قیدهای نسبی (جایی که، زمانی که، چرا)
where برای مکان، when برای زمان و why برای دلیل، جملههات رو مثل یه نیتیو به هم وصل کن.
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Relative adverbs connect a clause to a noun (place, time, or reason) to provide more detail without repeating the noun.
- Use `where` for places: 'The cafe where we met.' (max 20 words)
- Use `when` for times: 'The day when it rained.'
- Use `why` for reasons: 'The reason why I called.'
مرور کلی
where و when و why—روانکنندههای اجتماعی نهایی در زبان انگلیسی هستند. آنها جملات سنگین و تکراری را میگیرند و به چیزی تبدیل میکنند که طبیعی، حرفهای و پیشرفته به نظر میرسد. در سطح B2، شما از بیان صرف حقایق فراتر میروید؛ شما در حال پیوند دادن ایدهها هستید.where من در آن کار میکنم." خیلی بهتر شد. این مثل ارتقا از یک گوشی قدیمی به جدیدترین گوشی هوشمند است—همه چیز سریعتر متصل میشود و بهتر به نظر میرسد.why سینک دوباره نشت میکند، یک امتیاز بزرگ است.این گرامر چطور کار میکنه
which استفاده میکنیم (مانند in which یا at which یا for which). اگرچه این از نظر گرامری عالی است، اما ممکن است طوری به نظر برسد که انگار در یک باربیکیوی ساده، تاکسیدو پوشیدهاید—کمی بیش از حد خشک برای زندگی روزمره.Where جایگزین in/at which برای مکانها میشود. When جایگزین in/on/at which برای زمانها میشود.Why جایگزین for which برای دلایل میشود.The gym in which I train is great، اما احتمالاً نگاههای عجیبی دریافت خواهید کرد. در عوض، میگویید: The gym where I train is great. قید موصولی where کار هر دو حرف اضافه و ضمیر را انجام میدهد.gym اشاره میکند و جزئیات I train را معرفی میکند. این روش کارآمد و تمیز است و شما را از لکنت زبان با حروف اضافه در انتهای جملات نجات میدهد. یک نکته را به یاد داشته باشید: این قیدها همیشه بعد از یک اسم میآیند.
الگوی ساخت
where یا when یا why).
where | This is the cafe where we met. | این کافهای است که در آن همدیگر را دیدیم.
when | I remember the day when it rained. | روزی را به یاد میآورم که باران بارید.
why | That’s the reason why I’m late. | این دلیلی است که چرا دیر کردهام.
why را در گفتار غیررسمی کاملاً حذف کنید!)
why I'm late."
for which I am late." (اگر در حال نوشتن یک سند قانونی هستید از این استفاده کنید).
Where = پین نقشه (مکان)
When = ورودی تقویم (زمان)
Why = حباب فکر (دلیل)
where آن تیکتاک معروف را فیلمبرداری کردند.»
اوه، همانی که میمونها عینک آفتابیات را میدزدند where؟
دقیقاً! به همین دلیل why عینک ریبنام را نیاوردم.
دلیلی هست why دوربینت خاموش است؟
where اینترنت امروز کمی قطع و وصل میشود.»
This is the park where we played.
when برای توصیف یک دوران خاص استفاده کنید. دههی ۹۰ زمانی بود when همه رنگهای نئونی میپوشیدند.
why در یک جملهی پیچیده استفاده کنید. «میتوانید دلیل why تأخیر پروژه را بدون سرزنش کردن کارآموز توضیح دهید؟»
کی استفاده کنیم
- برای مکانها: از
whereبا اسمهایی مانندhouseیاcityیاroomیاwebsiteیا حتیsituationاستفاده کنید. بله، یک «موقعیت» هم میتواند یک «کجا» باشد! "I'm in a situationwhereI need your help." - برای زمانها: از
whenبا اسمهایی مانندdayیاyearیاmomentیاageیاeraاستفاده کنید.من عاشق لحظهای هستم
whenتعطیلات آخر هفته بالاخره شروع میشود. - برای دلایل: از
whyتقریباً منحصراً بعد از اسمreasonاستفاده کنید. این مثل یک ابزار تخصصی فقط برای همین یک کلمه است.دلایل زیادی وجود دارد
whyشما باید انگلیسی یاد بگیرید.
