حذف ضمایر موصولی (میانبر 'that')
new subject) توی جمله بیاد.
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
You can often delete 'that', 'who', or 'which' if they are the object of the following verb.
- Drop it if a new subject follows: 'The movie (that) I saw' is perfect.
- Keep it if it acts as the subject: 'The man who lives here' (cannot drop).
- Keep it in non-defining clauses (extra info with commas): 'My car, which is blue, is old.'
مرور کلی
that، which یا who اتفاق میافته. وقتی این کلمات به عنوان مفعول (object) یک توصیف عمل میکنن، خیلی وقتها کلاً ناپدید میشن. انگار نسخهی گرامری یه پیام «سینخورده و جوابنداده» (ghosted) است—با این تفاوت که اینجا، واقعاً چیز خوبیه.that، which یا who میبینی. مثلاً: .The coffee that I bought was cold (قهوهای که خریدم سرد بود)..The coffee I bought was cold؟ هر دو درست هستن.
that حذف شده. این از تنبلی نیست؛ این یکی از ویژگیهای استاندارد انگلیسی سلیس و طبیعیه. این رو همهجا میشنوی—از زیرنویسهای نتفلیکس گرفته تا کپشنهای تیکتاک و ایمیلهای کاری.Eggs I need هنوز به فعل نیاز داره.این گرامر چطور کار میکنه
.The pizza that I ordered is hereIنهاد هست (من سفارش دادم).The pizzaمفعول هست (توسط من سفارش داده شد).thatنمایندهی پیتزا است.
I) وجود داره، ضمیر that فقط یه بار اضافیه. میتونی بندازیش دور. مثل این میمونه که یه همخوان (backup singer) داشته باشی که واقعاً نمیخونه—بذار زودتر بره خونه..The guy who called me was annoyingThe guyنهاد هست (اون زنگ زد).whoنمایندهی پسره است.- بعد از
whoو قبل از فعلcalledهیچ نهاد دیگهای نیست.
who نهادِ توصیف هست. اگه حذفش کنی، جمله از هم میپاشه. .The guy called me was annoyingانگار دو تا جمله با هم تصادف کردن. هیچکس دلش نمیخواد موقع رفتن سر کار، با یه ترافیک سنگین گرامری روبهرو بشه.
الگوی ساخت
the app).
I downloaded).
I، you، Sarah، the dog) داره یا نه.
that، which، who، whom) رو حذف کن.
The song (noun) + the DJ (subject) + played (verb).
.The song the DJ played was a banger
کی استفاده کنیم
...The show I watchedخیلی طبیعیتر از
...The show which I watched به نظر میرسه. تفاوتش مثل این میمونه که شبیه یه دوست باشی یا شبیه یه سند قانونی.
اشتباهات رایج
- ✗ غلط:
.I know a girl lives in London
- ✓ درست:
.I know a girl
wholives in London
lives به یه نهاد نیاز داره و who داره اون کار رو انجام میده. اگه who رو پاک کنی، فعل lives تنها و گیج میشه. مثل این میمونه که بخوای بدون فرمان دوچرخهسواری کنی—حتماً زمین میخوری.- رسمی:
.The hotel
in whichwe stayed - طبیعی:
.The hotel we stayed
in
which رو حذف کنی، نمیتونی in رو اون جلو رها کنی. .The hotel in we stayedجوری به نظر میرسه که انگار بیش از حد اسپرسو خوردی. حرف اضافه رو انتهای عبارت نگه دار. انگلیسی با حرف اضافههای «آویزان» در انتهای جملاتِ دوستانه کاملاً مشکلی نداره، برخلاف چیزی که شاید معلم دورهی راهنماییت بهت گفته باشه.
مقایسه با الگوهای مشابه
- Omission (حذف):
.The book I read
(فقط حذف ضمیر مفعولیthat). - Reduction (کاهش):
.The girl sitting over there
(حذفwho isو استفاده از فرم-ing).
- ✓
.My brother,
wholives in NYC, is a chef - ✗
.My brother, lives in NYC, is a chef
سؤالات رایج
آیا نگه داشتن ضمیر غلطه؟
اصلاً! از نظر گرامری کاملاً درسته. فقط توی حرفهای معمولی یه کم رسمی یا «خشک» به نظر میرسه. مثل پوشیدن تاکسیدو توی یه باربیکیوی پشتحیاطی.
