Whose: نمایش مالکیت
possession برای مالکیت، relative pronoun برای وصل کردن جملات و concise برای کوتاه کردن کلام.
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use 'whose' to show who owns something without repeating names or using 'his/her/their' in a new sentence.
- Replace possessive adjectives (his, her, its, their) with 'whose' to join two sentences together.
- Always follow 'whose' immediately with the noun being possessed: 'The girl whose cat...'
- Never use an article (a, an, the) between 'whose' and the noun it modifies.
مرور کلی
whose یکی از کاربردیترین و در عین حال چالشبرانگیزترین ضمایر موصولی است. اگر بخواهیم معادل آن را در فارسی بررسی کنیم، ما در فارسی برای نشان دادن مالکیت در جملات پیرو، از ساختار «اضافه» (کسره) یا کلمه «که» به همراه یک ضمیر ملکی استفاده میکنیم. برای مثال، وقتی میگوییم «دانشجویی که کتابش گم شده»، در انگلیسی از whose استفاده میکنیم: The student whose book is lost.his، her یا their، جملهای منسجمتر و حرفهایتر بسازید. برای یک زبانآموز سطح B2، تسلط بر whose نشاندهنده توانایی شما در ساخت جملات پیچیده و توصیفی است که دقیقاً همان چیزی است که در محیطهای آکادمیک یا جلسات کاری بینالمللی از شما انتظار میرود.whose مستقیماً پیش از اسمِ متعلق قرار میگیرد. این تفاوت ساختاری، کلید درک صحیح این مبحث است.whose به عنوان یک possessive determiner (تعیینکننده ملکی) درون جمله پیرو عمل میکند. این یعنی وقتی از whose استفاده میکنید، در واقع دارید جایگزینی برای my، your یا his میسازید. نکتهای که بسیاری از فارسیزبانان به آن بیتوجه هستند این است که whose خودش نقش تعیینکننده دارد، بنابراین نباید هیچ حرف تعریف (مثل a یا the) یا ضمیر ملکی دیگری بعد از آن بیاید.the person whose his car is broken. این یک اشتباه رایج است زیرا در فارسی ضمیر «-ش» (ماشینش) نقش مالکیت را دارد، اما در انگلیسی whose آن نقش را بر عهده گرفته است. ساختار کلی به این صورت است که ابتدا اسم اصلی (مرجع یا antecedent) میآید، سپس whose و بعد اسمِ متعلق به آن.I met a girl whose father is a doctor. در اینجا whose father به معنای «پدرِ او» است. این ساختار نه تنها برای انسانها، بلکه برای اشیاء و حیوانات نیز به کار میرود.whose برای همه موارد (انسان و غیرانسان) یکسان عمل میکند که این موضوع یادگیری آن را سادهتر میکند.whose بسیار صلب و قانونمند است. این کلمه باید بلافاصله بعد از اسم مرجع و بلافاصله قبل از اسم متعلق قرار بگیرد. هیچ کلمهای نباید بین whose و اسم بعدی فاصله بیندازد.[Noun/Antecedent] + whose + [Possessed Noun] + [Verb/Clause]The man whose car is red. | whose + car (صحیح) |The man whose the car is red. | وجود the بین whose و اسم غلط است |The house whose roof is broken. | استفاده برای شیء (صحیح) |The house whose its roof is broken. | وجود its اضافی و غلط است |whose به تنهایی کافی است.whose به دو دسته اصلی تقسیم میشود: جملات موصولی تعیینکننده (Defining) و غیرتعیینکننده (Non-defining). در جملات تعیینکننده، اطلاعات ضروری است و نباید ویرگول بگذارید: The student whose project won the prize is happy. در اینجا ما دقیقاً میخواهیم بگوییم کدام دانشجو.Mr. Alavi, whose car is parked outside, is waiting for you. این ساختار در محیطهای کاری مثل ایمیلهای رسمی یا در هنگام صحبت درباره پروژهها بسیار کاربرد دارد.whose برای اشیاء کاملاً استاندارد است. برخی کتابهای قدیمی ممکن است شما را به استفاده از of which تشویق کنند (مثلاً the house the roof of which...)، اما این ساختار در انگلیسی امروزی بسیار سنگین و غیرطبیعی است. پس با خیال راحت از whose برای اشیاء استفاده کنید.- 1اشتباه گرفتن
whoseباwho's: این شایعترین اشتباه به دلیل تشابه تلفظ است.who'sمخففwho isیاwho hasاست. اگر میتوانید عبارت را بهwho isباز کنید، پسwho'sدرست است. مثال غلط:The person whose waiting for you. (باید بشودwho's waiting). - 2تداخل با ساختار فارسی: فارسیزبانان تمایل دارند ضمیر ملکی را تکرار کنند. در فارسی میگوییم «کسی که برادرش...»، پس به اشتباه مینویسند
the person whose his brother.... این تکرار در انگلیسی اشتباه است. - 3جابجایی جایگاه: فراموش کردن اینکه
whoseباید دقیقاً قبل از اسمِ متعلق بیاید. مثلاً نوشتنThe car whose is redکه در آن اسمِ متعلق (car) جا افتاده است.
