B1 · Intermédiaire Chapitre 9

Maitrise les descriptions : l'art de la fluidité

6 Règles totales
70 exemples
6 min

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Unlock the power of relative clauses to connect your ideas and describe your world with precision.

  • Identify the correct relative pronouns for people and objects.
  • Construct defining relative clauses to clarify your meaning.
  • Apply the 'that' shortcut to sound more natural in conversation.
Connect your world with confidence.

Ce que tu vas apprendre

Tu as déjà de bonnes bases en anglais, mais tu as l'impression de faire des phrases trop courtes ? Dans ce chapitre, on va transformer ton anglais en un flux naturel et précis grâce aux pronoms relatifs. Ce sont ces petits mots magiques comme **who**, **which** et **that** qui permettent de relier tes idées sans avoir à t'arrêter entre chaque phrase. Tu vas apprendre à identifier exactement de qui ou de quoi tu parles. Imagine que tu es en voyage et que tu doives décrire « l'appareil photo que j'ai acheté hier » ou expliquer à un ami « l'homme qui m'a aidé à la gare ». On verra comment utiliser **who** pour les personnes, **which** pour les objets, et le très polyvalent **that**. Le vrai secret des anglophones ? Savoir quand on peut carrément supprimer ces mots ! On explorera ensemble la règle d'or pour ne plus jamais se tromper : quand garder obligatoirement le pronom (lorsqu'il est sujet) et quand utiliser le « raccourci » en le supprimant pour sonner comme un vrai natif. À la fin de ce module, tu seras capable de construire des phrases complexes et élégantes avec une aisance totale. Prêt à donner du relief à tes conversations ? C'est parti !

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Use relative pronouns to describe people and objects in a professional context.

Guide du chapitre

Overview

Do you ever find yourself struggling to clearly identify people or describe objects when speaking English? Mastering how to connect your thoughts smoothly is a game-changer for B1 English grammar, especially when you want to sound more natural and confident. This guide will help you precisely identify people and things, making your descriptions effortless and your communication much clearer.
You'll learn the specific uses of who, which, and that – these are your secret weapons for building more sophisticated sentences. We’ll also explore defining relative clauses, which act like essential ID tags for the nouns you're talking about, and even uncover a clever shortcut that native speakers use all the time! Get ready to polish your English identifying people and things skills and impress with your improved fluency.

How This Grammar Works

At the heart of identifying people and things smoothly are relative pronouns. They act like bridges, connecting extra information to a noun. For people, we almost exclusively use who.
For example,
The woman who answered the phone was very helpful.
Here, who connects answered the phone to The woman, telling us exactly *which* woman. When you're talking about things or even animals, which is your go-to.
I found the book which you lent me yesterday.
This tells us specifically *which* book.
Now, for a versatile option: that. You can use that for *both* people and things, but only in defining relative clauses. These clauses provide essential information about the noun; without them, the sentence’s meaning would change or be unclear.
They *never* take commas. For instance,
The student that won the award studied very hard
(referring to a person). Or,
This is the car that needs to be repaired
(referring to a thing).
A key distinction comes with dropping these pronouns. When the relative pronoun (like who, which, or that) is the subject of the relative clause – meaning it performs the action – you cannot drop it. Look at
The chef who cooked our meal is famous.
Who is the subject of cooked, so it must stay.
However, you *can* drop the relative pronoun when it's the object of the verb in the relative clause. This is the that shortcut. For example,
This is the movie (that) I watched last night.
Here, that is the object of watched (I watched *that* movie), so it can be omitted. This makes your English sound much more fluid and natural.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ The person which called me was my sister.
✓ The person who called me was my sister.
*Explanation:* Remember to always use who when referring to people. Which is for things or animals.
  1. 1✗ The report I wrote was very long. (Intended as subject pronoun omitted)
✓ The report that I wrote was very long. OR The report which I wrote was very long.
*Explanation:* While you *can* drop object relative pronouns, you cannot drop a subject relative pronoun. If the pronoun is followed by a verb (e.g.,
The car *that* *is* parked outside...
), it's the subject and cannot be omitted. In the corrected example, 'I' is the subject of 'wrote', so the relative pronoun 'that' or 'which' is the object and *can* be dropped (making
The report I wrote was very long
also correct, but the mistake here was thinking it was a subject pronoun drop). A better example of a subject drop mistake:
✗ The dog barked loudly chased the squirrel.
✓ The dog that barked loudly chased the squirrel.
*Explanation:* Here, that is the subject of barked and performs the action, so it cannot be dropped.
  1. 1✗ My new phone, that I bought yesterday, is very fast.
✓ My new phone, which I bought yesterday, is very fast.
*Explanation:* The pronoun that is typically used only in *defining* relative clauses (no commas). If the information is extra or non-essential (often indicated by commas), use which.

