ضمایر موصولی: 'Which' برای اشیاء
which یه جور چسب قوی برای اضافه کردن اطلاعات مهم به «اشیا», «حیوانات», و «ایدهها» هستش.
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use 'which' to give more information about objects, animals, or ideas without starting a new sentence.
- Use 'which' only for things and animals, never for people. Example: 'The book which I read.'
- In non-defining clauses (extra info), always use a comma before 'which'. Example: 'My car, which is old, broke.'
- In defining clauses (essential info), 'which' can often be replaced by 'that' in informal English.
مرور کلی
I used that new food delivery app. The app crashed twice.خب، این جمله درسته، ولی برای کسی در سطح تو یه کم ابتداییه.
which وارد بازی میشه. این کلمه بهترین اتصالدهنده برای اشیاء، حیوانات و ایدههاست.which مثل یه چسبه که دو تا فکر مرتبط رو به هم میچسبونه تا بتونی داستانت رو بدون اینکه هر پنج ثانیه یک بار نقطه بذاری و متوقف بشی، تعریف کنی. این کلمه دو تا جمله خستهکننده رو به یک فکر سطح بالا تبدیل میکنه که باعث میشه جوری به نظر بیای که انگار واقعا یه سال توی لندن یا نیویورک زندگی کردی.which یعنی اضافه کردن یه طعم و مزه جدید به اسمهات. توی دنیای گرامر، ما بهش میگیم ضمیر موصولی (relative pronoun). اما تو میتونی فقط به عنوان یه «اشارهگر» بهش فکر کنی.who فقط برای اکیپ رفقا و خانوادهت استفاده میشه، which بقیه چیزها رو هندل میکنه؛ از آیفونت گرفته تا اون گربه ولگرد محلهتون، یا حتی اون حس پوچی عجیبی که دوشنبه صبحها داری، یا اون ویدیو تیکتاکی که همش تو فکرته. این کلمه بهت اجازه میده بدون اینکه یه جمله کاملا جدید رو شروع کنی، اطلاعات بیشتری درباره یک شیء بدی. توی انگلیسی، ما ازش استفاده میکنیم تا مشخص کنیم دقیقا داریم درباره کدوم چیز حرف میزنیم، یا اینکه یه فکت «اضافی» بدیم که شاید خیلی ضروری نباشه ولی قطعا جالبه.این گرامر چطور کار میکنه
which جایگزین یه اسم میشه. به جای اینکه اسم رو توی بخش دوم جملهت تکرار کنی، جاش رو با which عوض میکنی. فرض کن دو تا ایده داری: The laptop is on the tableو
The laptop is broken.
the laptop رو تکرار کنی، میگی: The laptop, which is on the table, is broken. میبینی؟ چقدر روانتر شد. ما به دو روش اصلی از این استفاده میکنیم.The game which I bought yesterday is amazing. دوم، حالت «توصیفی» یا غیرضروری (non-defining) که یه سری اطلاعات اضافی میدی که اگه نباشن هم آسمون به زمین نمیاد: My car, which is ten years old, still runs perfectly. اون ویرگولها رو میبینی؟ اونا مثل دستگیرههای کوچیکی هستن که اجازه میدن اطلاعات اضافی رو برداری و اگه خواستی بندازی دور. اگه اطلاعاتت فقط در حد یه نظر «راستی اینم بگم» هست، از ویرگول استفاده کن.which گاهی میتونه به کلِ یک موقعیت اشاره کنه: He forgot my birthday, which was really annoying. اینجا which فقط به روز تولد اشاره نداره، بلکه به این حقیقت که «او تولدم رو فراموش کرد» اشاره میکنه. در واقع این ضمیرِ مخصوصِ «درام» ساختنه!
الگوی ساخت
which مثل چیدن یه ست لگو هست. فقط کافیه ترتیب درست رو رعایت کنی:
which رو بلافاصله بعد از اسم بیار.
