B1 · متوسط فصل 9

Identifying People and Things

6 القواعد الإجمالية
70 أمثلة
6 دقيقة

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Unlock the power of relative clauses to connect your ideas and describe your world with precision.

  • Identify the correct relative pronouns for people and objects.
  • Construct defining relative clauses to clarify your meaning.
  • Apply the 'that' shortcut to sound more natural in conversation.
Connect your world with confidence.

ما ستتعلمه

Want to describe the world around you more smoothly? Get ready to master relative pronouns like 'who' and 'which', and even learn a clever shortcut for 'that'! You'll soon connect your thoughts effortlessly and sound much more natural.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Use relative pronouns to describe people and objects in a professional context.

دليل الفصل

نظرة عامة

Do you ever find yourself struggling to clearly identify people or describe objects when speaking English? Mastering how to connect your thoughts smoothly is a game-changer for B1 English grammar, especially when you want to sound more natural and confident. This guide will help you precisely identify people and things, making your descriptions effortless and your communication much clearer.
You'll learn the specific uses of who, which, and that – these are your secret weapons for building more sophisticated sentences. We’ll also explore defining relative clauses, which act like essential ID tags for the nouns you're talking about, and even uncover a clever shortcut that native speakers use all the time! Get ready to polish your English identifying people and things skills and impress with your improved fluency.

كيف تعمل هذه القاعدة

At the heart of identifying people and things smoothly are relative pronouns. They act like bridges, connecting extra information to a noun. For people, we almost exclusively use who.
For example,
The woman who answered the phone was very helpful.
Here, who connects answered the phone to The woman, telling us exactly *which* woman. When you're talking about things or even animals, which is your go-to.
I found the book which you lent me yesterday.
This tells us specifically *which* book.
Now, for a versatile option: that. You can use that for *both* people and things, but only in defining relative clauses. These clauses provide essential information about the noun; without them, the sentence’s meaning would change or be unclear.
They *never* take commas. For instance,
The student that won the award studied very hard
(referring to a person). Or,
This is the car that needs to be repaired
(referring to a thing).
A key distinction comes with dropping these pronouns. When the relative pronoun (like who, which, or that) is the subject of the relative clause – meaning it performs the action – you cannot drop it. Look at
The chef who cooked our meal is famous.
Who is the subject of cooked, so it must stay.
However, you *can* drop the relative pronoun when it's the object of the verb in the relative clause. This is the that shortcut. For example,
This is the movie (that) I watched last night.
Here, that is the object of watched (I watched *that* movie), so it can be omitted. This makes your English sound much more fluid and natural.

الأخطاء الشائعة

  1. 1✗ The person which called me was my sister.
✓ The person who called me was my sister.
*Explanation:* Remember to always use who when referring to people. Which is for things or animals.
  1. 1✗ The report I wrote was very long. (Intended as subject pronoun omitted)
✓ The report that I wrote was very long. OR The report which I wrote was very long.
*Explanation:* While you *can* drop object relative pronouns, you cannot drop a subject relative pronoun. If the pronoun is followed by a verb (e.g.,
The car *that* *is* parked outside...
), it's the subject and cannot be omitted. In the corrected example, 'I' is the subject of 'wrote', so the relative pronoun 'that' or 'which' is the object and *can* be dropped (making
The report I wrote was very long
also correct, but the mistake here was thinking it was a subject pronoun drop). A better example of a subject drop mistake:
✗ The dog barked loudly chased the squirrel.
✓ The dog that barked loudly chased the squirrel.
*Explanation:* Here, that is the subject of barked and performs the action, so it cannot be dropped.
  1. 1✗ My new phone, that I bought yesterday, is very fast.
✓ My new phone, which I bought yesterday, is very fast.
*Explanation:* The pronoun that is typically used only in *defining* relative clauses (no commas). If the information is extra or non-essential (often indicated by commas), use which.

محادثات حقيقية

A

A

Hey, do you know the student who just presented the project?
B

B

Yes, she’s the one that I mentioned yesterday, the one who helped me with my research.
A

A

Did you find the keys which you lost this morning?
B

B

Not yet! I’m looking for the bag that I took to the gym. I think they might be inside.
A

A

Have you met our new team member? She's the person who designed the new website layout.
B

B

Oh, yes! I heard about the fantastic work (that) she did. Her portfolio, which I saw online, was very impressive.

أسئلة شائعة

Q

When can I drop 'that' or 'which' in a sentence?

You can drop that or which when they are the object of the verb in the relative clause. For example,

This is the book (that) I read.
Here, 'I' is the subject of 'read', so 'that' is the object and can be omitted.

Q

Is 'that' always interchangeable with 'who' or 'which'?

Not always! While that can often replace who or which in *defining* clauses, it cannot be used in *non-defining* clauses (those with commas). Also, who is exclusively for people, and which for things (especially in formal contexts or non-defining clauses).

Q

Do defining relative clauses need commas?