Real Conversations

A

A

Hey, do you know the student who just presented the project?
B

B

Yes, she’s the one that I mentioned yesterday, the one who helped me with my research.
A

A

Did you find the keys which you lost this morning?
B

B

Not yet! I’m looking for the bag that I took to the gym. I think they might be inside.
A

A

Have you met our new team member? She's the person who designed the new website layout.
B

B

Oh, yes! I heard about the fantastic work (that) she did. Her portfolio, which I saw online, was very impressive.

Quick FAQ

Q

When can I drop 'that' or 'which' in a sentence?

You can drop that or which when they are the object of the verb in the relative clause. For example,

This is the book (that) I read.
Here, 'I' is the subject of 'read', so 'that' is the object and can be omitted.

Q

Is 'that' always interchangeable with 'who' or 'which'?

Not always! While that can often replace who or which in *defining* clauses, it cannot be used in *non-defining* clauses (those with commas). Also, who is exclusively for people, and which for things (especially in formal contexts or non-defining clauses).

Q

Do defining relative clauses need commas?

No, defining relative clauses never use commas. They provide essential information that identifies the noun, and the sentence's meaning would change or be unclear without them.

Q

Can I use 'which' for animals?

Yes, you can use which for animals, especially when you are referring to them as things rather than giving them human-like qualities. For example,

The dog which won the race was very fast.

Cultural Context

Native English speakers use these relative pronoun patterns constantly in daily communication. You'll often hear that used quite broadly for both people and things in informal speech, even when who or which would be grammatically correct. The dropping the pronoun shortcut is extremely common in spoken English when the pronoun is the object – it makes sentences flow much more naturally and quickly. While formal writing might prefer who for people and which for things (especially in non-defining clauses), in casual conversation, don't be surprised to hear more flexibility.

Exemples clés (8)

1

Do you know the student `who` sits in the front row?

Connais-tu l'étudiant qui est assis au premier rang ?

Pronoms Relatifs : Utiliser 'Who' pour les Personnes
2

I just talked to the customer service rep `who` helped me with my order.

Je viens de parler au représentant du service client qui m'a aidé avec ma commande.

Pronoms Relatifs : Utiliser 'Who' pour les Personnes
3

The phone `which is ringing` is mine.

Le téléphone qui sonne est le mien.

Pronoms Relatifs : 'Which' pour les Choses
4

She bought a dress `which was on sale`.

Elle a acheté une robe qui était en solde.

Pronoms Relatifs : 'Which' pour les Choses
5

This is the app that helps me learn Spanish.

C'est l'application qui m'aide à apprendre l'espagnol.

Pronoms Relatifs : Utiliser 'That' pour les Personnes et les Choses
6

The student that asked the question got extra credit.

L'étudiant qui a posé la question a eu des points bonus.

Pronoms Relatifs : Utiliser 'That' pour les Personnes et les Choses
7

The barista who made my coffee smiled.

Le barista qui a fait mon café a souri.

Propositions Subordonnées Relatives Définissantes : Identifier les Personnes et les Choses
8

I bought the shoes that were on sale.

J'ai acheté les chaussures qui étaient en solde.

Propositions Subordonnées Relatives Définissantes : Identifier les Personnes et les Choses

Conseils et astuces (4)

💡

Les personnes prennent 'who', les choses prennent 'which'.

C'est la règle d'or, simple mais super importante ! Si c'est un être humain, utilise toujours 'who'. Pour les objets, les concepts ou les animaux (sauf si tu les humanises vraiment), c'est 'which'. Par exemple, "She's the friend who helped me. mais This is the book which I read."
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pronoms Relatifs : Utiliser 'Who' pour les Personnes
💡

Plus de Clarté avec Which

Utilise which pour être ultra-précis sur quelle chose tu parles, surtout s'il y a plusieurs choix. Ça rend tes phrases super claires.
I want the car which is red.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pronoms Relatifs : 'Which' pour les Choses
💡

Pense 'Info Essentielle'

Si la partie de phrase qui commence par 'that' donne une information absolument vitale pour savoir de quoi tu parles, alors c'est la bonne ! Si tu peux enlever cette partie sans que la phrase perde son sens, 'that' est probablement incorrect.
The car that is parked outside is mine.
(Tu as besoin de 'that' pour savoir quelle voiture).
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pronoms Relatifs : Utiliser 'That' pour les Personnes et les Choses
💡

L'info essentielle !

Si tu retires cette partie de la phrase et que ça devient flou, c'est une clause définissante. Elle est indispensable pour comprendre. Imagine que tu dis:
The student who studies hard will succeed.
Sans who studies hard, on ne sait pas de quel étudiant tu parles !
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Propositions Subordonnées Relatives Définissantes : Identifier les Personnes et les Choses

Vocabulaire clé (5)

Identify to distinguish Relative connected to Pronoun word replacing a noun Clause part of a sentence Omit to leave out

Real-World Preview

briefcase

Office Introduction

Review Summary

  • Person + who + verb
  • Thing + which + verb
  • Noun + (that/which) + Subject + Verb

Erreurs courantes

Use 'who' for people, not 'which'.

