B1 · Intermediário Capítulo 9

Identifying People and Things

6 Regras totais
70 exemplos
6 min

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Unlock the power of relative clauses to connect your ideas and describe your world with precision.

  • Identify the correct relative pronouns for people and objects.
  • Construct defining relative clauses to clarify your meaning.
  • Apply the 'that' shortcut to sound more natural in conversation.
Connect your world with confidence.

O que você vai aprender

Want to describe the world around you more smoothly? Get ready to master relative pronouns like 'who' and 'which', and even learn a clever shortcut for 'that'! You'll soon connect your thoughts effortlessly and sound much more natural.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Use relative pronouns to describe people and objects in a professional context.

Guia do capítulo

Overview

Do you ever find yourself struggling to clearly identify people or describe objects when speaking English? Mastering how to connect your thoughts smoothly is a game-changer for B1 English grammar, especially when you want to sound more natural and confident. This guide will help you precisely identify people and things, making your descriptions effortless and your communication much clearer.
You'll learn the specific uses of who, which, and that – these are your secret weapons for building more sophisticated sentences. We’ll also explore defining relative clauses, which act like essential ID tags for the nouns you're talking about, and even uncover a clever shortcut that native speakers use all the time! Get ready to polish your English identifying people and things skills and impress with your improved fluency.

How This Grammar Works

At the heart of identifying people and things smoothly are relative pronouns. They act like bridges, connecting extra information to a noun. For people, we almost exclusively use who.
For example,
The woman who answered the phone was very helpful.
Here, who connects answered the phone to The woman, telling us exactly *which* woman. When you're talking about things or even animals, which is your go-to.
I found the book which you lent me yesterday.
This tells us specifically *which* book.
Now, for a versatile option: that. You can use that for *both* people and things, but only in defining relative clauses. These clauses provide essential information about the noun; without them, the sentence’s meaning would change or be unclear.
They *never* take commas. For instance,
The student that won the award studied very hard
(referring to a person). Or,
This is the car that needs to be repaired
(referring to a thing).
A key distinction comes with dropping these pronouns. When the relative pronoun (like who, which, or that) is the subject of the relative clause – meaning it performs the action – you cannot drop it. Look at
The chef who cooked our meal is famous.
Who is the subject of cooked, so it must stay.
However, you *can* drop the relative pronoun when it's the object of the verb in the relative clause. This is the that shortcut. For example,
This is the movie (that) I watched last night.
Here, that is the object of watched (I watched *that* movie), so it can be omitted. This makes your English sound much more fluid and natural.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ The person which called me was my sister.
✓ The person who called me was my sister.
*Explanation:* Remember to always use who when referring to people. Which is for things or animals.
  1. 1✗ The report I wrote was very long. (Intended as subject pronoun omitted)
✓ The report that I wrote was very long. OR The report which I wrote was very long.
*Explanation:* While you *can* drop object relative pronouns, you cannot drop a subject relative pronoun. If the pronoun is followed by a verb (e.g.,
The car *that* *is* parked outside...
), it's the subject and cannot be omitted. In the corrected example, 'I' is the subject of 'wrote', so the relative pronoun 'that' or 'which' is the object and *can* be dropped (making
The report I wrote was very long
also correct, but the mistake here was thinking it was a subject pronoun drop). A better example of a subject drop mistake:
✗ The dog barked loudly chased the squirrel.
✓ The dog that barked loudly chased the squirrel.
*Explanation:* Here, that is the subject of barked and performs the action, so it cannot be dropped.
  1. 1✗ My new phone, that I bought yesterday, is very fast.
✓ My new phone, which I bought yesterday, is very fast.
*Explanation:* The pronoun that is typically used only in *defining* relative clauses (no commas). If the information is extra or non-essential (often indicated by commas), use which.

Real Conversations

A

A

Hey, do you know the student who just presented the project?
B

B

Yes, she’s the one that I mentioned yesterday, the one who helped me with my research.
A

A

Did you find the keys which you lost this morning?
B

B

Not yet! I’m looking for the bag that I took to the gym. I think they might be inside.
A

A

Have you met our new team member? She's the person who designed the new website layout.
B

B

Oh, yes! I heard about the fantastic work (that) she did. Her portfolio, which I saw online, was very impressive.

Quick FAQ

Q

When can I drop 'that' or 'which' in a sentence?

You can drop that or which when they are the object of the verb in the relative clause. For example,

This is the book (that) I read.
Here, 'I' is the subject of 'read', so 'that' is the object and can be omitted.

