Identifying People and Things
Chapter in 30 Seconds
Unlock the power of relative clauses to connect your ideas and describe your world with precision.
- Identify the correct relative pronouns for people and objects.
- Construct defining relative clauses to clarify your meaning.
- Apply the 'that' shortcut to sound more natural in conversation.
ما ستتعلمه
Want to describe the world around you more smoothly? Get ready to master relative pronouns like 'who' and 'which', and even learn a clever shortcut for 'that'! You'll soon connect your thoughts effortlessly and sound much more natural.
-
الضمائر الموصولة: استخدام 'Who' للأشخاصيا بطل! عندك أداة سحرية هي 'who' عشان تضيف تفاصيل أساسية عن الأشخاص بسلاسة، وهيك بتخلي إنجليزيتك طبيعية وواضحة. تذكر:
Whofor people! -
الضمائر الوصلية: 'Which' للأشياءيلّا، عندك أداة سحرية عشان تضيف معلومات مهمة وطبيعية عن الأشياء، الحيوانات، أو الأفكار. فكر فيها كـ
add detailوconnect ideasوsound natural. -
الضمائر الوصلية: استخدام 'That' للأشخاص والأشياءيا صديقي، 'that' هو رفيقك المرن اللي بيساعدك تحدد الأشخاص و«الأشياء» في الإنجليزية اليومية. هو «متعدد الاستخدامات» و«أساسي» للجمل التعريفية.
-
جمل الوصل المحددة: تحديد الأشخاص والأشياءعبارات الوصل التعريفية هي مفتاحك لتحديد «أي شخص» أو «أي شيء» تتحدث عنه بالضبط. إنها «توضح» و «تحدد» المعنى تمامًا.
-
لا تسقط الفاعل: الضمائر الموصولة (who, which, that)ما تحذفش أبداً 'who', 'which', 'that' لما بيكونوا فاعل الجملة الوصفية! 'Subject' ما بيوقعش.
-
إسقاط الضمائر الموصولة (اختصار 'that')عايز تتكلم إنجليزي زي أهل اللغة؟ إحذف 'that' لما يكون مفعول به. الأمر 'بسيط' جداً!
Learning Objectives
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
-
1
By the end you will be able to: Use relative pronouns to describe people and objects in a professional context.
دليل الفصل
نظرة عامة
ID tags for the nouns you're talking about, and even uncover a clever shortcut that native speakers use all the time! Get ready to polish your English identifying people and things skills and impress with your improved fluency.كيف تعمل هذه القاعدة
The woman who answered the phone was very helpful.Here, who connects
answered the phone to The woman, telling us exactly *which* woman. When you're talking about things or even animals, which is your go-to. I found the book which you lent me yesterday.This tells us specifically *which* book.
The student that won the award studied very hard(referring to a person). Or,
This is the car that needs to be repaired(referring to a thing).
The chef who cooked our meal is famous.Who is the subject of
cooked, so it must stay.that shortcut. For example, This is the movie (that) I watched last night.Here, that is the object of
watched (I watched *that* movie), so it can be omitted. This makes your English sound much more fluid and natural.الأخطاء الشائعة
- 1✗ The person which called me was my sister.
- 1✗ The report I wrote was very long. (Intended as subject pronoun omitted)
The car *that* *is* parked outside...), it's the subject and cannot be omitted. In the corrected example, 'I' is the subject of 'wrote', so the relative pronoun 'that' or 'which' is the object and *can* be dropped (making
The report I wrote was very longalso correct, but the mistake here was thinking it was a subject pronoun drop). A better example of a subject drop mistake:
that is the subject of barked and performs the action, so it cannot be dropped.- 1✗ My new phone, that I bought yesterday, is very fast.
محادثات حقيقية
A
B
A
B
A
B
أسئلة شائعة
When can I drop 'that' or 'which' in a sentence?
You can drop that or which when they are the object of the verb in the relative clause. For example,
This is the book (that) I read.Here, 'I' is the subject of 'read', so 'that' is the object and can be omitted.
Is 'that' always interchangeable with 'who' or 'which'?
Not always! While that can often replace who or which in *defining* clauses, it cannot be used in *non-defining* clauses (those with commas). Also, who is exclusively for people, and which for things (especially in formal contexts or non-defining clauses).
Do defining relative clauses need commas?
No, defining relative clauses never use commas. They provide essential information that identifies the noun, and the sentence's meaning would change or be unclear without them.
Can I use 'which' for animals?
