گزارش گفتار: تغییرات زمان و مکان
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Shift time and place words to match the reporter's perspective, moving from 'here and now' to 'there and then'.
- Change 'now' to 'then' or 'at that time' (e.g., 'I am busy now' becomes 'He said he was busy then').
- Change 'here' to 'there' to reflect the change in location (e.g., 'Come here' becomes 'He told me to go there').
- Shift relative dates like 'tomorrow' to 'the next day' (e.g., 'I'll call tomorrow' becomes 'She said she'd call the next day').
مرور کلی
now (الان) که به زمانِ گوینده اصلی اشاره دارد، باید به then (آن زمان) تغییر کند تا مشخص شود که این زمان، زمانِ حالِ شما نیست. این جابجایی برای مکان نیز صادق است.here (اینجا) که به مکانِ گوینده اصلی اشاره دارد، باید به there (آنجا) تبدیل شود. در فارسی، ما برای «اینجا» و «آنجا» تفاوت قائل هستیم، اما گاهی در محاوره فارسی، وقتی از «اینجا» برای اشاره به یک مکان دور استفاده میکنیم، مخاطب گیج نمیشود. در انگلیسی، این ابهام میتواند باعث سوءتفاهم جدی شود.said یا told).now | then | He said, I am busy now.-> He said he was busy then. |
today | that day | She said, I am tired today.-> She said she was tired that day. |
yesterday | the day before | He said, I left yesterday. -> He said he had left the day before. |tomorrow | the next day | She said, I will go tomorrow.-> She said she would go the next day. |
here | there | He said, Stay here. -> He said to stay there. |this | that | She said, I want this. -> She said she wanted that. |these | those | He said, I like these. -> He said he liked those. |- 1عدم تغییر قید زمان: فارسیزبانان به دلیل اینکه در زبان خودشان قیدها را خیلی تغییر نمیدهند، در انگلیسی هم میگویند:
He said he will call tomorrow. این اشتباه است چونtomorrowنسبت به زمانِ گزارشِ شما تغییر نکرده است. باید بگویید:He said he would call the next day. - 2استفاده از
hereدر نقلقول: دانشجو میگوید:He told me to sit here. اگر شما در جای دیگری هستید، باید بگویید:He told me to sit there. این به دلیل تداخل زبان مادری (L1 Interference) است که در آن «اینجا» برای گوینده همیشه ثابت است. - 3تغییر ندادن
thisبهthat: وقتی به چیزی اشاره میکنید که در زمانِ حالِ شما نیست، استفاده ازthisغلط است. فارسیزبانان تمایل دارندthisرا برای هر چیزی که در ذهن دارند استفاده کنند، اما در انگلیسیthisباید بهthatتبدیل شود تا فاصله زمانی/مکانی رعایت شود.
« ») | ندارد |- 1آیا همیشه باید زمانها را تغییر دهیم؟ خیر، اگر حقیقتی کلی باشد (مانند: زمین گرد است) یا زمانِ گزارش هنوز در همان بازه باشد، تغییر الزامی نیست. با این حال، برای یادگیری بهتر، همیشه تغییر دادن را تمرین کنید.
- 2چرا
tomorrowبهthe next dayتبدیل میشود؟ چونtomorrowیک کلمه نسبی است. وقتی زمان میگذرد، آن «فردا» دیگر فردا نیست، بلکه «روز بعد» از روزی است که صحبت انجام شده. - 3آیا میتوانم از
thatبه جایthisاستفاده نکنم؟ اگر شیء مورد نظر هنوز در دست شماست و در همان مکان هستید، ممکن است بومیزبانان ازthisاستفاده کنند، اما در آزمونها و متون رسمی، حتماً ازthatاستفاده کنید.
Common Time and Place Transformations
| Direct Speech | Reported Speech | Example (Direct) | Example (Reported) |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Now
|
Then / At that time
|
I am ready now.
|
He said he was ready then.
|
|
Today
|
That day
|
I'll do it today.
|
She said she'd do it that day.
|
|
Tomorrow
|
The next/following day
|
See you tomorrow.
|
He said he'd see me the next day.
|
|
Yesterday
|
The day before / previous day
|
I went yesterday.
|
She said she had gone the day before.
|
|
Here
|
There
|
Put it here.
|
He told me to put it there.
|
|
This / These
|
That / Those
|
I like this car.
|
He said he liked that car.
|
|
Ago
|
Before
|
A week ago.
|
A week before.
|
|
Next week
|
The following week
|
I'm busy next week.
|
He said he was busy the following week.
|
Meanings
The process of adjusting adverbs of time and place when converting direct speech into indirect speech to maintain logical consistency from the reporter's perspective.
Temporal Shift
Changing time-related words (now, yesterday, tomorrow) to reflect the passage of time since the original statement.
“She said she had finished the report the day before.”
“They mentioned they would arrive the following week.”