The pizza (1),which(3) had pineapple on it (4), was delicious (6).
which باید تا جای ممکن نزدیک به اسم بشینه. اگه خیلی ازش دورش کنی، ممکنه مردم گیج بشن که داری چی رو توصیف میکنی. مثلا نگو I saw a cat in the car which was blue. الان گربه آبی بود یا ماشین؟ مگه اینکه گربه فیلم آواتار باشه، احتمالا منظورت ماشین بوده!
کی استفاده کنیم
which. این کلمه برای این جاها عالیه:- کپشنهای سوشال مدیا:
The view,
whichtook my breath away, was worth the hike. - نقد و بررسی محصول:
The headphones,
whichI ordered on Amazon, arrived broken. - ایمیلهای کاری:
The report,
whichcontains the final data, is attached below. - داستانسرایی:
We stayed in a hotel
whichused to be a haunted castle. - شفافسازی انتخابها:
Which is the movie
(صبر کن، اینجا دو تاwhichyou wanted to see?whichداریم! کاملا قانونیه، هرچند شاید یه کم تکراری به نظر بیاد؛ میتونی برای یکیشون ازthatاستفاده کنی تا طبیعیتر شنیده بشه).
that توی حرف زدنهای معمولی خیلی رایجه، which یه کم حس «دانشجویی که داره پایاننامه مینویسه» یا «مدیری که داره ارائه میده» رو داره. اگه داری یه نامه رسمی یا مقاله مینویسی، which بهترین دوستته.The coffee which I just spilled is all over my white shirt. FML.
اشتباهات رایج
- اشتباه انسانی: استفاده از
whichبرای آدمها.The teacher
✗ غلطه! ازwhichis nice.whoاستفاده کن. مگه اینکه معلمت هولوگرام باشه، در غیر این صورت لیاقت یهwhoرو داره. - ترومای ویرگول: فراموش کردن ویرگول برای اطلاعات اضافی.
My phone
اگه تو فقط یه گوشی داری، باید ویرگول بذاری:whichis a Samsung is new.My phone,
بدون ویرگول، جوری به نظر میاد که انگار پنج تا گوشی داری و داری دقیقا اون یکی که سامسونگه رو مشخص میکنی.whichis a Samsung, is new. - فاعل دوبل: اضافه کردن یه ضمیر اضافی.
The book
✗ نه! خودِwhichI read it was good.whichقبلا جایگزین 'it' شده. توی استفاده از ضمیرها طمع نکن. - Which در مقابل What: استفاده از
whatبه جایwhich.The movie
✗ این خیلی شبیه غیرنیتیوها یا لهجههای خیلی خاصه. برای اشیاء همونwhatI saw.whichیاthatرو بچسب. - فاصله زیاد: گذاشتن کلمات خیلی زیاد بین اسم و
which. این دو تا رو نزدیک هم نگه دار، انگار توی اولین قرار عاشقونهشون هستن و واقعا از هم خوششون میاد!
مقایسه با الگوهای مشابه
which کلمه that هست. در خیلی از موارد، مخصوصا توی انگلیسی آمریکایی، مردم اینا رو به جای هم استفاده میکنن. The car that I want یا The car which I want. هر دو درستن.which برای عبارات توصیفی (اونایی که ویرگول دارن) استفاده کنی. نمیتونی بگی My house, that is red, is on the corner. ✗ این اصلا خوب شنیده نمیشه. حتما باید which باشه.who هست. همونطور که گفتیم، who برای آدمهاست و which برای اشیاء. حیوانات یه جورایی توی منطقه خاکستری هستن. اگه سگ خونگی خودته که اسمش اسپارکیه، از who استفاده کن. اون عضو خانوادهست! اما اگه یه کبوتر رندوم توی پارک رو میگی، از which استفاده کن.where. کلمه where برای مکانهاست، اما اگه یه حرف اضافه اضافه کنی، میتونی از which استفاده کنی. The house where I live دقیقا معادل The house in which I live هست.The house I live in، اما
which وقتی بهش نیاز داری اون کلاس و دیسیپلین خاص رو بهت میده.سؤالات رایج
میتونم با which جمله سوالی شروع کنم؟
بله، ولی اون یه وظیفه دیگهست!