Yes, you can use which for animals, especially when you are referring to them as things rather than giving them human-like qualities. For example,
The dog which won the race was very fast.
السياق الثقافي
correct. The dropping the pronoun shortcut is extremely common in spoken English when the pronoun is the object – it makes sentences flow much more naturally and quickly. While formal writing might prefer who for people and which for things (especially in non-defining clauses), in casual conversation, don't be surprised to hear more flexibility.أمثلة رئيسية (8)
Do you know the student `who` sits in the front row?
هل تعرف الطالب الذي يجلس في الصف الأمامي؟
الضمائر الموصولة: استخدام 'Who' للأشخاصI just talked to the customer service rep `who` helped me with my order.
لقد تحدثت للتو مع ممثل خدمة العملاء الذي ساعدني في طلبي.
الضمائر الموصولة: استخدام 'Who' للأشخاصShe bought a dress `which was on sale`.
اشترت فستاناً كان عليه تخفيض.
الضمائر الوصلية: 'Which' للأشياءThis is the app that helps me learn Spanish.
هذا هو التطبيق الذي يساعدني على تعلم الإسبانية.
الضمائر الوصلية: استخدام 'That' للأشخاص والأشياءThe student that asked the question got extra credit.
الطالب الذي سأل السؤال حصل على درجات إضافية.
الضمائر الوصلية: استخدام 'That' للأشخاص والأشياءThe barista who made my coffee smiled.
الباريستا الذي صنع قهوتي ابتسم.
جمل الوصل المحددة: تحديد الأشخاص والأشياءI bought the shoes that were on sale.
اشتريت الحذاء الذي كان معروضًا للبيع.
جمل الوصل المحددة: تحديد الأشخاص والأشياءنصائح وحيل (4)
للأشخاص 'who'، وللأشياء 'which'.
The man who works here is friendly.vs.
The book which I read was interesting.
Which للوضوح
I want the book which is on the table.
فكر في 'المعلومة الأساسية'
The car that is red is mine.(هنا 'that is red' معلومة أساسية).
أبقها أساسية
The student who studies hard will succeed.
المفردات الرئيسية (5)
Real-World Preview
Office Introduction
Review Summary
- Person + who + verb
- Thing + which + verb
- Noun + (that/which) + Subject + Verb
أخطاء شائعة
Use 'who' for people, not 'which'.
Don't repeat the object pronoun (it).
Avoid redundant pronouns in relative clauses.
القواعد في هذا الفصل (6)
Next Steps
You are doing amazing work! Keep practicing these structures and you will be a fluent speaker in no time.
Write a paragraph describing your favorite room.
تدريب سريع (10)
اختر الجملة الصحيحة:
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: الضمائر الوصلية: استخدام 'That' للأشخاص والأشياء
Find and fix the mistake:
The book which was missing found its way back.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: لا تسقط الفاعل: الضمائر الموصولة (who, which, that)
Find and fix the mistake:
The person which called me was very rude.
Which يُستخدم للأشياء، الحيوانات، أو الأفكار. للأشخاص، يجب أن تستخدم who.frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: الضمائر الوصلية: 'Which' للأشياء
This is the phone ___ I bought yesterday.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: الضمائر الوصلية: استخدام 'That' للأشخاص والأشياء
The painter ___ lives next door is very famous.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: لا تسقط الفاعل: الضمائر الموصولة (who, which, that)
Find and fix the mistake:
The person stole my wallet ran away.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: إسقاط الضمائر الموصولة (اختصار 'that')
I need the book ___ is on the top shelf.
which هو الضمير الموصول الصحيح هنا.frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: الضمائر الوصلية: 'Which' للأشياء
اختر الجملة الصحيحة:
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: لا تسقط الفاعل: الضمائر الموصولة (who, which, that)
Choose the correct sentence:
Which يشير بشكل صحيح إلى 'the car'، وهو شيء غير عاقل، والجملة تتبع الاسم مباشرة.frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: الضمائر الوصلية: 'Which' للأشياء
Find and fix the mistake:
That's the movie star which played my favorite superhero.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: الضمائر الموصولة: استخدام 'Who' للأشخاص
Score: /10
أسئلة شائعة (6)
The student who studies hard gets good grades.
I bought a book which was recommended..
The dog who barked) غلطة شائعة وبيخلي الجملة تبدو غير طبيعية.
This is the car that has the flat tire.
the person that calledأو
the email that arrivedبدون تغيير الضمير.