No, defining relative clauses never use commas. They provide essential information that identifies the noun, and the sentence's meaning would change or be unclear without them.

Q

Can I use 'which' for animals?

Yes, you can use which for animals, especially when you are referring to them as things rather than giving them human-like qualities. For example,

The dog which won the race was very fast.

السياق الثقافي

Native English speakers use these relative pronoun patterns constantly in daily communication. You'll often hear that used quite broadly for both people and things in informal speech, even when who or which would be grammatically correct. The dropping the pronoun shortcut is extremely common in spoken English when the pronoun is the object – it makes sentences flow much more naturally and quickly. While formal writing might prefer who for people and which for things (especially in non-defining clauses), in casual conversation, don't be surprised to hear more flexibility.

أمثلة رئيسية (8)

1

Do you know the student `who` sits in the front row?

هل تعرف الطالب الذي يجلس في الصف الأمامي؟

الضمائر الموصولة: استخدام 'Who' للأشخاص
2

I just talked to the customer service rep `who` helped me with my order.

لقد تحدثت للتو مع ممثل خدمة العملاء الذي ساعدني في طلبي.

الضمائر الموصولة: استخدام 'Who' للأشخاص
3

The phone `which is ringing` is mine.

الهاتف الذي يرن هو ملكي.

الضمائر الوصلية: 'Which' للأشياء
4

She bought a dress `which was on sale`.

اشترت فستاناً كان عليه تخفيض.

الضمائر الوصلية: 'Which' للأشياء
5

This is the app that helps me learn Spanish.

هذا هو التطبيق الذي يساعدني على تعلم الإسبانية.

الضمائر الوصلية: استخدام 'That' للأشخاص والأشياء
6

The student that asked the question got extra credit.

الطالب الذي سأل السؤال حصل على درجات إضافية.

الضمائر الوصلية: استخدام 'That' للأشخاص والأشياء
7

The barista who made my coffee smiled.

الباريستا الذي صنع قهوتي ابتسم.

جمل الوصل المحددة: تحديد الأشخاص والأشياء
8

I bought the shoes that were on sale.

اشتريت الحذاء الذي كان معروضًا للبيع.

جمل الوصل المحددة: تحديد الأشخاص والأشياء

نصائح وحيل (4)

💡

للأشخاص 'who'، وللأشياء 'which'.

هاي قاعدة بسيطة بس أهم شي! إذا بتحكي عن إنسان، دائمًا اختار 'who'. أما للأشياء، الأفكار، أو الحيوانات (إلا إذا كنت بتعطيها صفات بشرية)، استخدم 'which'.
The man who works here is friendly.
vs.
The book which I read was interesting.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: الضمائر الموصولة: استخدام 'Who' للأشخاص
💡

Which للوضوح

تخيل إن عندك كذا كتاب وعايز تقول أي واحد فيهم. استخدم 'which' عشان تحدد بالضبط أي شيء تقصده، خصوصاً لو فيه كذا احتمال. بيخلي كلامك واضح وما فيهوش أي لبس.
I want the book which is on the table.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: الضمائر الوصلية: 'Which' للأشياء
💡

فكر في 'المعلومة الأساسية'

لو الجملة اللي بتبدأ بـ 'that' بتعطي معلومة ضرورية جداً عشان تحدد الاسم، يبقى أنت ماشي صح. لو تقدر تشيل الجملة والمعنى يفضل واضح، فغالباً 'that' مش صحيحة هنا. مثلاً:
The car that is red is mine.
(هنا 'that is red' معلومة أساسية).
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: الضمائر الوصلية: استخدام 'That' للأشخاص والأشياء
💡

أبقها أساسية

تخيل أنك حذفت العبارة الوصفية من جملتك، هل المعنى أصبح غامضًا؟ إذا كانت الإجابة نعم، فأنت أمام جملة وصفية تعريفية لا يمكن الاستغناء عنها، فهي ليست معلومات إضافية فحسب؛ إنها «جوهر» المعلومة!
The student who studies hard will succeed.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: جمل الوصل المحددة: تحديد الأشخاص والأشياء

المفردات الرئيسية (5)

Identify to distinguish Relative connected to Pronoun word replacing a noun Clause part of a sentence Omit to leave out

Real-World Preview

briefcase

Office Introduction

Review Summary

  • Person + who + verb
  • Thing + which + verb
  • Noun + (that/which) + Subject + Verb

أخطاء شائعة

Use 'who' for people, not 'which'.

Wrong: The man which lives there.
صحيح: The man who lives there.

Don't repeat the object pronoun (it).

Wrong: The car that I like it is red.
صحيح: The car that I like is red.

Avoid redundant pronouns in relative clauses.

Wrong: The person that I met him.
صحيح: The person that I met.

القواعد في هذا الفصل (6)

Next Steps

You are doing amazing work! Keep practicing these structures and you will be a fluent speaker in no time.

