قانون سوم شخص مفرد: اضافه کردن -s و -es به افعال
s یا es به فعل اضافه کن.
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
In the Present Simple, always add an -s or -es to the verb when the subject is He, She, or It.
- Add -s to most verbs: He walks, She plays, It works.
- Add -es to verbs ending in -ch, -sh, -s, -x, or -z: She watches, He fixes.
- Change -y to -ies if there is a consonant before it: It flies, She studies.
مرور کلی
s پرکارترین کاراکتر توی زبان انگلیسیه؟ انگار همهجا هست. اما توی زمان Present Simple، یه وظیفه خیلی خاص و انحصاری داره.Third Person Singular Rule. این قانون فقط وقتی اعمال میشه که داری در مورد یه نفر دیگه حرف میزنی—یه شخص یا چیز تکی. بهش مثل یه مالیات VIP نگاه کن.s واسه هر he, she, یا it توی داستانت بپردازی. اگه یادت بره، ممکنه شبیه یه ربات از فیلمهای علمی-تخیلی قدیمی به نظر برسی. He like pizza. کار رو راه میندازه، اما اون ظرافت یه انگلیسیزبان بومی رو نداره.posts (پست میذاره). اون فقط post (پست) نمیذاره. الگوریتم knows (میدونه) تو چی دوست داری.know (نمیدونه) نیست. این قانون ستون فقرات ارتباطات پایه انگلیسیه. تفاوت بین اینه که شبیه یه مبتدی باشی یا شبیه کسی که به اوضاع مسلطه.he, she و it توی جمله میان، بهشون میدی. فقط یادت باشه: یه نفر، یه s.این گرامر چطور کار میکنه
Chill Club) هست.I, you, we و they میشه. اینا آدمای راحتی هستن. از شکل ساده (پایه) فعل استفاده میکنن.I play games یا They order food. بدون حرف اضافه، بدون دراما. بعدش باشگاه دوم رو داریم: «متخصصین مفرد» (Singular Specialists).he, she و it هستن. این باشگاه خیلی پر توقعن. اونا یه s اضافه آخر هر فعل میخوان.she یه سازنده تیکتاکه. اون فقط dance (رقصیدن) نمیکنه؛ اون dances (میرقصه). اگه he یه گیمر باشه، اون stream نمیکنه؛ اون streams.it هست) فقط work نمیکنه؛ بلکه works. این تغییر فقط توی جملات مثبت در زمان حال اتفاق میفته. مثل یه یونیفرم مخصوصه که اونا میپوشن.s ساده میگیرن. بقیه نیاز به es دارن تا تلفظشون راحتتر بشه.watchs. صداش شبیه عطسه کردنه! پس ما یه حرف صدادار اضافه میکنیم تا کمک کنه: watches.جدول صرف
| فرم | مثال | ترجمه | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| :--- | :--- | :--- | ||
| I | I work |
من کار میکنم | ||
| You | You work |
تو کار میکنی | ||
| He/She/It | He works |
او کار میکند | ||
| We | We work |
ما کار میکنیم | ||
| They | They work |
آنها کار میکنند |
الگوی ساخت
s همیشه به سادگیِ چسبوندنش به آخر کلمه نیست. چهارتا مسیر اصلی وجود داره که بسته به «شخصیت» فعل (املاش) میتونی پیش بگیری.
-s اضافه کن. این واسه حدود ۹۰٪ فعلها جواب میده.
like ← likes (He likes your photo.)
eat ← eats (She eats sushi.)
play ← plays (It plays music.)
-s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -z) یا حرف -o، باید -es اضافه کنی. این باعث میشه کلمه راحتتر گفته بشه.
watch ← watches (She watches Netflix.)
finish ← finishes (He finishes his homework.)
go ← goes (The bus goes to the city.)
fix ← fixes (He fixes the Wi-Fi.)
Y (Consonants): اگه فعل با یه حرف بیصدا + y تموم بشه، y حسودیش میشه و میره. جاش رو ies میگیره.
study ← studies (She studies for the exam.)
try ← tries (He tries a new filter.)
fly ← flies (The bird flies away.)
have ← has (She has a new iPhone.)
do ← does (He does his best.)
be ← is (It is cold.)
