون کمک می‌کنه از تکرار اسم‌ها جلوگیری کنیم و وقتی در مورد فاعل‌های انسانی توضیح می‌دیم، جمله‌ها رو کوتاه‌تر می‌کنه، مثلاً توی جمله: "That's the guy who lives upstairs".
which دو تا جمله رو با اشاره به یه اسم (که شیء، حیوان یا ایده هست) به هم وصل می‌کنه. اینطوری اطلاعات خاص و توضیحی بیشتری در مورد اون اسم اضافه می‌کنه، مثلاً تو جمله:
I bought a book which was recommended.
همیشه برای اشیا، حیوانات و ایده‌ها از which استفاده کن. who فقط مخصوص آدم‌هاست. اگه این دو تا رو اشتباهی به جای هم به کار ببری (مثلاً
The dog who barked
)، خیلی غیرطبیعی به نظر می‌رسه و یه اشتباه رایجه.
آره، حتماً! حیوونای خونگی رو تو انگلیسی معمولاً مثل یه شیء یا حتی یه آدم در نظر میگیرن.
The dog that barked
کاملاً طبیعیه.
توی نوشته‌های خیلی رسمی، مثل یه سند قانونی یا مقاله دانشگاهی جدی، ازش دوری کن. تو این موارد، 'who' استاندارد و بهتره.
فصل قبلی
چطور مثل یه نیتیو، حرفه‌ای و روون انگلیسی صحبت کنیم؟
فصل بعدی
Describing Places, Times, and Ownership
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