آیا میتونم whose رو حذف کنم؟
نه. whose مالکیت رو نشون میده. اگه حذفش کنی، اطلاعات مربوط به «کی صاحب چیه» رو از دست میدیم. پس جاش رو امن نگه دار. خیلی مهمتر از اونیه که از دست بره.
آیا این ترفند برای whom هم جواب میده؟
بله! در واقع اکثر مردم whom رو حذف میکنن چون به هر حال زیادی قدیمی به نظر میرسه. اگه زیر ۸۰ سال سن داری، احتمالاً لازم نیست توی پیامهات از whom استفاده کنی.
آیا that بهتر از which هست؟
توی انگلیسی مدرن، that برای اشیاء خیلی رایجه. اما وقتی میتونی حذفش کنی، اصلاً چرا انتخاب کنی؟ کلاً هر دو رو پاک کن و به زندگیت برس.
میتونم این کار رو توی امتحان آیلتس یا تافل انجام بدم؟
بله، مخصوصاً توی بخش اسپیکینگ (Speaking). این نشون میده که میدونی انگلیسی واقعی چطوری کار میکنه. فقط توی بخش رایتینگ (Writing) رسمی حواست باشه—اونجا ثبات در سبک نوشتن کلید ماجراست.
اگه جمله خیلی طولانی باشه چی؟
اگه جمله طولانی و پیچیده است، نگه داشتن ضمیر در واقع میتونه به شنونده کمک کنه تا منطق حرفت رو دنبال کنه. از قضاوت خودت استفاده کن. اگه جمله شبیه یه عبارتِ سختِ زبانگیر شد، کلمهی that رو برگردون سر جاش.
When to Drop vs. When to Keep
| Type | Relative Pronoun Role | Rule | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Defining
|
Object
|
Can Drop
|
The car (that) I bought.
|
|
Defining
|
Subject
|
Must Keep
|
The car that hit me.
|
|
Non-Defining
|
Object
|
Must Keep
|
My car, which I bought last year, is red.
|
|
Non-Defining
|
Subject
|
Must Keep
|
My car, which was expensive, is red.
|
Meanings
In English, relative pronouns (who, whom, which, that) can be omitted in defining relative clauses when they function as the object of the clause, making the sentence more concise and natural in speech.
Object Omission
Dropping the pronoun when it represents the person or thing receiving the action in the relative clause.
“The person (who) I met was nice.”
“The book (which) she wrote is a bestseller.”
Prepositional Omission
Dropping the pronoun when it is the object of a preposition, usually moving the preposition to the end of the clause.
“The house (that) we live in is small.”
“The girl (who) I was talking to is my sister.”
Formal Retention
Keeping the pronoun to sound more precise, professional, or academic.
“The individuals whom we interviewed were highly qualified.”
“The data that the study produced is significant.”
Reference Table
| Pronoun Type | Can Omit? | Condition | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Object Pronoun
|
Yes
|
Followed by a subject
|
The car (that) I drive.
|
|
Subject Pronoun
|
No
|
Followed by a verb
|
The man who lives here.
|
|
With Commas
|
No
|
Non-defining clause
|
My car, which is red...
|
|
Whose
|
No
|
Always needed
|
The girl whose bag...
|
|
With Preposition
|
Yes*
|
Move prep to end
|
The man I talked to.
|
|
Formal Whom
|
Yes
|
Almost always dropped
|
The person I met.
|
طیف رسمیت
Is this the document to which you were referring? (Workplace/Office)
Is this the document that you were talking about? (Workplace/Office)
Is this the document you were talking about? (Workplace/Office)
This the one you meant? (Workplace/Office)
The 'That' Shortcut Map
Can Drop
- Object position The man (who) I saw
Cannot Drop
- Subject position The man who saw me
Cannot Drop
- Non-defining My boss, who is nice,
Subject vs Object Pronouns
Should I drop 'that'?
Is there a comma before it?
Is the next word a verb?
Common Droppable Pronouns
People
- • who
- • whom
- • that
Things
- • which
- • that
Places/Times
- • where (sometimes)
- • when
مثالها بر اساس سطح
The book I have is red.