ترفند حافظه
به کارت عبور VIP اس فکر کن. He, She و It تنها کسایی توی لیست مهمونها هستن که اجازه دارن کارت S رو حمل کنن. بقیه باید S خودشون رو دم در تحویل بدن.
کی استفاده کنیم
- عادتهای روزانه:
He
wakesup at 7 AM.She
checksher emails immediately. - حقایق دائمی:
The sun
risesin the east.Water
boilsat 100 degrees. - برنامههای زمانی:
The movie
startsat 8 PM.The train
leavesin ten minutes. - حالات کلی:
She
loveschocolate.It
seemslike a good idea.
سطوح رسمی بودن
توی انگلیسی، ما پایان فعل رو تغییر نمیدیم تا رسمیتر باشیم. He speaks هم برای یه پادشاه استفاده میشه هم برای یه هماتاقی. اما، یه تغییر مدرن وجود داره! وقتی جنسیت کسی رو نمیدونی، یا میخوای همه رو شامل بشی، ممکنه از they مفرد استفاده کنی.
- غیررسمی/مدرن
Someone left their bag. They need it. (دقت کن: اینجا خبری از s نیست! They همیشه از قوانین باشگاه بیخیالها پیروی میکنه، حتی اگه به یک نفر اشاره داشته باشه).
- رسمی/استاندارد
The candidate writes a cover letter.
اشتباهات رایج
- اسِ روح (The Ghost S): اضافه کردن
sجایی که بهش تعلق نداره.I
(❌ نه!likesit.Iتوی باشگاه بیخیالهاست). - تله منفی (The Negative Trap): اضافه کردن
sتوی یه جمله منفی. "He doesn'tlikesit." (❌ غلطه! اونsهمین الانش تویdoesn'tقایم شده. از شکل ساده استفاده کن: "He doesn'tlikeit.") - لغزش سوالی (The Question Slip):
Does she
(❌ نه! دوباره،plays?doesخودشesرو داره. استفاده کن ازDoes she
)play? - سوتیهای املایی: نوشتن
plaiesبه جایplays. یادت باشه: حرف صدادار +yفقط یهsمیگیره. قضیه رو الکی پیچیده نکن!
مقایسه با الگوهای مشابه
- اسمها: یک
dog، دوdogs(اضافه کردنsجمعش میکنه). - فعلها: I
run، heruns(اضافه کردنsمفردش میکنه!).
s داشته باشه (مثل The boys)، فعل معمولاً نداره (run). اگه فاعل s نداشته باشه (مثل The boy)، فعل لازمش داره (runs).سؤالات رایج
everyone هم s میگیره؟everyone، someone و nobody توی گرامر انگلیسی مفرد هستن. Everyone loves a bargain.can یا must چطور؟s نمیگیرن. She can swim, نه She cans swim.has درسته یا haves؟has. کلمه Haves اصلا وجود نداره (مگه اینکه داری در مورد «داراها و ندارها» حرف میزنی، که اون یه داستان دیگهست!).
مکالمات واقعی
سناریو ۱: صحبت در مورد یه هماتاقی
الکس
سم
اون سهشنبهها تا دیروقت کار میکنه (works). معمولاً حدود ساعت ۹ میرسه (gets) خونه.
سناریو ۲: بحث در مورد یه اپلیکیشن جدید
کاربر A:
این اپلیکیشن همش کرش میکنه (crashes).
کاربر B:
واقعاً؟ مال من که عالی کار میکنه (works). شاید به آپدیت نیاز داره (needs).
تمرین پیشرونده
سطح آسون: به فعل eat نگاه کن. واسه he تغییرش بده. (جواب: eats).
سطح متوسط: به بهترین دوستت نگاه کن. یه کاری که هر روز انجام میده رو بنویس.
My friend drinks coffee.
سطح سخت: این جمله رو تصحیح کن: "She don't go to the gym because she prefer to sleep."
(جواب: "She doesn't go to the gym because she prefers to sleep.")
