چطوری مثل یه حرفهای جملههات رو به هم گره بزنی؟
Chapter in 30 Seconds
Master the art of weaving complex ideas into elegant, concise English sentences.
- Connect ideas using relative pronouns and adverbs.
- Distinguish between essential and extra information with comma usage.
- Condense complex thoughts by mastering reduced relative clauses.
چی یاد میگیری
سلام! آمادهای که انگلیسی حرف زدنت رو از سطح معمولی به سطح پیشرفته ببری؟ توی این فصل قراره یاد بگیری چطور ایدههات رو خیلی شیک و تمیز به هم وصل کنی تا دیگه جملههات کوتاه و بریدهبریده به نظر نیان. اول از همه سراغ «whose» میریم تا یاد بگیری چطور مالکیت رو خیلی سریع توی دل جمله جا بدی. بعدش با قیدهای موصولی مثل «where» و «when» آشنا میشی که بهت کمک میکنن درباره مکانها و زمانها خیلی طبیعیتر توضیح بدی. یه بخش خیلی حیاتی هم داریم درباره «ویرگولها»؛ اینکه کجا ازشون استفاده کنی تا معنی جملهات کاملاً شفاف بشه و شنونده گیج نشه. اما جذابترین بخش، یاد گرفتن «جملهوارههای کوتاهشدهست»؛ یعنی چطوری جملههای طولانی رو خلاصه و کوبنده کنی تا دقیقاً مثل یه نیتیو به نظر برسی. آخر کار هم یه سری فرمولهای رسمی مثل «in which» رو یاد میگیری که برای ایمیلهای اداری یا مصاحبههای کاری عصای دستتن. تصور کن داری توی یه مهمونی داستان تعریف میکنی یا داری یه رزومه حرفهای مینویسی؛ این مهارتها باعث میشن بقیه با تحسین به حرفات گوش بدن. ته این فصل، تو دیگه فقط کلمات رو کنار هم نمیچینی، بلکه داری با ظرافت انگلیسی رو «میبافی»!
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Whose: نمایش مالکیتاز whose استفاده کن تا خیلی شیک و مجلسی مالکیت رو نشون بدی و جملههات رو به هم وصل کنی. ابزارهای تو اینها هستن:
possessionبرای مالکیت،relative pronounبرای وصل کردن جملات وconciseبرای کوتاه کردن کلام. -
قیدهای نسبی (جایی که، زمانی که، چرا)با استفاده از سه ابزار جادویی
whereبرای مکان،whenبرای زمان وwhyبرای دلیل، جملههات رو مثل یه نیتیو به هم وصل کن. -
عبارات موصولی معین و نامعین (کاماها و معنا)ویرگولها مثل پرانتز عمل میکنن؛ اگه اطلاعاتت حیاتیه ویرگول نذار، ولی اگه فقط یه توضیح اضافیه، از
commasاستفاده کن. -
کوتاه کردن جملات: جملات موصولی تقلیل یافتهStreamline your sentences by transforming longer relative clauses into punchy, efficient descriptions.
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عبارات موصولی رسمی (در آن، به چه کسی)با استفاده از ترکیب «حرف اضافه + which/whom» میتونی جملاتت رو فوقالعاده شیک و حرفهای کنی. این ساختار برای موقعیتهای
formalوacademicعالیه.
Learning Objectives
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
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1
By the end you will be able to: Use relative clauses to combine two separate sentences into one fluid statement.
راهنمای فصل
مرور کلی
این گرامر چطور کار میکنه
whose shows possession, just like his or her but within a clause. For example: The student whose essay won the prize is incredibly talented.Here,
whose links the student to their essay. Next, relative adverbs (where, when, why) connect details to places, times, or reasons.I remember the restaurant. We had our first date there,you can say
I remember the restaurant where we had our first date.This is far more elegant and efficient.
The car that is parked illegally will be towed.(No commas, essential info).
My brother, who lives in Canada, is visiting next week.(With commas, 'who lives in Canada' is just additional detail; I only have one brother).
be verb (if present) and change the main verb to its present participle (-ing form). The man who is standing near the door is my bossbecomes
The man standing near the door is my boss.If passive, use the past participle:
The documents which were signed yesterday are readybecomes
The documents signed yesterday are ready.Finally, for a touch of formality, particularly in written English, you can shift prepositions to the beginning of the clause with 'which' or 'whom'.
This is the problem that I referred to,you can say
This is the problem to which I referred.This instantly elevates your language.
اشتباهات رایج
- 1✗ Using
whoinstead ofwhosefor possession.
belonging to whom or of which. Who is a subject pronoun.- 1✗ Incorrect comma usage for defining and non-defining clauses.
The book, that I borrowed from you, was excellent.
The book that I borrowed from you was excellent.(Defining – essential information to identify *which* book)
My old car, which was quite reliable, finally broke down.(Non-defining – 'which was quite reliable' is extra info about *my old car*, already identified)
- 1✗ Incorrectly reducing clauses, especially in the passive voice.
The report sending to the client needs final approval.
The report sent to the client needs final approval.
sending itself (active); it is sent (passive). When reducing a passive relative clause, use the past participle.
مکالمات واقعی
A
Did you hear about Sarah, whose presentation at the conference was a huge success?
B
A
B
A
Remember that old movie theater where we used to go as kids?