Wrong: The man which lives there.
Correct: The man who lives there.

Don't repeat the object pronoun (it).

Wrong: The car that I like it is red.
Correct: The car that I like is red.

Avoid redundant pronouns in relative clauses.

Wrong: The person that I met him.
Correct: The person that I met.

Règles dans ce chapitre (6)

Next Steps

You are doing amazing work! Keep practicing these structures and you will be a fluent speaker in no time.

Write a paragraph describing your favorite room.

Pratique rapide (10)

Trouve et corrige l'erreur dans la phrase.

Find and fix the mistake:

The person, that gave me advice, was very helpful.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The person, who gave me advice, was very helpful.
Les virgules indiquent une proposition non définissante (information supplémentaire), donc 'that' est incorrect. 'Who' est utilisé pour les personnes dans les propositions non définissantes. N'oublie jamais les virgules !

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pronoms Relatifs : Utiliser 'That' pour les Personnes et les Choses

Trouve et corrige l'erreur.

Find and fix the mistake:

The film, that I saw, was fantastic.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The film that I saw was fantastic.
Les clauses relatives définissantes fournissent des informations essentielles et n'utilisent pas de virgules. that est correctement utilisé pour une chose ici.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Propositions Subordonnées Relatives Définissantes : Identifier les Personnes et les Choses

Quelle phrase utilise correctement 'that' ?

Choisis la phrase correcte :

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: She's the friend that lives across the street.
'That' peut se référer correctement aux personnes dans les propositions définissantes, et aucune virgule n'est nécessaire car l'information est essentielle. Simple et efficace !

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pronoms Relatifs : Utiliser 'That' pour les Personnes et les Choses

Quelle phrase est correcte ?

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The car which broke down needed repairs.
Which fait correctement référence à 'the car', un objet inanimé, et la proposition suit immédiatement le nom.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pronoms Relatifs : 'Which' pour les Choses

Choisis le pronom relatif correct.

The woman ___ lives next door is a doctor.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: who
'Who' est utilisé pour faire référence aux personnes. 'The woman' est une personne, donc 'who' est correct.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pronoms Relatifs : Utiliser 'Who' pour les Personnes

Choisis le pronom relatif correct.

This is the phone ___ I bought yesterday.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: that
'That' est utilisé ici parce que 'the phone' est une chose et la proposition donne des informations d'identification essentielles. C'est la façon la plus naturelle de le dire !

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pronoms Relatifs : Utiliser 'That' pour les Personnes et les Choses

Choisis le bon pronom relatif.

The painter ___ lives next door is very famous.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: who
Le 'painter' est une personne, donc 'who' est le pronom relatif correct. Il est aussi le sujet de 'lives'. Facile !

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Ne supprimez pas le sujet : Pronoms relatifs (who, which, that)

Trouve et corrige l'erreur

Find and fix the mistake:

The person which called me was very rude.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The person who called me was very rude.
Which est utilisé pour les choses, les animaux ou les idées. Pour les personnes, tu dois utiliser who.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pronoms Relatifs : 'Which' pour les Choses

Choisis la meilleure option pour compléter la phrase, en omettant 'that' si possible.

This is the gift ___ my friend gave me.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
Ici, 'my friend' est le sujet de 'gave', ce qui fait de 'that' (ou 'which') l'objet. Donc, tu peux le supprimer complètement pour un son plus naturel. Bravo !

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Omission des pronoms relatifs (le raccourci 'that')

Choisis la bonne forme

I need the book ___ is on the top shelf.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: which
Le livre est une chose, donc which est le pronom relatif correct ici.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pronoms Relatifs : 'Which' pour les Choses

Score: /10

Questions fréquentes (6)

Un pronom relatif connecte une proposition (un groupe de mots avec un sujet et un verbe) à un nom ou un pronom. Il ajoute des informations supplémentaires sur ce nom, comme dans :
The student who studies hard gets good grades.
'Who' est spécialement conçu pour désigner des personnes. Il nous aide à éviter les répétitions de noms et rend les phrases plus concises lorsque l'on décrit des sujets humains, comme dans : "That's the guy who lives upstairs."
Which connecte deux propositions en faisant référence à un nom qui est une chose, un animal ou une idée. Ça aide à ajouter des infos spécifiques et descriptives sur ce nom, comme dans
I bought a book which was recommended.
Utilise toujours which pour les choses, les animaux et les idées. Garde who exclusivement pour les personnes. Les mélanger (par exemple,
The dog who barked
) est une erreur fréquente et ça ne sonne pas naturel.
'That' connecte une proposition principale à une proposition relative définissante. Ça donne l'information essentielle pour identifier le nom dont tu parles. C'est comme pointer du doigt avec précision :
This is the car that has the flat tire.
Oui, absolument ! C'est l'un des plus grands avantages de 'that'. Tu peux dire
the person that called
ou
the email that arrived
sans changer le pronom. Super pratique !