2. Negative Contractions
| Full Form | Contraction | Usage |
|---|---|---|
|
He does not
|
He doesn't
|
Very common
|
|
She does not
|
She doesn't
|
Very common
|
|
It does not
|
It doesn't
|
Very common
|
Present Simple Conjugation of 'To Work'
| Subject | Verb Form | Rule Applied |
|---|---|---|
|
I
|
work
|
Base form
|
|
You
|
work
|
Base form
|
|
He
|
works
|
Add -s
|
|
She
|
works
|
Add -s
|
|
It
|
works
|
Add -s
|
|
We
|
work
|
Base form
|
|
They
|
work
|
Base form
|
Meanings
The rule used to conjugate verbs in the present simple tense when the subject is a third-person singular pronoun or a singular noun.
Habits and Routines
Used to describe things that happen regularly or as a schedule.
“He drinks coffee every morning.”
“She goes to the gym on Tuesdays.”
General Truths
Used for facts that are always true.
“The sun rises in the east.”
“Water freezes at zero degrees.”
Permanent States
Used for things that stay the same for a long time.
“My brother lives in London.”
“She works for a big tech company.”
Reference Table
| نوع پایان | قانون | مثال |
|---|---|---|
|
اکثر فعلها
|
s- اضافه کن
|
work → works
|
|
به ch-, sh-, ss-, x- ختم میشه
|
es- اضافه کن
|
watch → watches
|
|
به o- ختم میشه
|
es- اضافه کن
|
go → goes
|
|
حرف بیصدا + y-
|
به ies- تغییر بده
|
study → studies
|
|
حرف صدادار + y-
|
فقط s- اضافه کن
|
play → plays
|
|
استثنا: Have
|
میشه Has
|
she has
|
|
استثنا: Be
|
میشه Is
|
it is
|
طیف رسمیت
He serves as the Chief Executive Officer. (Professional)
He works as a manager. (Professional)
He's a boss. (Professional)
He runs the show. (Professional)
The 'S' Club
Pronouns
- He He sings
- She She sings
- It It sings
Nouns
- John John sings
- The bird The bird sings
Verb vs. Noun -s
Spelling Decision Tree
Does it end in -ch, -sh, -s, -x?
Does it end in Consonant + Y?
Irregular Third Person
Common Irregulars
- • Has (from Have)
- • Goes (from Go)
- • Does (from Do)
مثالها بر اساس سطح
He plays football.
Él juega al fútbol.
She drinks milk.
Ella bebe leche.
It rains a lot.
Llueve mucho.
My dad cooks dinner.
Mi papá cocina la cena.
She doesn't like apples.
A ella no le gustan las manzanas.
Does he work here?
¿Él trabaja aquí?
The bus stops near my house.
El autobús para cerca de mi casa.
He studies English every day.
Él estudia inglés todos los días.
The company provides free lunch.
La empresa proporciona almuerzo gratis.
He always carries a heavy bag.
Él siempre lleva una bolsa pesada.
She rarely misses a deadline.
Ella rara vez pierde una fecha límite.
It seems like a good idea.
Parece una buena idea.
The theory suggests that time is relative.
La teoría sugiere que el tiempo es relativo.
He maintains his innocence despite the evidence.
Él mantiene su inocencia a pesar de las pruebas.
The government denies any involvement.
El gobierno niega cualquier implicación.
She possesses a unique talent for music.
Ella posee un talento único para la música.
The author argues that society is changing.
El autor sostiene que la sociedad está cambiando.
Each of the participants receives a certificate.
Cada uno de los participantes recibe un certificado.
The success of the project depends on teamwork.
El éxito del proyecto depende del trabajo en equipo.
He seldom expresses his true feelings.
Él rara vez expresa sus verdaderos sentimientos.
One finds that the data contradicts the hypothesis.
Uno encuentra que los datos contradicen la hipótesis.
The law stipulates that all citizens must pay taxes.
La ley estipula que todos los ciudadanos deben pagar impuestos.
The protagonist's journey symbolizes human growth.
El viaje del protagonista simboliza el crecimiento humano.
The economy fluctuates based on global trends.
La economía fluctúa según las tendencias globales.