اشتباهات رایج
where و which است.The house where I bought is expensive.The house which I bought is expensive.The house where I live is expensive.which استفاده کنید. اگر اسم مکان عمل است (در خانه زندگی میکنید)، از where استفاده کنید. یک تست سریع؟ سعی کنید in it را به انتهای جمله اضافه کنید. اگر معنی داد، از where استفاده کنید.where برای زمانها است.The year where I graduated...The year when I graduated...مقایسه با الگوهای مشابه
قیدهای موصولی چه تفاوتی با ضمایر موصولی دارند؟
1. ضمایر موصولی (who, which, that): اینها به عنوان فاعل یا مفعول عبارت عمل میکنند.
The car which is red...
2. قیدهای موصولی (where, when, why): اینها به عنوان قید عمل میکنند. آنها دربارهی شرایط (مکان، زمان، دلیل) به ما میگویند.
سؤالات رایج
that به جای when استفاده کنم؟The day that we met بسیار رایج است.The reason why... تکراری است؟where برای چیزهایی که مکان فیزیکی نیستند استفاده کنم؟books یا movies.Relative Adverb Sentence Structure
| Noun Type | Relative Adverb | Subject | Verb Phrase | Full Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Place
|
where
|
I
|
work
|
The office where I work is nearby.
|
|
Time
|
when
|
she
|
arrived
|
The day when she arrived was cold.
|
|
Reason
|
why
|
they
|
left
|
The reason why they left is unknown.
|
|
Place (Abstract)
|
where
|
we
|
stand
|
The point where we stand is critical.
|
|
Time (Specific)
|
when
|
the bell
|
rings
|
The moment when the bell rings...
|
Omission of Relative Adverbs (Informal)
| Full Form | Short Form (Omitted) | Naturalness |
|---|---|---|
|
The reason why I'm here
|
The reason I'm here
|
Very Natural
|
|
The day when we met
|
The day we met
|
Very Natural
|
|
The place where I live
|
The place I live
|
Common (but 'where' is safer)
|
Meanings
Relative adverbs introduce relative clauses that modify a noun. They function as a replacement for a preposition + 'which' (e.g., 'in which', 'at which', 'for which').
Place (Where)
Used to modify a noun referring to a location or physical space.
“That is the house where I grew up.”
“We visited the park where the festival is held.”
Time (When)
Used to modify a noun referring to a specific time, date, or period.
“I'll never forget the summer when we traveled to Italy.”
“There are times when I just want to be alone.”
Reason (Why)
Used specifically after the noun 'reason' to explain a cause or motive.
“The reason why she left is still a mystery.”
“I don't know the reason why the flight was canceled.”
Reference Table
| قید موصولی | اشاره به... | مثال | جایگزین (رسمی) |
|---|---|---|---|
|
where
|
مکان (Location)
|
This is the city where I grew up.
|
in which / at which
|
|
when
|
زمان (Moment/Period)
|
Do you remember the day when we met?
|
on which / at which
|
|
why
|
دلیل (Motive/Cause)
|
That's the reason why he left.
|
for which
|
طیف رسمیت
The reason for which the meeting was postponed remains unclear. (Professional/Office)
The reason why the meeting was postponed is unclear. (Professional/Office)
The reason the meeting was moved is a mystery. (Professional/Office)
No clue why the meeting got canned. (Professional/Office)
قیدهای موصولی: وصل کردن ایدهها
Where (مکان)
- The house where I grew up
- The city where we met
When (زمان)
- The day when we first met
- The year when it happened
Why (دلیل)
- The reason why she left
- That's why I'm here
قیدهای موصولی در مقابل ضمایر موصولی
انتخاب قید موصولی درست
آیا جمله داره یه 'مکان' رو توصیف میکنه؟
آیا جمله داره یه 'زمان' رو توصیف میکنه؟
آیا جمله داره یه 'دلیل' رو توصیف میکنه؟
قیدهای موصولی جایگزین چه کلماتی میشن؟
Where جایگزینِ...
- • at which
- • in which
- • to which
- • در آن مکان
When جایگزینِ...
- • at which
- • on which
- • in which
- • در آن زمان
Why جایگزینِ...