Which one do you want?اینجا یه ضمیر پرسشیه. اما
which که اینجا یاد گرفتیم یه ضمیر موصولیه که برای چسبوندن جملهها به هم استفاده میشه.
کلمه which از that رسمیتره؟
کلا بله. توی چتهای صمیمی، مردم معمولا از that استفاده میکنن یا کلا ضمیر رو حذف میکنن.
The book I readرایجتر از
The book which I read هست.
آیا which میتونه به یک جمله کامل اشاره کنه؟
صد در صد!
It rained all day, which ruined our picnic. اینجا which به کلِ این حقیقت که تمام روز بارون بارید اشاره داره.
همیشه قبل از which به ویرگول نیاز دارم؟
نه همیشه. فقط وقتی که اطلاعات «اضافی» باشه و اگه حذفش کنی جمله باز هم معنی بده.
اگه دارم درباره یه شرکت حرف میزنم چی؟
شرکتها معمولا به عنوان «اشیاء» در نظر گرفته میشن، پس از which استفاده کن.
The company, which was founded in 2010, is now a global giant.
میتونم برای حیوان خونگی از which استفاده کنم؟
اگه میخوای خیلی سرد و بیاحساس به نظر بیای، بله. اگه دوسشون داری، از who استفاده کن.
Using 'Which' in Different Roles
| Role | Structure | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Subject
|
Noun + which + Verb
|
The car which crashed...
|
'Which' acts as the subject.
|
|
Object
|
Noun + which + Subject + Verb
|
The car which I bought...
|
'Which' acts as the object.
|
|
With Preposition (Formal)
|
Noun + Prep + which + Subj + Verb
|
The house in which I live...
|
Common in formal writing.
|
|
With Preposition (Informal)
|
Noun + which + Subj + Verb + Prep
|
The house which I live in...
|
Common in spoken English.
|
|
Sentential
|
Clause + , + which + Verb
|
It rained, which was bad.
|
Refers to the whole situation.
|
Meanings
A relative pronoun used to introduce a relative clause that provides additional information about a noun that is not a person (objects, animals, concepts, or whole situations).
Defining Relative Clause
Used to identify exactly which object we are talking about. The information is essential to the sentence.
“The umbrella which I lost yesterday was blue.”
“Where is the letter which arrived this morning?”
Non-Defining Relative Clause
Used to add extra, non-essential information about an object. It is always separated by commas.
“My house, which was built in 1920, needs repairs.”
“The movie, which lasted three hours, was very boring.”
Sentential Relative Clause
Used to refer back to the entire previous clause or sentence rather than just a single noun.
“He arrived late, which annoyed everyone.”
“She passed the exam, which was a huge relief.”
Reference Table
| ضمیر | به چی اشاره میکنه؟ | نقش | مثال |
|---|---|---|---|
|
who
|
آدمها
|
فاعل/مفعول جمله پیرو
|
The student `who` passed.
|
|
which
|
اشیا، حیوانات، ایدهها
|
فاعل/مفعول جمله پیرو
|
The book `which` I read.
|
|
that
|
آدمها، اشیا، حیوانات، ایدهها
|
فاعل/مفعول جمله پیرو
|
The car `that` broke down.
|
|
whom
|
آدمها (مفعول رسمی)
|
مفعول جمله پیرو (رسمی)
|
The person `whom` I met.
|
|
whose
|
مالکیت (آدمها/اشیا)
|
ملکی
|
The artist `whose` work I admire.