Whose + Noun | مالکیت (انسان/شیء) | معادل «که ...-ش» در فارسی |Who / That | فاعل یا مفعول | معادل «که» ساده در فارسی |Of which | مالکیت اشیاء (رسمی) | معادل «که ... آن» در فارسی |who/that) و مالکیت (whose) تمایز قائل شوید.- 1آیا
whoseفقط برای انسان است؟ خیر، در انگلیسی مدرن برای اشیاء و حیوانات هم به کار میرود و کاملاً درست است. - 2آیا میتوانم به جای
whoseازof whichاستفاده کنم؟ فقط در متون بسیار رسمی حقوقی یا آکادمیک. در مکالمات روزمره و ایمیلهای کاری،whoseانتخاب بهتری است. - 3چگونه بفهمم ویرگول لازم است؟ اگر حذف جمله تغییری در معنای کلی جمله ایجاد نکند (اطلاعات اضافی است)، ویرگول بگذارید. اگر جمله بدون آن ناقص میماند، ویرگول نگذارید.
Whose in Different Sentence Types
| Type | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Relative Clause (Person)
|
Noun + whose + Noun + Verb
|
The man whose car broke down...
|
|
Relative Clause (Thing)
|
Noun + whose + Noun + Verb
|
The car whose engine failed...
|
|
Interrogative (Determiner)
|
Whose + Noun + Verb...?
|
Whose phone is this?
|
|
Interrogative (Pronoun)
|
Whose + Verb...?
|
Whose is this?
|
Common Confusion: Whose vs. Who's
| Form | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Whose
|
Possessive (belonging to who)
|
Whose bag is this?
|
|
Who's
|
Who is / Who has
|
Who's coming to dinner?
|
Meanings
A relative pronoun used to indicate that the following noun belongs to or is associated with the person or thing mentioned previously.
Relative Clause Possession
Used to introduce a relative clause that describes a noun by mentioning something it possesses.
“The company, whose profits doubled this year, is hiring.”
“He is the author whose books I told you about.”
Interrogative Determiner
Used at the beginning of a question to ask which person something belongs to.
“Whose phone is ringing?”
“Whose idea was it to go hiking in the rain?”
Interrogative Pronoun
Used as a standalone pronoun in a question when the noun is already understood from context.
“I found a jacket. Whose is it?”
“There are two umbrellas here; whose is whose?”
Reference Table
| ضمیر | کاربرد | مثال (شخص) | مثال (اشیا) |
|---|---|---|---|
|
whose
|
بیان مالکیت (مالِ او/آن)
|
The student whose laptop crashed...
|
The building whose roof leaked...
|
|
who's
|
مخفف (who is/has)
|
Who's coming to the party?
|
Who's got the key?
|
|
who
|
ضمیر فاعلی
|
The man who helped me...
|
-
|
|
whom
|
ضمیر مفعولی (رسمی)
|
The person whom I met...
|
-
|
طیف رسمیت
To whom does this vehicle belong? (Parking lot)
Whose car is this? (Parking lot)
Whose is the car? (Parking lot)
Yo, whose ride is that? (Parking lot)
Whose: اتصال مالکیت
جایگزینِ
- his belonging to him
- her belonging to her
- its belonging to it
- their belonging to them
ساختار
- اسم + whose + اسم + فعل Combines sentences about possession
کاربردهای رایج
- شناسایی افراد The student whose grades...