Q

Is 'that' always interchangeable with 'who' or 'which'?

Not always! While that can often replace who or which in *defining* clauses, it cannot be used in *non-defining* clauses (those with commas). Also, who is exclusively for people, and which for things (especially in formal contexts or non-defining clauses).

Q

Do defining relative clauses need commas?

No, defining relative clauses never use commas. They provide essential information that identifies the noun, and the sentence's meaning would change or be unclear without them.

Q

Can I use 'which' for animals?

Yes, you can use which for animals, especially when you are referring to them as things rather than giving them human-like qualities. For example,

The dog which won the race was very fast.

Cultural Context

Native English speakers use these relative pronoun patterns constantly in daily communication. You'll often hear that used quite broadly for both people and things in informal speech, even when who or which would be grammatically correct. The dropping the pronoun shortcut is extremely common in spoken English when the pronoun is the object – it makes sentences flow much more naturally and quickly. While formal writing might prefer who for people and which for things (especially in non-defining clauses), in casual conversation, don't be surprised to hear more flexibility.

Exemplos-chave (8)

1

Do you know the student `who` sits in the front row?

Você conhece o estudante que senta na primeira fila?

Pronomes Relativos: Usando 'Who' para Pessoas
2

I just talked to the customer service rep `who` helped me with my order.

Acabei de falar com o representante do serviço de atendimento ao cliente que me ajudou com meu pedido.

Pronomes Relativos: Usando 'Who' para Pessoas
3

The phone `which is ringing` is mine.

O telefone que está tocando é meu.

Pronomes Relativos: 'Which' para Coisas
4

She bought a dress `which was on sale`.

Ela comprou um vestido que estava em oferta.

Pronomes Relativos: 'Which' para Coisas
5

This is the app that helps me learn Spanish.

Esta é a aplicação que me ajuda a aprender espanhol.

Pronomes Relativos: Usando 'That' para Pessoas e Coisas
6

The student that asked the question got extra credit.

O estudante que fez a pergunta ganhou um crédito extra.

Pronomes Relativos: Usando 'That' para Pessoas e Coisas
7

The barista who made my coffee smiled.

O barista que fez meu café sorriu.

Orações Relativas Restritivas: Identificando Pessoas e Coisas
8

I bought the shoes that were on sale.

Comprei os sapatos que estavam em promoção.

Orações Relativas Restritivas: Identificando Pessoas e Coisas

Dicas e truques (4)

💡

Pessoas usam 'who', coisas usam 'which'.

É uma regrinha básica, mas super importante! Se você está falando de um ser humano, sempre use 'who'. Para objetos, ideias, ou animais (a não ser que você esteja personificando), use 'which'.
I saw the dog which barked loudly.
(Mas se o cachorro for seu filho, pode ser 'who'! 😉)
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pronomes Relativos: Usando 'Who' para Pessoas
💡

Mais Clareza com 'Which'

Use 'which' para dizer exatamente QUAL coisa você está falando, principalmente se tiver várias opções. Ajuda a sua frase ficar muito mais clara:
This is the key which opens the main door.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pronomes Relativos: 'Which' para Coisas
💡

Pense em 'Informação Essencial'

Se a oração que começa com 'that' dá uma informação absolutamente vital para identificar o substantivo, você tá no caminho certo. Se você pode remover a oração e a frase ainda faz sentido, 'that' provavelmente está incorreto.
The student that asked the question got extra credit.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pronomes Relativos: Usando 'That' para Pessoas e Coisas
💡

Mantenha o Essencial

Se você tirar essa parte da frase e a informação principal perder o sentido, então você está diante de uma oração relativa definidora. Pense assim: se o sentido da frase fica confuso sem ela, é porque ela é fundamental. Por exemplo,
The book that I read was good
- se tirar 'that I read', não sabemos qual livro.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Orações Relativas Restritivas: Identificando Pessoas e Coisas

Vocabulário-chave (5)

Identify to distinguish Relative connected to Pronoun word replacing a noun Clause part of a sentence Omit to leave out

Real-World Preview

briefcase

Office Introduction

Review Summary

  • Person + who + verb
  • Thing + which + verb
  • Noun + (that/which) + Subject + Verb

Erros comuns

Use 'who' for people, not 'which'.

Wrong: The man which lives there.
Correto: The man who lives there.

Don't repeat the object pronoun (it).

Wrong: The car that I like it is red.
Correto: The car that I like is red.

Avoid redundant pronouns in relative clauses.

Wrong: The person that I met him.
Correto: The person that I met.