B
Oh, the one whose marquee was always flashing? They tore it down last year, which was a real shame.
سؤالات رایج
Is that always interchangeable with which in defining relative clauses?
In informal English, yes, that and which are often interchangeable for things in defining clauses. However, that is generally preferred, especially for objects. For people, use who or that. Remember, for non-defining clauses (with commas), you *must* use which for things, and who for people.
Can I always reduce a relative clause?
Not always. You can only reduce a relative clause if the relative pronoun (who, which, that) is the subject of the clause and the verb is active (use -ing) or passive (use past participle). You cannot reduce clauses where the relative pronoun is the object (e.g.,
The book that I read was good).
What's the main difference between where and in which?
Both can indicate location. Where is a more common and informal relative adverb. In which is a more formal and often more precise structure, especially common in academic or formal writing. For example,
The city where I live is bustlingvs.
The study described the conditions in which the experiment was conducted.
بافت فرهنگی
to whom or in which are common in academic writing or official communications, everyday conversation often opts for simpler phrasing (the person I spoke toinstead of
the person to whom I spoke). Reduced relative clauses are particularly prevalent in both spoken and written English, making communication more efficient and dynamic.
مثالهای کلیدی (8)
The coffee shop where we study has the best Wi-Fi.
اون کافهای که توش درس میخونیم، بهترین وایفای رو داره.
قیدهای نسبی (جایی که، زمانی که، چرا)I remember the exact moment when the idea finally clicked.
دقیقاً اون لحظهای رو که ایده بالاخره تو ذهنم جا افتاد یادمه.
قیدهای نسبی (جایی که، زمانی که، چرا)The student who submitted their assignment on time got extra points.
اون دانشآموزی که تکلیفش رو به موقع تحویل داد، نمره اضافه گرفت.
عبارات موصولی معین و نامعین (کاماها و معنا)My best friend, who lives in Vancouver, is visiting next month.
بهترین دوستم که توی ونکوور زندگی میکنه، ماه دیگه میاد دیدنم.
عبارات موصولی معین و نامعین (کاماها و معنا)The dog `running` in the park is super fast.
El perro corriendo en el parque es súper rápido.
کوتاه کردن جملات: جملات موصولی تقلیل یافتهThe email `sent` yesterday got lost in spam.
El correo electrónico enviado ayer se perdió en el spam.
کوتاه کردن جملات: جملات موصولی تقلیل یافتهThe document to which the legal team referred contained crucial evidence.
سندی که تیم حقوقی به آن ارجاع داد، حاوی مدارک حیاتی بود.
عبارات موصولی رسمی (در آن، به چه کسی)She is the expert from whom I sought advice on the subject.
او متخصصی است که من در این مورد از او مشورت خواستم.
عبارات موصولی رسمی (در آن، به چه کسی)نکات و ترفندها (4)
تست 'who is' رو انجام بده!
فرمول سه مرحلهای
This is the place where I work.
تست حذف کردن
My mom, who is a teacher, loves books.
The 'Be' Test
واژگان کلیدی (5)
Real-World Preview
The Networking Event
Review Summary
- Noun + whose + noun
- Noun + where/when/why
- Noun, [extra info], verb
- Noun + [V-ing/V3]
- Preposition + whom/which
اشتباهات رایج
Do not use a personal pronoun after 'whose'. 'Whose' already functions as the possessive pronoun.
When using a formal structure, the preposition moves before the pronoun, and the redundant pronoun at the end is removed.
Do not repeat the subject after a relative clause. The relative pronoun is already the subject.
قواعد این فصل (5)
Next Steps
You have done an amazing job navigating these complex structures. Keep practicing, and you will see your fluency soar!
Write a short biography of a famous person using all relative clause types.
تمرین سریع (10)
Find and fix the mistake:
The girl who singing is very talented.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: کوتاه کردن جملات: جملات موصولی تقلیل یافته
Find and fix the mistake:
My brother, that lives in Paris, is a chef.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: عبارات موصولی معین و نامعین (کاماها و معنا)
The colleague to who I spoke yesterday provided valuable feedback.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: عبارات موصولی رسمی (در آن، به چه کسی)
Choose the correct sentence:
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: عبارات موصولی معین و نامعین (کاماها و معنا)
The book ___ I finished yesterday was a real page-turner.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: عبارات موصولی معین و نامعین (کاماها و معنا)
Find and fix the mistake:
Tuesday is the day where we have our team meeting.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: قیدهای نسبی (جایی که، زمانی که، چرا)
The university building ___ many important lectures are held was recently renovated.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: عبارات موصولی رسمی (در آن، به چه کسی)
Anyone ___ (want) to leave early must ask for permission.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: کوتاه کردن جملات: جملات موصولی تقلیل یافته
Arrange these words into a sentence:
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: عبارات موصولی رسمی (در آن، به چه کسی)
The car ___ (repair) yesterday is working now.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: کوتاه کردن جملات: جملات موصولی تقلیل یافته
Score: /10
سوالات رایج (6)
The artist whose painting sold...
the student whose laptop)، ولی واسه اشیا و مفاهیم هم کاملاً درسته. مثلاً:
the company whose technology...
The house where I live.
The house where I live.
The man who called you is here.
My cat, which is sleeping, is cute.