Spatial Shift
Changing place-related words (here, this room) to reflect the reporter's current location relative to the original speaker.
“He told me to meet him there.”
“She said she liked that house.”
Demonstrative Shift
Changing 'this' and 'these' to 'that' and 'those' when they refer to specific objects or time periods.
“He said he wanted those shoes.”
“She mentioned she was busy that morning.”
Reference Table
| کلمهی اصلی (مستقیم) | کلمهی گزارش شده (غیرمستقیم) | سناریوی مثال |
|---|---|---|
|
here
|
there
|
Talking about a place you left
|
|
now
|
then / at that time
|
Describing a past moment
|
|
today
|
that day
|
Reporting an earlier event
|
|
tomorrow
|
the next / following day
|
A plan made in the past
|
|
yesterday
|
the day before / previous day
|
Something that already happened
|
|
this / these
|
that / those
|
Objects no longer near you
|
|
next week
|
the following week
|
Future plans from the past
|
|
last month
|
the month before
|
Events from a previous cycle
|
طیف رسمیت
The director stated that the meeting would commence there the following day. (Workplace communication)
He said the meeting would start there the next day. (Workplace communication)
He said the meeting was there tomorrow. (Workplace communication)
He was like, 'meeting's there tomorrow'. (Workplace communication)
The Distance Shift
Time
- Now -> Then Time shift
- Today -> That day Date shift
Place
- Here -> There Location shift
- This -> That Object shift
Direct vs. Indirect Perspective
Should I shift the word?
Are you in the same place as the speaker?
Is it still the same day?
مثالها بر اساس سطح
He said he was there.
He said he was there.
She said she was happy then.
She said she was happy then.
They said they liked that.
They said they liked that.
He told me to go there.
He told me to go there.
He said he would call that day.
He said he would call that day.
She said she had seen him the day before.
She said she had seen him the day before.
They said they were leaving the next day.
They said they were leaving the next day.
He mentioned he lived in that house.
He mentioned he lived in that house.
She told me she had finished it two hours before.
She told me she had finished it two hours before.
He said he would be busy the following week.
He said he would be busy the following week.
They asked if I had been there the previous month.
They asked if I had been there the previous month.
She said she couldn't talk at that moment.
She said she couldn't talk at that moment.
The witness claimed he had seen the suspect there that night.
The witness claimed he had seen the suspect there that night.
She explained that those documents were ready for review.
She explained that those documents were ready for review.
He promised he would have the results by the following morning.
He promised he would have the results by the following morning.
They noted that the weather had been terrible the week before.
They noted that the weather had been terrible the week before.
The CEO remarked that the company had faced similar challenges the previous decade.
The CEO remarked that the company had faced similar challenges the previous decade.
He argued that the events of that day had changed everything.
He argued that the events of that day had changed everything.
She suggested that we meet there the following fortnight.
She suggested that we meet there the following fortnight.
They wondered why he hadn't arrived by that time.
They wondered why he hadn't arrived by that time.
The author reflects on how those fleeting moments defined his youth.
The author reflects on how those fleeting moments defined his youth.
It was stipulated that the funds be transferred by the following business day.
It was stipulated that the funds be transferred by the following business day.
He recounted the tale, noting that he had stood there exactly fifty years before.
He recounted the tale, noting that he had stood there exactly fifty years before.
The diplomat stated that the treaty would be signed there the subsequent month.
The diplomat stated that the treaty would be signed there the subsequent month.
بهراحتی اشتباه گرفته میشود
Learners often remember to change the verb (is -> was) but forget the time word (now -> then).
'Ago' is used for time measured from the present moment. 'Before' is used for time measured from a point in the past.
In direct speech, 'come' implies movement toward the speaker. In reported speech, the reporter is often elsewhere, so 'come' becomes 'go'.
اشتباهات رایج
He said I am here now.
He said he was there then.
She said she likes this.
She said she liked that.
They said they will come tomorrow.
They said they would come the next day.
He said he arrived two days ago.
He said he had arrived two days before.
She asked if I was coming here.
She asked if I was going there.
He said he would do it next week.
He said he would do it the following week.
He said he is here today (when reported a week later).
He said he was there that day.
الگوهای جملهسازی
He said he would be ___ the following ___.
She mentioned that she had seen ___ the day ___.
They told us to put ___ ___.
It was reported that the event had taken place ___ ___ before.
Real World Usage
He said he was going there tonight.
The client mentioned they would review it the following week.
I saw him standing there two hours before.
She told me she had seen them that day.
The Prime Minister stated that day that taxes would not rise.
The agent said the flight would depart at that time.
موقعیت حرفت خیلی مهمه
here یا today رو عوض کنی! "I'm here today."تلهی "فردا"
tomorrow رو تو گزارش حرفاش استفاده نکن. همه برنامه هاشون قاطی میشه! I will go tomorrow.
سبک پیام دادن
I am busy today.
Smart Tips
Immediately think 'before'. It's the most common mistake in B1 exams.