Regras neste capítulo (6)

Next Steps

You are doing amazing work! Keep practicing these structures and you will be a fluent speaker in no time.

Write a paragraph describing your favorite room.

Prática rápida (10)

Encontre e corrija o erro na frase.

Find and fix the mistake:

The book which was missing found its way back.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The book that was missing found its way back.
A frase original está correta! 'Which' não pode ser omitido porque é o sujeito de 'was missing'. A opção com 'that' também está correta, já que 'that' pode substituir 'which' em orações definidoras. Ambos estão corretos para esta situação.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Não Deixe Cair o Sujeito: Pronomes Relativos (who, which, that)

Encontre e corrija o erro:

Find and fix the mistake:

The person which called me was very rude.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The person who called me was very rude.
'Which' é usado para coisas, animais ou ideias. Para pessoas, você deve usar 'who'. Fica de olho!

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pronomes Relativos: 'Which' para Coisas

Encontre e corrija o erro na frase.

Find and fix the mistake:

The person, that gave me advice, was very helpful.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The person, who gave me advice, was very helpful.
As vírgulas indicam uma oração não restritiva (informação extra), então 'that' está incorreto. 'Who' é usado para pessoas em orações não restritivas.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pronomes Relativos: Usando 'That' para Pessoas e Coisas

Qual frase usa corretamente um pronome relativo como sujeito?

Escolha a frase correta:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The car which broke down is mine.
'Which' é o sujeito de 'broke down' e não pode ser omitido. As outras opções estão gramaticalmente incorretas.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Não Deixe Cair o Sujeito: Pronomes Relativos (who, which, that)

Qual frase usa 'that' corretamente?

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: She's the friend that lives across the street.
'That' pode se referir corretamente a pessoas em orações restritivas, e nenhuma vírgula é necessária porque a informação é essencial.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pronomes Relativos: Usando 'That' para Pessoas e Coisas

Qual frase está correta?

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The car which broke down needed repairs.
'Which' se refere corretamente a 'the car', um objeto inanimado, e a oração segue imediatamente o substantivo. Perfeito!

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pronomes Relativos: 'Which' para Coisas

Escolha a forma correta:

I need the book ___ is on the top shelf.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: which
O livro é uma coisa, então 'which' é o pronome relativo correto aqui. Fácil!

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pronomes Relativos: 'Which' para Coisas

Escolha o pronome relativo correto.

This is the phone ___ I bought yesterday.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: that
'That' é usado aqui porque 'the phone' (o telefone) é uma coisa, e a oração fornece informações essenciais para identificá-lo.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pronomes Relativos: Usando 'That' para Pessoas e Coisas

Qual frase usa ou omite corretamente o pronome relativo?

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The food that tastes good is often unhealthy.
Na frase correta, 'that' é o sujeito de 'tastes good', então ele deve ser mantido. Você não pode omitir o sujeito de uma oração relativa. Perfeito!

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Omissão de Pronomes Relativos (o atalho 'that')

Encontre e corrija o erro na frase.

Find and fix the mistake:

The person stole my wallet ran away.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The person who stole my wallet ran away.
'The person' é o sujeito de 'stole'. Você não pode omitir o pronome relativo ('who' ou 'that') quando ele é o sujeito da oração relativa. Olho vivo!

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Omissão de Pronomes Relativos (o atalho 'that')

Score: /10

Perguntas comuns (6)

Um pronome relativo conecta uma oração (um grupo de palavras com sujeito e verbo) a um substantivo ou pronome. Ele introduz informações adicionais sobre esse substantivo, como em 'The student who studies hard gets good grades'.
O 'who' foi feito especialmente para se referir a pessoas! Ele nos ajuda a evitar repetir substantivos e deixa as frases mais diretas quando descrevemos sujeitos humanos, tipo em 'That's the guy who lives upstairs'.
'Which' conecta duas orações se referindo a um substantivo que é uma coisa, um animal ou uma ideia. Ele ajuda a adicionar informações específicas e descritivas sobre esse substantivo, como em
I bought a book which was recommended.
Sempre use 'which' para coisas, animais e ideias. Reserve 'who' exclusivamente para pessoas. Confundir os dois (por exemplo,
The dog who barked
) é um erro comum e soa artificial.
'That' conecta uma oração principal a uma oração relativa restritiva, fornecendo informações essenciais para identificar o substantivo anterior. É como apontar com precisão:
This is the car that has the flat tire.
Sim, com certeza! Esta é uma das maiores vantagens do 'that'. Você pode dizer
the person that called
ou
the email that arrived
sem mudar o pronome.