Write a paragraph describing your favorite room.

تدريب سريع (10)

أي جملة تستخدم 'that' بشكل صحيح؟

اختر الجملة الصحيحة:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: She's the friend that lives across the street.
'That' يمكن أن تشير بشكل صحيح إلى الأشخاص في الجمل التعريفية، ولا توجد حاجة لفاصلة لأن المعلومة أساسية.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: الضمائر الوصلية: استخدام 'That' للأشخاص والأشياء

ابحث عن الخطأ وصححه.

Find and fix the mistake:

The book which was missing found its way back.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The book that was missing found its way back.
الجملة الأصلية صحيحة! 'which' لا يمكن حذفه لأنه فاعل 'was missing'. خيار 'that' صحيح أيضاً لأن 'that' يمكن أن يحل محل 'which' في الجمل التعريفية.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: لا تسقط الفاعل: الضمائر الموصولة (who, which, that)

ابحث عن الخطأ وصححه

Find and fix the mistake:

The person which called me was very rude.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The person who called me was very rude.
Which يُستخدم للأشياء، الحيوانات، أو الأفكار. للأشخاص، يجب أن تستخدم who.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: الضمائر الوصلية: 'Which' للأشياء

اختر ضمير الوصل الصحيح.

This is the phone ___ I bought yesterday.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: that
'That' تستخدم هنا لأن 'the phone' شيء، والجملة الفرعية بتقدم معلومة تعريفية أساسية.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: الضمائر الوصلية: استخدام 'That' للأشخاص والأشياء

اختر الضمير الوصلي الصحيح.

The painter ___ lives next door is very famous.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: who
'Painter' هو شخص، لذلك 'who' هو الضمير الوصلي الصحيح. وهو أيضاً فاعل الفعل 'lives'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: لا تسقط الفاعل: الضمائر الموصولة (who, which, that)

ابحث عن الخطأ وصححه في الجملة.

Find and fix the mistake:

The person stole my wallet ran away.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The person who stole my wallet ran away.
'The person' هو فاعل الفعل 'stole'. لا يمكنك حذف الضمير الوصلي ('who' أو 'that') عندما يكون هو فاعل الجملة الوصلية.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: إسقاط الضمائر الموصولة (اختصار 'that')

اختر الشكل الصحيح

I need the book ___ is on the top shelf.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: which
الكتاب شيء، لذا which هو الضمير الموصول الصحيح هنا.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: الضمائر الوصلية: 'Which' للأشياء

أي جملة تستخدم الضمير الوصلي كفاعل بشكل صحيح؟

اختر الجملة الصحيحة:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The car which broke down is mine.
'Which' هو فاعل 'broke down' ولا يمكن حذفه. الخيارات الأخرى غير صحيحة نحوياً.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: لا تسقط الفاعل: الضمائر الموصولة (who, which, that)

أي جملة صحيحة؟

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The car which broke down needed repairs.
Which يشير بشكل صحيح إلى 'the car'، وهو شيء غير عاقل، والجملة تتبع الاسم مباشرة.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: الضمائر الوصلية: 'Which' للأشياء

ابحث عن الخطأ وصححه.

Find and fix the mistake:

That's the movie star which played my favorite superhero.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: That's the movie star who played my favorite superhero.
'Which' تستخدم للأشياء، لكن 'movie star' هو شخص. لذلك، 'who' هو ضمير الوصل الصحيح.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: الضمائر الموصولة: استخدام 'Who' للأشخاص

Score: /10

أسئلة شائعة (6)

ضمير الوصل بيربط جملة (مجموعة كلمات فيها فاعل وفعل) باسم أو بضمير. بيضيف معلومات زيادة عن الاسم، زي بجملة
The student who studies hard gets good grades.
'Who' مصممة خصيصًا للإشارة للأشخاص. بتساعدنا نتجنب تكرار الأسماء وتخلي الجمل أقصر لما بنوصف فاعلين بشر، زي "That's the guy who lives upstairs."
الضمير 'which' بيربط بين جملتين عن طريق الإشارة لاسم (شيء، حيوان، أو فكرة) سبق ذكره. بيساعدك تضيف معلومات وصفية ومحددة عن هذا الاسم، زي في جملة
I bought a book which was recommended.
.
دائماً استخدم 'which' للأشياء، الحيوانات، والأفكار. وخلي 'who' حصرياً للأشخاص. الخلط بينهم (مثلاً:
The dog who barked
) غلطة شائعة وبيخلي الجملة تبدو غير طبيعية.
يربط 'that' الجملة الرئيسية بجملة الوصل التعريفية، وبيقدم معلومات أساسية ضرورية لتحديد الاسم اللي قبله. كأنك بتشاور بالظبط:
This is the car that has the flat tire.
نعم، بالتأكيد! هذه إحدى أكبر مزايا 'that'. يمكنك أن تقول
the person that called
أو
the email that arrived
بدون تغيير الضمير.