- • for which
- • به آن دلیل
مثالها بر اساس سطح
This is the park where I play.
This is the park where I play.
I like the time when we have dinner.
I like the time when we have dinner.
That is the shop where I buy bread.
That is the shop where I buy bread.
Monday is the day when I go to school.
Monday is the day when I go to school.
Do you know the reason why she is sad?
Do you know the reason why she is sad?
I remember the year when I moved here.
I remember the year when I moved here.
This is the hospital where my brother works.
This is the hospital where my brother works.
Is there a place where we can sit down?
Is there a place where we can sit down?
The town where I grew up has changed a lot.
The town where I grew up has changed a lot.
I'll never forget the moment when I won the race.
I'll never forget the moment when I won the race.
The reason why I didn't call was that I lost my phone.
The reason why I didn't call was that I lost my phone.
We need to find a time when everyone is free.
We need to find a time when everyone is free.
It was a situation where nobody knew what to do.
It was a situation where nobody knew what to do.
There are several reasons why this project might fail.
There are several reasons why this project might fail.
The era when the internet was invented changed everything.
The era when the internet was invented changed everything.
I am looking for a job where I can use my languages.
I am looking for a job where I can use my languages.
The precise moment when the market crashed is still debated.
The precise moment when the market crashed is still debated.
We have reached a stage where further investment is required.
We have reached a stage where further investment is required.
The underlying reason why the policy failed was lack of data.
The underlying reason why the policy failed was lack of data.
This is a case where the law is not entirely clear.
This is a case where the law is not entirely clear.
The epoch when such architectural feats were possible has long passed.
The epoch when such architectural feats were possible has long passed.
One can hardly fathom the reason why such a decision was reached.
One can hardly fathom the reason why such a decision was reached.
The digital landscape is a realm where privacy is increasingly scarce.
The digital landscape is a realm where privacy is increasingly scarce.
There comes a point in every negotiation when silence is the best tool.
There comes a point in every negotiation when silence is the best tool.
بهراحتی اشتباه گرفته میشود
Learners often use 'which' for places without a preposition, or 'where' with a preposition.
In time clauses, 'that' can sometimes replace 'when', but not always.
Learners use 'because' as a relative adverb.
اشتباهات رایج
The house where I live in.
The house where I live.
I like the time which we play.
I like the time when we play.
The reason because I am late.
The reason why I am late.
The city where is big.
The city which is big.
That is the place when I saw him.
That is the place where I saw him.
The day where we met.
The day when we met.
The reason why is because...
The reason is that...
The situation which I found myself.
The situation where I found myself.
The year that I was born in it.
The year when I was born.
The reason why for he left.
The reason why he left.
الگوهای جملهسازی
I remember the time when ___.
This is the place where ___.
The reason why ___ is ___.
We are looking for a situation where ___.
Real World Usage
Could you tell me about a time when you handled a conflict?
Go to the corner where the big bank is.
The city where my heart belongs.
This was an era when social norms were shifting rapidly.
I want to be in a relationship where we trust each other.
The reason why the prime minister resigned is still being debated.
فرمول سه مرحلهای
This is the place where I work.
حرف اضافه اضافه ممنوع!
The house where I live is very old.
میانبر در مکالمه
به ریتم جملهها گوش کن
I remember the time when we were kids.
Smart Tips
Use 'when' to link the date to an event without needing 'in which'.
Immediately swap 'because' for 'why' or 'that'.
Use 'where' to introduce the conditions of that situation.
Drop the 'when' or 'why' entirely after the noun.
تلفظ
Weak form of 'when'
In fast speech, 'when' is often unstressed and sounds like /wən/.
Linking 'where' and 'I'
When 'where' is followed by 'I', the 'r' is often pronounced to link the words (in rhotic and some non-rhotic accents).
Relative Clause Fall
The house where I ↘live...
The pitch usually drops slightly at the end of the relative clause before continuing the main sentence.
حفظ کنید
روش یادسپاری
Remember the '3 Ws': Where for Space, When for Time, Why for Reason.
تداعی تصویری
Imagine a map (Where), a clock (When), and a question mark (Why) all connected by bridges to a main building (the Noun).
Rhyme
Where for the place, When for the day, Why for the reason you went away.