- توصیف اشیا The car whose engine...
- افزودن اطلاعات My friend, whose dog...
جلوگیری از اشتباه
- Who's Who is / Who has
- Who Subject pronoun
مقایسه Whose vs. Who's vs. Who
انتخاب بین Whose و Who's
آیا جمله به مالکیت یا صاحب چیزی بودن اشاره داره؟
آیا میتونی جاش 'who is' یا 'who has' بذاری؟
سناریوهای استفاده از Whose
افراد
- • The student whose grades...
- • My friend whose car broke down...
حیوانات
- • The dog whose tail wags...
- • A cat whose fur is soft...
اشیا/مفاهیم
- • The book whose cover is red...
- • A theory whose implications...
بافت مدرن
- • The influencer whose new line...
- • An app whose interface is intuitive...
مثالها بر اساس سطح
Whose phone is this?
Whose is that bag?
Whose turn is it?
Whose shoes are these?
I know a girl whose name is Anna.
Whose car did you come in?
The man whose dog is big is my neighbor.
Whose books are on the table?
He is the actor whose face is on every billboard.
I live in a house whose roof is very old.
Whose idea was it to start this project?
The woman whose purse was stolen went to the police.
The company, whose headquarters are in Tokyo, is expanding.
It was a decision whose consequences were not yet clear.
The scientist, whose research changed the world, was very humble.
Whose side are you on in this argument?
They are a people whose traditions have survived for centuries.
The treaty, whose primary aim was peace, was signed yesterday.
He is a writer whose influence can be seen in many modern films.
The mountain, whose peak was hidden by clouds, looked intimidating.
It is a philosophy whose tenets are often misunderstood by laypeople.
The city, whose very foundations seemed to tremble, was in chaos.
She is a leader by whose example we should all be inspired.
The project, whose success depends entirely on your cooperation, is vital.
بهراحتی اشتباه گرفته میشود
They sound identical (/huːz/), leading to frequent spelling errors.
Learners think 'whose' is only for people and 'of which' is for things.
اشتباهات رایج
Who's book is this?
Whose book is this?
Whose is the car?
Whose car is it?
The man whose the car is red.
The man whose car is red.
I know a girl whose is Sarah.
I know a girl whose name is Sarah.
The house who's roof is old.
The house whose roof is old.
Whose you are talking about?
Whose are you talking about?
The company, of which the CEO is retiring...
The company, whose CEO is retiring...
الگوهای جملهسازی
I have a friend whose ___ is ___.
Whose ___ did you ___?
It is a company whose ___ are ___.
Real World Usage
I worked for a firm whose primary focus was sustainable energy.
Whose dog is this? Found in Central Park!
A charming cottage whose garden overlooks the sea.
A theory whose validity has been questioned by recent data.
Whose account are we looking at today?
The party whose signature appears below...
تست 'who is' رو انجام بده!
آرتیکل ممنوع!
The man whose car is red.
جملههات رو کوتاه و حرفهای کن
We met the author whose latest book is a bestseller.
همه جا جوابه!
The student whose project won received a scholarship.
مالکیت واسه اشیا
The building whose roof leaked needs repair.
Smart Tips
Check if you mean 'who is'. If you can't say 'who is', change it to 'whose'.
Use 'whose' instead of 'of which' for objects.
Delete the possessive adjective (his/her/their) and the period, then insert 'whose'.
Make sure the noun comes immediately after 'whose'.
تلفظ
Homophones
'Whose' and 'Who's' are pronounced exactly the same: /huːz/.
Stress
In questions, 'Whose' is usually stressed. In relative clauses, the noun following 'whose' often carries more stress.
Falling Intonation
Whose book is this? ↘
Standard information-seeking question.
حفظ کنید
روش یادسپاری
Whose is for 'Who owns'. If you can replace it with 'his' or 'her', use 'whose'.
تداعی تصویری
Imagine a giant question mark holding a leash attached to a dog. The question mark is 'Whose' and the dog is the 'Noun' it owns.
Rhyme
If it's 'who is', use an apostrophe. If it's 'belongs to', whose is the key!
Story
A detective walks into a room and sees a mysterious hat. He asks, 'Whose hat is this?' He then finds the owner, a man whose name is Sherlock. Sherlock is a man whose skills are legendary.