|
طیف رسمیت
The vehicle which was acquired last month is performing well. (Purchasing a car)
The car which I bought last month is running great. (Purchasing a car)
The car I got last month is great. (Purchasing a car)
That ride which I copped is fire. (Purchasing a car)
فهم 'Which'
اشاره به
- Things اشیا بیجان
- Animals حیوانات اهلی، حیات وحش
- Ideas مفاهیم، برنامهها
نقش
- جملهها رو وصل میکنه اطلاعات توصیفی رو بهم پیوند میده
- جزئیات اضافه میکنه اطلاعات ضروری یا اضافی میده
- از تکرار جلوگیری میکنه اسم رو تو جمله دوم جایگزین میکنه
ساختار گرامری
- `اسم + which + جمله پیرو` الگوی استاندارد
- فاعل/مفعول میتونه هر دو نقش رو داشته باشه
- جملههای تعریفکننده اطلاعات ضروری
`Who` در برابر `Which` در برابر `That`
انتخاب ضمیر موصولی مناسب برای یک شیء
آیا اسم، یک شخص است؟
آیا اسم، یک شیء، حیوان، یا ایده است؟
آیا اطلاعات برای شناسایی اسم ضروری است؟
آیا ضمیر موصولی، فاعل جمله پیرو است؟
کاربرد 'Which' در موقعیتهای مدرن
مکالمات آنلاین
- • پیام دادن به دوستان
- • چت صوتی بازی
- • نظرات آنلاین
زندگی روزمره
- • سفارش غذا (اپلیکیشنها)
- • گفتگوهای کافیشاپ
- • توضیح مشکلات
دانشگاهی/حرفهای
- • پروژههای گروهی دانشگاه
- • مصاحبههای شغلی در زوم
- • گزارشها/ارائهها
سرگرمی
- • زیرنویس نتفلیکس
- • بحث درباره فیلم/سریال
- • کپشن اینستاگرام/تیکتاک
مثالها بر اساس سطح
I have a car which is red.
I have a car which is red.
This is the book which I like.
This is the book which I like.
The dog which is in the garden is mine.
The dog which is in the garden is mine.
I want the cake which has chocolate.
I want the cake which has chocolate.
The phone which I bought yesterday is broken.
The phone which I bought yesterday is broken.
Is this the bus which goes to the airport?
Is this the bus which goes to the airport?
I lost the keys which were on the table.
I lost the keys which were on the table.
The movie which we saw was very funny.
The movie which we saw was very funny.
My computer, which is quite old, is very slow.
My computer, which is quite old, is very slow.
He forgot my birthday, which made me sad.
He forgot my birthday, which made me sad.
The hotel which we stayed in was near the beach.
The hotel which we stayed in was near the beach.
I need a job which allows me to work from home.
I need a job which allows me to work from home.
The document to which you are referring is lost.
The document to which you are referring is lost.
The city, which was founded in 1200, is famous for its art.
The city, which was founded in 1200, is famous for its art.
They offered me a promotion, which I immediately accepted.
They offered me a promotion, which I immediately accepted.
The criteria by which we judge success are changing.
The criteria by which we judge success are changing.
The proposal, the merits of which are debatable, was rejected.
The proposal, the merits of which are debatable, was rejected.
He was late for the meeting, which fact he failed to mention.
He was late for the meeting, which fact he failed to mention.
The system, which had been failing for years, finally collapsed.
The system, which had been failing for years, finally collapsed.
It was a decision from which there was no turning back.
It was a decision from which there was no turning back.
The treaty, the signing of which heralded a new era, was brief.
The treaty, the signing of which heralded a new era, was brief.
She argued that the law was unjust, which view was widely shared.
She argued that the law was unjust, which view was widely shared.
The company went bankrupt, which outcome surprised no one.
The company went bankrupt, which outcome surprised no one.
We reached the summit at noon, by which time the fog had lifted.
We reached the summit at noon, by which time the fog had lifted.
بهراحتی اشتباه گرفته میشود
Learners often use 'that' after a comma or 'which' without a comma when they shouldn't.