بهراحتی اشتباه گرفته میشود
Both use an 's', but for opposite reasons. Nouns use 's' to show there are many; verbs use 's' to show there is only one subject.
Learners often use 'is' with the -s verb, which is incorrect.
Modal verbs are special and NEVER take an -s, even for He/She/It.
اشتباهات رایج
He play football.
He plays football.
She haves a dog.
She has a dog.
It rain today.
It rains today.
My friend like pizza.
My friend likes pizza.
He doesn't likes pizza.
He doesn't like pizza.
Does she goes to school?
Does she go to school?
He studys hard.
He studies hard.
The people likes the movie.
The people like the movie.
Everyone have a dream.
Everyone has a dream.
The news are bad.
The news is bad.
The data shows that...
The data show that...
الگوهای جملهسازی
He ___ (verb) every day.
She doesn't ___ (verb) because ___.
Does he ___ (verb) at ___ (time)?
It ___ (verb) like a ___ (noun).
Real World Usage
He says he's coming at 8.
My current boss relies on my reports.
She looks so cute in this photo!
My friend wants the burger, please.
The flight departs from Gate 4.
The liquid reacts with the metal.
قانون 'Does'
مراقب 'y' باش!
He plays football, but she studies hard.
'They' برای مفرد
They are a kind person.یا
They like pizza.Smart Tips
Think of 'doesn't' as a thief. It steals the 's' from the verb and keeps it for itself!
Look at the letter BEFORE the 'y'. If it's a, e, i, o, u, just add 's'. If not, change it to 'ies'.
In American English, treat the group as 'It' (singular). In British English, you can often use either singular or plural.
Always use the -s. These words feel plural but they are grammatically singular.
تلفظ
The /s/ sound
Use /s/ after voiceless sounds like p, t, k, f.
The /z/ sound
Use /z/ after voiced sounds like b, d, g, v, l, m, n, r and vowels.
The /ɪz/ sound
Use /ɪz/ after hissing sounds (s, z, sh, ch, x). This adds an extra syllable.
Declarative Stress
He WORKS in a BANK.
Standard emphasis on the verb and the object.
حفظ کنید
روش یادسپاری
He, She, It, the 'S' must fit!
تداعی تصویری
Imagine a snake (shaped like an S) following a boy, a girl, and a robot wherever they go. The snake is their pet that only likes them, not 'I' or 'You'.
Rhyme
He, She, It, and singular nouns, Wear the 'S' like golden crowns.
Story
The letter 'S' is a very shy letter. It is too scared to talk to 'I', 'You', 'We', or 'They'. But it feels very safe with 'He', 'She', and 'It'. Whenever they do an action, 'S' jumps onto the end of the word to join the fun.
شبکه واژگان
چالش
Look around the room. Find one person or one object. Say three things they do using the -s rule. (e.g., 'The clock ticks. My brother sleeps. The fan turns.')
نکات فرهنگی
The -s is strictly required in formal writing and professional speech. Omitting it can be seen as a sign of low education or non-native status.
In AAVE, the third-person -s is often omitted. This is a systematic grammatical feature of the dialect, not a 'mistake' within that context.
In international business where neither speaker is native, the -s is often dropped without loss of meaning. However, for exams like IELTS/TOEFL, it is mandatory.
The -s ending comes from the Northumbrian dialect of Old English, where it was -es.
شروعکنندههای مکالمه
What does your best friend do for fun?
Tell me about your pet's daily routine.
How does your favorite celebrity spend their time?
Describe how a machine in your house works.
موضوعات نگارش
اشتباهات رایج
Test Yourself
My brother ___ at a bank.
جمله گرامری صحیح رو در مورد یه گربه انتخاب کن:
Find and fix the mistake:
She wash her car every Sunday.
Score: /3
تمرینهای عملی
8 exercisesHe ___ (work) in an office.
Which sentence is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
My brother study Spanish on Mondays.
watch / he / TV / every / night
She ___ to the park.
1. I / 2. She / 3. They
We add -s to the verb when the subject is 'You'.
A: Does your sister live here? B: No, she ___ in London.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercisesHe ___ to the gym at 6 PM.
The plane fly high in the sky.
every / He / Netflix / night / watches
Ella tiene un gato.