شبکه واژگان
چالش
Look around your room. Pick five objects and write a sentence for each using 'whose' to describe the owner (e.g., 'This is the desk whose surface is messy').
نکات فرهنگی
Using 'whose' for inanimate objects (like 'the car whose engine...') was once debated but is now standard and preferred over 'of which' in almost all contexts.
In very formal academic writing, 'of which' is still occasionally used to avoid personifying objects, but 'whose' is increasingly accepted for brevity.
In some dialects, 'who all' or 'whose all' might be used to refer to a group's possession, though this is non-standard.
Derived from Old English 'hwæs', which was the genitive (possessive) case of 'hwa' (who).
شروعکنندههای مکالمه
Whose advice do you value the most in your life?
If you could live in any city whose climate is perfect, where would you go?
Whose phone is that on the table?
Think of a famous person whose career you admire. Who is it?
موضوعات نگارش
اشتباهات رایج
Test Yourself
Whose شکل ملکیه و نشون میده پروژه مال دانشجوئه. Who's یعنی 'who is'.Who's مخفف 'who is' هست. ما اینجا به شکل ملکی یعنی whose نیاز داریم تا بگیم موتور مال ماشینه.whose نیازی به 'her' نیست چون خودش مالکیت رو نشون میده. Who's هم اینجا غلطه.Whose برای مالکیت و who's برای 'who is' به کار میره.Score: /4
تمرینهای عملی
8 exercisesThe woman ___ daughter is a doctor lives next door.
Find and fix the mistake:
Whose the keys are these?
I don't know ___ going to the party tonight.
I met a man. His brother is a famous chef.
The car, whose windows were tinted, looked very expensive.
Identify the question form.
A: I found a wallet! B: ___ is it?
whose / is / idea / this / anyway / ?
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesHe's the guy ___ dog always barks at the mailman.
The student who grades improved dramatically received an award.
کدوم جمله از نظر گرامری درسته؟
این جمله رو به انگلیسی ترجمه کن: 'من اون زنی رو که کتابش رو بهم پیشنهاد دادی دیدم.'
کلمات رو مرتب کن:
وصل کن:
We're looking for an app ___ interface is user-friendly.
The painter whose his art I admire is exhibiting next month.
کدوم جمله درسته؟
ترجمه کن: 'او زنی است که استعدادش را تحسین میکنم.'
جمله رو بساز:
مثالها رو به دستهبندیشون وصل کن:
Score: /12
سوالات متداول (8)
You can use `whose` for both! While it is the possessive of 'who', it is perfectly standard to say 'the house whose roof...' or 'the company whose profits...'.
`Whose` is possessive (belonging to whom). `Who's` is a contraction for 'who is' or 'who has'. They sound the same but have different meanings.
No, never use an article like 'the' or 'a' after `whose`. Say 'whose car', not 'whose the car'.
In very formal or old-fashioned writing, 'of which' is used, but in modern English, `whose` is much more common and natural.
Usually no, but in short questions like 'Whose is this?', it can be part of the predicate.
Use `who` if you are replacing 'he/she/they'. Use `whose` if you are replacing 'his/her/their'.
`Whose` is neutral. It is used in both casual conversation and formal academic papers.
No, 'whose's' is not a word. `Whose` is already possessive.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
cuyo / cuya
English 'whose' is gender-neutral and doesn't change for plural nouns.
dont
French 'dont' requires a specific word order (dont + subject + verb + object) that differs from English.
dessen / deren
German pronouns change based on the gender and number of the *owner*, whereas 'whose' is invariant.
〜の (no) + relative clause
Japanese relative clauses come *before* the noun they modify, while English 'whose' clauses come *after*.
الذي (alladhi) + possessive suffix
Arabic requires a 'resumptive pronoun' (a suffix meaning 'his/her') which is strictly forbidden in English.
的 (de)
Chinese uses one particle for many functions, whereas English uses 'whose' specifically for possession.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
ویدیوهای مرتبط
What your poop can tell you about your health - Hannibal Person
What Earth in 2125 could look like - Iseult Gillespie
Why are there so many different kinds of dogs? - Kathleen Morrill Pirovich
تفاوت Whose و Who's در انگلیسی
English with Farzad
ضمایر موصولی در انگلیسی - Whose
Learn English with Farsi
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