Story
I went to a house WHERE I saw a ghost. It was a night WHEN the moon was full. That is the reason WHY I never went back.
شبکه واژگان
چالش
Write three sentences about your favorite city using 'where', 'when', and 'why' in under 2 minutes.
نکات فرهنگی
Using 'where' for abstract concepts (like 'a relationship where...') is very common in modern therapy and self-help culture.
In formal British academic writing, 'in which' is often preferred over 'where' for non-physical locations.
Sometimes 'where' is used in place of 'that' in very informal regional dialects, though this is non-standard.
Relative adverbs evolved from interrogative adverbs (question words) in Old and Middle English.
شروعکنندههای مکالمه
Can you describe the house where you grew up?
Is there a specific time of year when you feel most productive?
Tell me about a situation where you had to solve a difficult problem.
What are some reasons why people choose to move to a different country?
موضوعات نگارش
اشتباهات رایج
Test Yourself
This is the restaurant ___ we celebrated our anniversary.
Find and fix the mistake:
Tuesday is the day where we have our team meeting.
Arrange the words in the correct order:
All words placed
Click words above to build the sentence
Score: /3
تمرینهای عملی
8 exercisesThat is the restaurant ___ we had our first date.
Find and fix the mistake:
I don't know the reason because he is angry.
There are days ___ I feel like I can achieve anything.
This is the house. I was born in it.
The situation where I am in is very difficult.
In a case ___ the rules are broken, there will be a fine.
A: Why are you so late? B: The reason ___ I'm late is that my car broke down.
never / I / the / when / will / day / forget / we / met
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesDo you recall the year ___ we all got new phones?
This is the cafe which I like to read in.
کدوم جمله درسته؟
این جمله رو به انگلیسی ترجمه کن: 'اون شهریه که فیلم اونجا فیلمبرداری شد.'
کلمات رو مرتب کن:
اسمها رو به قید مربوطهشون وصل کن:
She couldn't recall the exact circumstances ___ she made that promise.
Is this the restaurant why you recommended?
کدوم گزینه قید رو درست به کار برده؟
ترجمه کن: 'روزی که همدیگه رو دیدیم سه شنبه بود.'
مرتب کن:
تیکههای جمله رو به هم وصل کن:
Score: /12
سوالات متداول (8)
Yes, in many cases 'that' can replace 'when' in restrictive relative clauses, e.g., 'The day that we met'. However, 'when' is more precise.
No, at a B2 level you should use 'where' for abstract places like 'situations', 'stages', or 'points in a discussion'.
Because 'where' already means 'in which'. Saying 'where... in' is like saying 'in which... in', which is redundant.
It is much less common to omit 'where'. While you can say 'The place I live', it often sounds better to keep 'where'.
'In which' is more formal and used in academic writing. 'Where' is neutral and used in everyday speech.
Yes, but it then becomes a nominal relative clause, e.g., 'Why he left is a mystery.' As a relative adverb, it almost always follows 'reason'.
Yes, but it is archaic. It means 'from where'. You will only see it in old literature or the Bible.
Only if it is a non-defining clause (adding extra info), e.g., 'I live in London, where the weather is often grey.'
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
donde / cuando
Spanish 'donde' can be used with prepositions like 'en donde', whereas English 'where' usually stands alone.
où
French uses one word ('où') for both place and time, while English distinguishes between 'where' and 'when'.
wo / wann
German relative time markers change based on tense, unlike English 'when'.
Relative clause + noun (no adverb)
Japanese has no equivalent to 'where/when/why' connectors; the word order alone does the work.
haythu / 'indama
Arabic relative clauses often repeat the object/place at the end, which is a major error in English.
...de + noun
Chinese uses a single particle 'de' for all relative relationships, regardless of place, time, or person.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
ویدیوهای مرتبط
03:29 Final Fantasy VII (2006) - Tifa vs. Loz Scene (2/10) | Movieclips
24:06 Learn English with UP — Disney Movie
22:21 THÉODEN* King of Rohan- Lord of the Rings
آموزش گرامر Relative Clauses و Relative Adverbs
English with Reza
قیدهای موصولی در زبان انگلیسی - گرامر کاربردی
Zaban Yad
آموزش گرامر Relative Adverbs در انگلیسی
English with Farzad
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