My phone ___ a lot of battery.
موارد زیر رو به هم وصل کن:
The sun ___ (shine) brightly today.
Does he likes pizza?
always / She / her / finishes / work
He ___ to learn.
Score: /10
سوالات متداول (8)
The verb `have` is irregular. Over hundreds of years, the 'v' sound was dropped in the third person to make it easier to say. So, `has` is just a shorter, irregular version of `haves`.
No! Modal verbs like `can`, `will`, `should`, and `must` never take an -s. You say `He can swim`, not `He cans swim`.
Uncountable nouns like `water`, `money`, or `sugar` are treated as `It`. So you add the -s: `The water boils at 100 degrees.`
It is `flies`. Because `fly` ends in a consonant (l) + y, you must change the `y` to `i` and add `es`.
In some dialects or very casual speech, people might drop the -s. However, in standard English and all formal situations, it is considered a mistake.
No. In the past tense, the verb form is usually the same for all people (e.g., `I worked`, `He worked`). This rule is only for the Present Simple.
If you use 'singular they' (when you don't know the gender or someone prefers it), you do NOT add the -s. You say `They work here`, even if you mean one person.
Practice 'shadowing' native speakers. When you hear a 'He' or 'She', listen for that 's' sound at the end of the next word. It takes time to become a habit!
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Conjugación de la tercera persona (-a, -e)
English only has one special ending (-s), while Spanish has six.
Troisième personne du singulier
The English -s is always pronounced, whereas French endings are often silent.
Dritte Person Singular (-t)
German also changes the verb for 'you' and 'we', which English doesn't do.
None
Japanese speakers must learn to add a sound that doesn't exist in their grammar logic.
Al-mudaari' (Present tense prefixes)
Arabic distinguishes between 'he' and 'she' in the verb form, while English uses -s for both.
None
English grammar requires a physical change to the word, which is a new concept for Chinese speakers.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Continue With
گفتن 'نه' در انگلیسی: Don't و Doesn't
Overview تا حالا سعی کردی به کسی بگی که آناناس روی پیتزا رو `don't` like (دوست نداری) و یهو شبیه یه ربات گیج به نظر برس...
پرسیدن سوال: Do و Does (سوالات زمان حال ساده)
Overview آیا تا به حال فکر کردهاید که چرا نمیتوانید فقط با بالا بردن آهنگ صدا بگویید `You like coffee?`؟ خب، در انگلیس...
ویدیوهای مرتبط
05:05 Is it really that bad to eat cookie dough? - Emma Bryce
07:36 Why Doesn’t the Yucatán Have Rivers?
06:12 What is vaginal discharge, and what does it say about your health? - Elizabeth Micks
Master All 4 Present Tenses in 10 Min | English Grammar Lesson | Best Way To Learn English Tenses
Learn English | Let's Talk - Free English Lessons
ALL English verb tenses in 10 minutes!
Espresso English
Related Grammar Rules
حال کامل: آمریکا در مقابل بریتانیا (I've done در مقابل I did)
Overview آیا تا به حال حس کردهاید که کتاب درسی زبان انگلیسیتان به شما دروغ گفته است؟ شما قانونی را در کلاس یاد میگیر...
Phrasal Verbs: An Introduction (Turn On, Give Up, Look After)
## Phrasal Verbs: An Introduction A **phrasal verb** = verb + particle (up, on, off, out, in, away...) The combination...
تجربیات زندگی: حال کامل با Ever و Never
تا حالا شده بیخیال یه جلسه تمرین ورزشی بشی و دو ساعت بعد، در حالی که داری تو تیکتاک چرخ میزنی، عذاب وجدان بگیری؟ یا ش...
آینده استمراری (will be -ing)
### Overview زمان «آینده استمراری» یا همان `Future Continuous` (که گاهی `Future Progressive` نیز نامیده میشود)، یکی از...
زمان حال کامل در انگلیسی: ارتباط گذشته با حال (ساختار پایه)
Overview Ta hala shode vared-e ye otagh beshi va kamelan yadet bere baraye chi rafti onja? Hameye ma in tajrobe ro dasht...