Using 'which' for people or 'who' for objects.
Using 'what' to join two sentences.
اشتباهات رایج
The man which is tall.
The man who is tall.
The book it is good.
The book which is good.
I like the cat who is black.
I like the cat which is black.
The car which it is red.
The car which is red.
The movie what I saw.
The movie which I saw.
The pen which I write with it.
The pen which I write with.
The house where I bought.
The house which I bought.
My car, that is old, broke down.
My car, which is old, broke down.
He was late that was annoying.
He was late, which was annoying.
The city which I live is big.
The city which I live in is big.
The company who's profits are high.
The company, the profits of which are high.
الگوهای جملهسازی
I have a ___ which ___.
The ___ which I ___ is ___.
My ___, which is ___, is ___.
___, which meant that ___.
Real World Usage
I want to return the shoes which I ordered last week.
I am looking for a role which offers growth opportunities.
I lost my phone, which is why I didn't call.
Is this the museum which has the Picasso paintings?
Click the button which is located in the top right corner.
Check out this sunset, which was taken without a filter!
برای وضوح بیشتر با Which
which استفاده کن. اینطوری جملهت کاملاً واضح میشه و سوءتفاهمی پیش نمیاد: I want the shoes which are on the top shelf.
با Which سراغ آدمها نرو!
which استفاده نکن! این یه اشتباه خیلی رایجه. برای افراد، گروهها یا مشاغل، همیشه باید who یا that رو به کار ببری: The girl who is sitting over there is my sister.
گاهی اوقات میشه Which رو حذف کرد
which (و that) رو حذف کنی، مخصوصاً وقتی مفعول جمله پیرو باشه، نه فاعل. مثلاً: The movie (which) I watched...ولی اگه فاعل باشه، باید حتماً باشه:
The movie which was great...
رسمی یا غیررسمی؟
which با حرف اضافه بیاد (مثل the device with which), تو نوشتههای رسمی درسته. ولی تو مکالمههای روزمره، معمولاً حرف اضافه رو میندازن آخر جمله:
The device which he fixed with.
فکر کن: 'شیء، حیوان، ایده'
who استفاده کنی یا which، از خودت بپرس: «آیا این یه آدمه؟» اگه نه، پس به احتمال زیاد which درسته. همین قدر ساده: I saw a cat which was black.
Smart Tips
Use 'which' instead of 'that' to sound more professional and precise.
Use ', which' at the end of your sentence to share your opinion.
Never use 'that' after a comma in a relative clause. It's always 'which'.
Try removing 'which' to see if the sentence sounds more natural in speech.
تلفظ
The 'wh' sound
In most modern English dialects, 'which' is pronounced exactly like 'witch' /wɪtʃ/. Some older or regional dialects (like Scottish) might use a voiceless 'w' /hw/.
Comma Intonation
In non-defining clauses, there is a slight drop in pitch and a brief pause where the commas are.
Non-defining drop
The cake, ↘ which was chocolate, ↗ was eaten.
The information inside the commas is parenthetical (extra).
حفظ کنید
روش یادسپاری
W-H-I-C-H: Whatever Has Inanimate Characteristics Here.
تداعی تصویری
Imagine a giant question mark (?) turning into a bridge. The bridge connects a box (the object) to a label (the description). The bridge is made of the letters W-H-I-C-H.
Rhyme
For a person use 'who', for a thing 'which' will do.
Story
A robot named 'Which' only collects objects. He picks up a 'ball which is round' and a 'box which is heavy'. He never picks up people because he doesn't understand 'who' they are.
شبکه واژگان
چالش
Look around your room. Pick 5 objects and describe them using 'which'. (e.g., 'The chair which is near the window is brown.')
نکات فرهنگی
American style guides (like APA or Chicago) are very strict about using 'that' for defining clauses and 'which' only for non-defining clauses.