Check if you are still there. If you are, don't change 'here' to 'there'.
You can almost always use 'the' instead of 'that' to sound more natural.
If you are reporting it on Saturday, you can just say 'today'!
تلفظ
Stress on the Shift
When reporting, we often put a slight stress on the shifted word (there, then, that) to emphasize the change in context.
Falling intonation on time markers
He said he'd arrive the next ↘day.
Conveys a completed piece of information.
حفظ کنید
روش یادسپاری
Think of the 'T' rule: Time and Territory (Place) always move Toward the past/distance (Then, There, That).
تداعی تصویری
Imagine a person standing in a spotlight labeled 'NOW/HERE'. When they speak, they are in the light. When you report it, you are standing outside the light, looking at them from a distance. The light is 'THAT' place and 'THEN' time.
Rhyme
If they said 'here', you say 'there'. If they said 'now', you say 'then' with care.
Story
A spy is listening to a secret meeting. The villain says, 'We meet here tomorrow!' The spy runs to his boss and says, 'He said they would meet there the next day.' If the spy said 'here tomorrow', the boss would go to the wrong place at the wrong time!
شبکه واژگان
چالش
Look at your last 3 sent text messages. Try to report them out loud to an imaginary person, changing all time and place words correctly.
نکات فرهنگی
British speakers are more likely to use 'the following fortnight' instead of 'two weeks later' in formal reported speech.
Americans often use 'that' as a filler or to add distance even when not strictly required by grammar rules.
In news reporting, 'yesterday' is often kept if the newspaper is published the very next morning, but changed to 'Tuesday' or 'that day' in weekly magazines.
The concept of 'deixis' (pointing with words) comes from Ancient Greek. English developed specific adverbial shifts to maintain narrative clarity as the language moved from Old English to Middle English.
شروعکنندههای مکالمه
What did your boss say in the meeting yesterday?
Tell me about a promise someone made to you last year.
What was the last thing your best friend told you on the phone?
If you could report a famous historical speech, what would you say?
موضوعات نگارش
اشتباهات رایج
Test Yourself
Original: 'I'll see you tomorrow.' -> He said he would see me the ___ day.
Tomorrow توی گزارش گفتار به the next day یا the following day تغییر میکنه.Choose the best reported speech version:
here و هم now باید به there و then تغییر کنن.Find and fix the mistake:
He told me he bought this car yesterday.
This به that و yesterday به the day before تغییر میکنه.Score: /3
تمرینهای عملی
8 exercisesHe said he was ___ ___.
She said she would see me...
Find and fix the mistake:
He said he had finished the work two days ago.
She said she liked ___ ___.
You must always change 'here' to 'there' even if you are still in the same room.
B: 'What did he say?' C: 'He said he had gone to London ___ ___.'
Direct: 'Today' -> Reported: ?
1. Now, 2. Here, 3. Ago
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercisesOriginal: 'I like these shoes.' -> She said she liked ___ shoes.
Original: 'I'll do it today.' -> He said he would do it today.
said / she / was / then / busy / she
Er sagte, er sei dort (Original: 'Ich bin hier').
'Last week' becomes:
Match the pairs:
Original: 'I arrived two days ago.' -> He said he had arrived two days ___.
She said she wanted this book (pointing to a book she doesn't have now).
told / they / were / me / they / there
They said they would arrive the following week.
Score: /10
سوالات متداول (8)
Not if you are reporting the speech on the same day it was spoken. If someone says 'I'll call tomorrow' at 10 AM and you tell a friend at 2 PM, you can still say `tomorrow`.
It changes to `before` or `earlier`. For example, 'three days ago' becomes `three days before`.
Yes! Often `this` becomes `the` if the specific 'that-ness' isn't important. 'I like this book' -> 'He said he liked the book'.
Because 'come' implies moving toward the speaker. If the reporter is in a different place, the movement is now 'away' from the original spot, which requires `go`.
Both are correct. `The following day` is slightly more formal and common in writing, while `the next day` is common in speech.
It follows the same rule as 'today' and becomes `that night`.
Yes, especially in formal business emails where you are summarizing past conversations for a third party.
Usually, people will still understand you, but it might sound like the event is happening `now` or `here`, which can be factually confusing.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Cambios de tiempo y lugar
English is stricter about backshifting the verb along with the time word.
Le discours indirect
French often uses 'le lendemain' for 'the next day', which is a very fixed phrase compared to English variations.
Indirekte Rede
German relies on verb mood (subjunctive) more than adverbial shifts to signal reported speech.
引用 (In'yō)
Japanese does not require backshifting of tenses or time words as frequently as English.
الكلام المنقول (Al-kalam al-manqul)
Arabic often maintains the original time word if the meaning is clear from context.
间接引语 (Jiànjiē yǐnyǔ)
The lack of tense shifts in Chinese makes the adverbial shifts the *only* way to show time, yet they are often omitted if the context is clear.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
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