Identifying People and Things
Chapter in 30 Seconds
Unlock the power of relative clauses to connect your ideas and describe your world with precision.
- Identify the correct relative pronouns for people and objects.
- Construct defining relative clauses to clarify your meaning.
- Apply the 'that' shortcut to sound more natural in conversation.
O que você vai aprender
Want to describe the world around you more smoothly? Get ready to master relative pronouns like 'who' and 'which', and even learn a clever shortcut for 'that'! You'll soon connect your thoughts effortlessly and sound much more natural.
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Pronomes Relativos: Usando 'Who' para PessoasUse o 'who' para adicionar detalhes importantes sobre pessoas de forma fluida e clara, deixando seu inglês mais
naturalepreciso. -
Pronomes Relativos: 'Which' para CoisasUse o
whichpra adicionar informaçõesessenciaisenaturaissobrecoisas,animaiseideias. -
Pronomes Relativos: Usando 'That' para Pessoas e Coisas'That' é seu amigo versátil para definir
peopleethingsno inglês do dia a dia. -
Orações Relativas Restritivas: Identificando Pessoas e CoisasAs orações relativas definidoras servem para identificar de forma exata *qual* pessoa ou coisa você está se referindo. Elas
apontameespecificam. -
Não Deixe Cair o Sujeito: Pronomes Relativos (who, which, that)Nunca esqueça do 'who', 'which' ou 'that' quando eles são o 'sujeito' da oração relativa! Eles são 'indispensáveis'!
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Omissão de Pronomes Relativos (o atalho 'that')Olha só, você vai parecer muito mais natural quando 'sumir' com o 'that' quando ele for o objeto da sua oração relativa. É um atalho para soar mais
naturalefluenteno inglês de verdade. Superfácil!
Learning Objectives
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
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1
By the end you will be able to: Use relative pronouns to describe people and objects in a professional context.
Guia do capítulo
Overview
ID tags for the nouns you're talking about, and even uncover a clever shortcut that native speakers use all the time! Get ready to polish your English identifying people and things skills and impress with your improved fluency.How This Grammar Works
The woman who answered the phone was very helpful.Here, who connects
answered the phone to The woman, telling us exactly *which* woman. When you're talking about things or even animals, which is your go-to. I found the book which you lent me yesterday.This tells us specifically *which* book.
The student that won the award studied very hard(referring to a person). Or,
This is the car that needs to be repaired(referring to a thing).
The chef who cooked our meal is famous.Who is the subject of
cooked, so it must stay.that shortcut. For example, This is the movie (that) I watched last night.Here, that is the object of
watched (I watched *that* movie), so it can be omitted. This makes your English sound much more fluid and natural.Common Mistakes
- 1✗ The person which called me was my sister.
- 1✗ The report I wrote was very long. (Intended as subject pronoun omitted)
The car *that* *is* parked outside...), it's the subject and cannot be omitted. In the corrected example, 'I' is the subject of 'wrote', so the relative pronoun 'that' or 'which' is the object and *can* be dropped (making
The report I wrote was very longalso correct, but the mistake here was thinking it was a subject pronoun drop). A better example of a subject drop mistake:
that is the subject of barked and performs the action, so it cannot be dropped.- 1✗ My new phone, that I bought yesterday, is very fast.
Real Conversations
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Quick FAQ
When can I drop 'that' or 'which' in a sentence?
You can drop that or which when they are the object of the verb in the relative clause. For example,
This is the book (that) I read.Here, 'I' is the subject of 'read', so 'that' is the object and can be omitted.
Is 'that' always interchangeable with 'who' or 'which'?
Not always! While that can often replace who or which in *defining* clauses, it cannot be used in *non-defining* clauses (those with commas). Also, who is exclusively for people, and which for things (especially in formal contexts or non-defining clauses).
Do defining relative clauses need commas?
No, defining relative clauses never use commas. They provide essential information that identifies the noun, and the sentence's meaning would change or be unclear without them.
Can I use 'which' for animals?