The book (that) I have is red.
The man I see is tall.
The man (who) I see is tall.
The apple you eat is sweet.
The apple (that) you eat is sweet.
The car he drives is fast.
The car (that) he drives is fast.
The phone I bought yesterday is broken.
The phone (that) I bought...
Is this the song you like?
Is this the song (that) you like?
The people we met were very friendly.
The people (who) we met...
I lost the pen you gave me.
I lost the pen (that) you gave me.
The hotel we stayed at was beautiful.
The hotel (that) we stayed at...
The reason I called is to ask for help.
The reason (why/that) I called...
The doctor I talked to was very helpful.
The doctor (who) I talked to...
Everything you said is true.
Everything (that) you said...
The challenges we face are significant.
The challenges (that) we face...
The candidate I voted for didn't win.
The candidate (whom) I voted for...
The apartment they're looking at is too expensive.
The apartment (that) they're looking at...
The advice she's giving you is quite sound.
The advice (that) she's giving you...
The assumptions the author makes are questionable.
The assumptions (that) the author makes...
The speed with which he works is impressive.
Note: Cannot drop 'which' here because the preposition is at the front.
The ease I felt during the presentation surprised me.
The ease (that) I felt...
The level of detail the report provides is sufficient.
The level of detail (that) the report provides...
The sheer audacity the plan required was its undoing.
The audacity (that) the plan required...
Any concerns you might have should be addressed now.
Any concerns (that) you might have...
The nuanced approach the team took saved the project.
The approach (that) the team took...
The very fabric the universe is made of remains a mystery.
The fabric (that) the universe is made of...
بهراحتی اشتباه گرفته میشود
Learners often try to drop the pronoun even when it's the subject of the clause.
Learners confuse 'that' in 'I know that he is coming' with 'that' in 'The book that I bought'.
Learners try to drop pronouns in clauses with commas.
اشتباهات رایج
The girl lives here is my friend.
The girl who lives here is my friend.
The book I like it.
The book I like.
I see man I know.
I see the man I know.
The car that I bought it is blue.
The car I bought is blue.
The man I talked is nice.
The man I talked to is nice.
This is the house which we live.
This is the house we live in.
The movie was good I saw.
The movie I saw was good.
My mother, I love, is a teacher.
My mother, whom I love, is a teacher.
The reason why I'm here for is...
The reason I'm here is...
The person who I gave the book is gone.
The person I gave the book to is gone.
The speed I drove at was safe.
The speed at which I drove was safe.
The way in that he spoke was odd.
The way he spoke was odd.
الگوهای جملهسازی
The ___ I ___ is ___.
Is this the ___ you ___?
I've never seen the ___ she ___.
The ___ we're ___ is ___.
Real World Usage
The link I sent you is dead.
The skills I developed at Google are relevant here.
Is this the pizza I ordered?
The data that the researchers collected was flawed.
Best day I've had in a while!
The property which the tenant occupies...
چک کردن فاعل
The book you gave me.
ویرگول یعنی نه!
My car, which is red, is fast.
طبیعیتر حرف بزن
This is the cafe I like.
Smart Tips
This is a 99% signal that you can drop the relative pronoun.
Keep the 'that'. It makes your writing look more organized and professional.
Try to put the noun at the end of the clause. If it fits, it's an object! (e.g., 'The book I read' -> 'I read the book' - Works!)
Native speakers almost ALWAYS drop 'that' after these words.
تلفظ
Rhythm and Stress
When the pronoun is dropped, the stress falls more heavily on the noun and the following subject, creating a faster, more rhythmic 'da-DA da-DA' sound.
Glottal Stop
In some British dialects, if 'that' is kept, the 't' might be replaced by a glottal stop, but dropping it entirely is often preferred for flow.
Rising-Falling
The cake ↗ I made ↘ was good.
Standard declarative statement with a dropped pronoun.
حفظ کنید
روش یادسپاری
If a Noun or Pronoun is next in line, dropping 'that' is totally fine!
تداعی تصویری
Imagine a bridge (the word 'that') connecting two islands. If the islands are close enough to touch (Noun + Pronoun), you can remove the bridge and just step across.