British English is more flexible. It is very common to hear 'which' used in defining clauses where an American would almost always use 'that'.
In academic writing globally, 'which' is preferred for its precision, especially when used with prepositions like 'in which' or 'by which'.
From Old English 'hwilc', which was originally a question word meaning 'of what form'.
شروعکنندههای مکالمه
What is a movie which you have seen many times?
Tell me about a hobby which you started recently.
Describe a city which you would love to visit.
Think of a problem in your town which needs to be fixed.
موضوعات نگارش
اشتباهات رایج
Test Yourself
I need the book ___ is on the top shelf.
which ضمیر موصولی درسته.Find and fix the mistake:
The person which called me was very rude.
which برای اشیا، حیوانات یا ایدهها استفاده میشه. برای آدمها باید از who استفاده کنی.جمله درست رو انتخاب کن:
which به درستی به 'the car' اشاره میکنه که یه شیء بیجانه، و جمله پیرو بلافاصله بعد از اسم میاد.Translate into English: 'Vi la película que ganó el premio.'
Answer starts with: ["I...
which برای معرفی جمله پیرو که اون رو توصیف میکنه، استفاده میشه.Score: /4
تمرینهای عملی
8 exercisesThe car ___ I bought is very fast.
Find and fix the mistake:
The man which lives next door is a doctor.
My bike ___ is in the garage is broken.
I have a new phone. It has a great camera.
Paris, that is the capital of France, is beautiful.
A: Why are you upset? B: I lost my wallet, ___.
Select the non-defining clause.
1. The house... 2. He lied... 3. The dog...
Score: /8
Practice Bank
13 exercisesThe laptop ___ I use for work is very fast.
جمله درست رو انتخاب کن:
Do you know the café ___ has outdoor seating?
فاعلها رو با شکل درست مطابقت بده:
The movie, who was nominated for an Oscar, is streaming now.
Translate into English: 'Ella tiene un perro que siempre duerme en su cama.'
این کلمهها رو تو یه جمله مرتب کن:
The concept ___ he explained was quite complex.
I found the keys was under the couch.
این کلمهها رو تو یه جمله مرتب کن:
Translate into English: 'El software, sin el cual no podemos operar, requiere una actualización.'
کدوم جمله بیشترین استفاده رسمی رو از 'which' نشون میده؟
The painting, you bought, is beautiful.
Score: /13
سوالات متداول (8)
No, 'which' is strictly for things, animals, and ideas. For people, always use `who` or `whom`.
Use a comma if the information is 'extra' (non-defining). If the information is essential to identify the object, don't use a comma.
In American English, `that` is preferred for essential information. In British English, both are fine. However, only `which` can be used for extra information after a comma.
Yes, but only if it is the object of the clause (e.g., 'The book (which) I bought'). If it is the subject (e.g., 'The book which is on the table'), you must keep it.
It's when `which` refers to the whole previous sentence, not just one word. Example: 'He won, which surprised us.'
Yes, 'which' is the standard pronoun for animals. However, if the animal is a pet with a name, many people use `who`.
It is slightly more formal than `that` in defining clauses, but it is neutral in most other contexts.
It is a formal way to show possession for things. Example: 'The car, the door of which was open...' (Instead of 'whose door').
Scaffolded Practice
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Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
que / el cual
English distinguishes between 'who' (people) and 'which' (things), whereas Spanish often uses 'que' for both.
qui / que / lequel
French relative pronouns change based on grammatical function (subject/object) rather than person/thing.
der / die / das / welcher
German relative pronouns have gender (masculine/feminine/neuter), while English 'which' is gender-neutral.
Attributive form
Japanese uses word order (modifier before noun) instead of a connecting word like 'which'.
al-ladhi (الذي)
English 'which' is much simpler as it doesn't change for number or gender.
de (的)
The structure is reversed: [Description] + de + [Noun].
Learning Path
Prerequisites
ویدیوهای مرتبط
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