Yes, you can use which for animals, especially when you are referring to them as things rather than giving them human-like qualities. For example,
The dog which won the race was very fast.
Cultural Context
correct. The dropping the pronoun shortcut is extremely common in spoken English when the pronoun is the object – it makes sentences flow much more naturally and quickly. While formal writing might prefer who for people and which for things (especially in non-defining clauses), in casual conversation, don't be surprised to hear more flexibility.Exemplos-chave (8)
Do you know the student `who` sits in the front row?
Você conhece o estudante que senta na primeira fila?
Pronomes Relativos: Usando 'Who' para PessoasI just talked to the customer service rep `who` helped me with my order.
Acabei de falar com o representante do serviço de atendimento ao cliente que me ajudou com meu pedido.
Pronomes Relativos: Usando 'Who' para PessoasThe phone `which is ringing` is mine.
O telefone que está tocando é meu.
Pronomes Relativos: 'Which' para CoisasShe bought a dress `which was on sale`.
Ela comprou um vestido que estava em oferta.
Pronomes Relativos: 'Which' para CoisasThis is the app that helps me learn Spanish.
Esta é a aplicação que me ajuda a aprender espanhol.
Pronomes Relativos: Usando 'That' para Pessoas e CoisasThe student that asked the question got extra credit.
O estudante que fez a pergunta ganhou um crédito extra.
Pronomes Relativos: Usando 'That' para Pessoas e CoisasThe barista who made my coffee smiled.
O barista que fez meu café sorriu.
Orações Relativas Restritivas: Identificando Pessoas e CoisasI bought the shoes that were on sale.
Comprei os sapatos que estavam em promoção.
Orações Relativas Restritivas: Identificando Pessoas e CoisasDicas e truques (4)
Pessoas usam 'who', coisas usam 'which'.
I saw the dog which barked loudly.(Mas se o cachorro for seu filho, pode ser 'who'! 😉)
Mais Clareza com 'Which'
This is the key which opens the main door.
Pense em 'Informação Essencial'
The student that asked the question got extra credit.
Mantenha o Essencial
The book that I read was good- se tirar 'that I read', não sabemos qual livro.
Vocabulário-chave (5)
Real-World Preview
Office Introduction
Review Summary
- Person + who + verb
- Thing + which + verb
- Noun + (that/which) + Subject + Verb
Erros comuns
Use 'who' for people, not 'which'.
Don't repeat the object pronoun (it).
Avoid redundant pronouns in relative clauses.
Regras neste capítulo (6)
Next Steps
You are doing amazing work! Keep practicing these structures and you will be a fluent speaker in no time.
Write a paragraph describing your favorite room.
Prática rápida (10)
Find and fix the mistake:
The book which was missing found its way back.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Não Deixe Cair o Sujeito: Pronomes Relativos (who, which, that)
Find and fix the mistake:
The person which called me was very rude.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pronomes Relativos: 'Which' para Coisas
Find and fix the mistake:
The person, that gave me advice, was very helpful.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pronomes Relativos: Usando 'That' para Pessoas e Coisas
Escolha a frase correta:
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Não Deixe Cair o Sujeito: Pronomes Relativos (who, which, that)
Choose the correct sentence:
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pronomes Relativos: Usando 'That' para Pessoas e Coisas
Choose the correct sentence:
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pronomes Relativos: 'Which' para Coisas
I need the book ___ is on the top shelf.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pronomes Relativos: 'Which' para Coisas
This is the phone ___ I bought yesterday.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pronomes Relativos: Usando 'That' para Pessoas e Coisas
Choose the correct sentence:
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Omissão de Pronomes Relativos (o atalho 'that')
Find and fix the mistake:
The person stole my wallet ran away.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Omissão de Pronomes Relativos (o atalho 'that')
Score: /10
Perguntas comuns (6)
I bought a book which was recommended.
The dog who barked) é um erro comum e soa artificial.
This is the car that has the flat tire.
the person that calledou
the email that arrivedsem mudar o pronome.