Rhyme
When 'that' is the object, don't be a fool, dropping it out is the golden rule.
Story
A busy businessman is running to a meeting. He doesn't have time for extra words. He says 'The report I wrote' instead of 'The report that I wrote' because he is in a hurry. He only keeps 'who' when he talks about 'The man who hired me' because without 'who', the sentence falls apart.
شبکه واژگان
چالش
Look at the last 5 text messages you sent. Could you have dropped a 'that' or 'who' in any of them? Rewrite them in your head.
نکات فرهنگی
Americans are very likely to drop 'that' in almost all informal and semi-formal speech. Keeping it can sometimes sound slightly 'stiff' or overly emphatic.
While also common, some formal British registers still prefer keeping 'that' or 'which' in written correspondence more than American English does.
In scientific papers globally, keeping the relative pronoun is preferred to ensure there is no ambiguity about what the subject of the sentence is.
In Old English, relative clauses were often formed with the indeclinable particle 'þe'. Over time, 'that' (from the demonstrative 'þæt') took over.
شروعکنندههای مکالمه
What's the best movie you've seen this year?
Tell me about a person you admire.
Is there a place you've always wanted to visit?
What's the most difficult thing you've ever done?
موضوعات نگارش
اشتباهات رایج
Test Yourself
Pick the best option:
The man ___ lives next door is a doctor.
Find and fix the mistake:
The book I am reading it is very long.
Score: /3
تمرینهای عملی
8 exercisesThe man who I saw yesterday is a doctor.
Find and fix the mistake:
The car I bought it is very fast.
The woman ___ lives next door is a pilot.
I liked the movie. You recommended it.
1. The man I saw. 2. The man whom I saw. 3. The man that I saw.
You can drop the relative pronoun in a non-defining relative clause (with commas).
A: Is this the book you were looking for? B: Yes, it's the one ___.
A: The girl who is singing. B: The song she is singing.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercisesbought / dress / she / expensive / the / was
Der Film, den wir gesehen haben, war toll.
Check the grammar rules:
The laptop ___ I use for work is fast.
The girl, lives in Paris, is my cousin.
Match the items:
The pizza ___ ordered was delicious.
Formal vs Informal:
I / message / the / sent / received / you
The restaurant which we went to it was great.
Score: /10
سوالات متداول (8)
No. You can only drop it in defining relative clauses when it is the object. You cannot drop it if it's the subject or in a non-defining clause.
Never! Keeping the pronoun is always grammatically correct. Dropping it is just a way to sound more natural and less formal.
Yes, if 'who' is the object (e.g., 'The man I met'), you can drop it. However, many people prefer to keep 'who' more often than 'that'.
No. You can never drop 'whose' because it shows possession and the sentence would lose its meaning without it.
For writing, it's often better to keep it to show clear structure. For the speaking test, dropping it can help you sound more fluent and natural.
The preposition moves to the end of the relative clause. For example: 'The house (that) I live in'.
English tends toward 'economy of language'. If a word doesn't add new meaning and the sentence is clear without it, we usually remove it.
You can often drop 'when' (The day I met you), but dropping 'where' is much rarer and usually requires adding a preposition (The place I live in).
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
que
Spanish never allows the omission of the relative pronoun.
que / qui
French relative pronouns are strictly mandatory.
der / die / das
German pronouns are inflected and mandatory.
Attributive form
Japanese uses word order instead of pronouns to link ideas.
aladhi (الذي)
Omission depends on the definiteness of the noun, not its role as subject/object.
de (的)
Chinese uses a post-positional linker rather than a relative pronoun.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
ویدیوهای مرتبط
05:20 Are there really dead wasps in figs? - Carolyn Beans
08:24 Many Crystals Take Millions of Years to Form, Not These
08:10 Drumstick Sundae Jars | Food Wishes
RELATIVE PRONOUNS | RELATIVE CLAUSES | ADJECTIVE CLAUSES - who, which, that, whose, whom
Arnel's Everyday English
Relative Clauses - English Grammar Lesson (Upper Intermediate)
Maltalingua English Language School
Reduced Relative Clauses - Defining and Non- Defining Relative Clauses - Advanced Grammar Lesson
Oxford English Now
Related Grammar Rules
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