گزارش آنچه مردم گفتند (تغییر زمان فعل)
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
When reporting past speech, move the verb one step into the past to show the time gap.
- Move present tenses to past tenses: 'I am' becomes 'He said he was'.
- Change pronouns to match the new speaker: 'I like' becomes 'She said she liked'.
- Shift time words: 'today' becomes 'that day' and 'here' becomes 'there'.
مرور کلی
Reported Speech یا Indirect Speech شناخته میشود. تصور کنید در یک جلسه کاری هستید و مدیرتان میگوید: We are making progress.Tense Backshift یا «عقبگرد زمانی» اهمیت پیدا میکند.said یا told) در زمان گذشته باشد، باید زمان فعلِ اصلی را یک قدم به عقب (به سمت گذشته) ببرید.backshift ممکن است شنونده دچار سوءتفاهم شود و تصور کند وضعیتی که دربارهاش صحبت میکنید، همین حالا در جریان است، در حالی که شاید مربوط به گذشته بوده باشد. در این درسنامه، ما با نگاهی دقیق و مقایسهای، این ساختار را به گونهای یاد میگیریم که برای یک ذهن فارسیزبان کاملاً منطقی و ملموس به نظر برسد.Tense Backshift بسیار ساده اما در عین حال عمیق است: «اگر فعلِ معرف (Reporting Verb) در زمان گذشته باشد، زمانِ جمله نقلقول شده باید یک مرحله به عقب برود.»I am happy.am (زمان حال ساده) است. وقتی شما این جمله را بعداً برای کسی تعریف میکنید، از فعل said (گذشته) استفاده میکنید. از آنجایی که لحظه صحبت کردن دوستتان اکنون به گذشته تبدیل شده است، انگلیسیزبانان ترجیح میدهند برای حفظ هماهنگی زمانی، فعلِ او را هم به گذشته ببرند: He said he was happy.was تبدیل شود.Present Perfect به Past Perfect تبدیل میشود.Present Perfect پلی میان گذشته و حال است، اما وقتی ما در حال گزارش یک واقعه کاملاً گذشته هستیم، آن پل باید به طور کامل به سمت گذشته منتقل شود.Tense Backshift باید نقشه تغییر زمانها را به خوبی به یاد بسپارید. جدول زیر راهنمای جامع شما برای این تغییرات است. دقت کنید که چطور هر زمان یک پله به سمت گذشته حرکت میکند:Present Simple | Past Simple | I work in Tehran.
He said he worked in Tehran. |Present Continuous | Past Continuous | I am drinking tea.
She said she was drinking tea. |Present Perfect | Past Perfect | I have lost my keys.
He told me he had lost his keys. |Past Simple | Past Perfect | I bought a car.
She said she had bought a car. |Past Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous | I was studying.He said he had been studying. |Future (will) | would | I will call you.
She promised she would call me. |can | could | I can speak Farsi.
He said he could speak Farsi. |may | might | It may rain.The news said it might rain. |must | had to | I must go now.
She said she had to go then. |now→then/at that timetoday→that daytomorrow→the next day/the following dayyesterday→the day before/the previous dayhere→therethis→that
- 1حقایق علمی و کلی: اگر چیزی که گزارش میکنید یک حقیقت همیشه ثابت است، میتوانید زمان فعل را تغییر ندهید.
The teacher said that the Earth goes around the Sun. (چون زمین همیشه دور خورشید میچرخد).- 1فعل گزارشدهنده در زمان حال: اگر بگویید
He says(او میگوید - حال ساده)، هیچ تغییری در زمان فعلِ اصلی ایجاد نمیشود. این حالت معمولاً زمانی رخ میدهد که خبر بسیار تازه است یا فرد هنوز بر حرف خود تاکید دارد.
Ali says he is hungry.- 1مودالهای خاص: افعالی مثل
should،could،mightوwouldدر نقلقول غیرمستقیم تغییری نمیکنند چون خودشان در پایینترین سطح زمانی قرار دارند.
Tense Backshift در موقعیتهای زیر برای یک زبانآموز سطح B1 ضروری است تا بتواند حرفهای و طبیعی به نظر برسد:The project is ready و شما امروز به تیم بگویید The manager said the project is ready (بدون تغییر زمان)، ممکن است اینطور برداشت شود که پروژه همین الان آماده شده است، در حالی که شاید از دیروز تا حالا وضعیت تغییر کرده باشد. استفاده از The manager said the project was ready نشان میدهد که شما دارید دقیقاً گفتهی او را در زمان خودش گزارش میدهید.backshift استفاده کنید.My professor told me I had a great potential. (استادم به من گفت که پتانسیل بالایی دارم).backshift یک استاندارد است. این کار نشاندهنده دقت شما در تفکیکِ «زمانِ گفته شدن» از «زمانِ حال» است.But you said you would help me! (اما تو گفتی که کمکم میکنی!). در اینجا استفاده از would به جای will نشاندهنده قولی است که در گذشته داده شده است.- اشتباه:
She said she is coming. - درست:
She said she was coming.
said مثل یک آهنربا، بقیه فعلها را به سمت گذشته میکشد.- اشتباه:
Ali said:→I am busy.Ali said I was busy.
- درست:
Ali said he was busy.
will به would:would فقط برای جملات شرطی است.- اشتباه:
They told us they will arrive late. - درست:
They told us they would arrive late.
would صرفاً نقشِ «آینده در گذشته» را بازی میکند و هیچ ربطی به شرطی بودن ندارد.that و علامت نقلقول:Direct Speech با علامت « » استفاده کنید یا از Indirect Speech با کلمه that. ترکیب این دو اشتباه است.- اشتباه:
He said thatI am happy. - درست:
He said that he was happy.
say و tell در گزارشگری است. هر دو برای نقلقول استفاده میشوند اما ساختار متفاوتی دارند. همچنین تفاوت بین نقلقول مستقیم و غیرمستقیم باید کاملاً روشن باشد.Backshift) |« » | استفاده از that (اختیاری) |now, tomorrow, ... | then, the next day, ... |Say و Tell:- ما از
sayاستفاده میکنیم وقتی «مفعول» (کسی که با او صحبت شده) ذکر نمیشود:He said he was tired. - ما از
tellاستفاده میکنیم وقتی حتماً میخواهیم بگوییم «به چه کسی» گفته شده است:He told me he was tired.
He told that... یا He said me.... اینها اشتباهات ساختاری رایجی هستند که از ترجمه تحتاللفظی «او به من گفت» یا «او گفت که» نشأت میگیرند.Backshift را انجام دهیم؟says, tells)، نیازی به تغییر زمان نیست. همچنین اگر موضوعی که گزارش میکنید هنوز هم در لحظه صحبت شما حقیقت دارد، انجام دادن backshift اختیاری است، هرچند در محیطهای رسمی انجام دادن آن حرفهایتر است.Past Perfect باشد چه میشود؟Past Perfect (ماضی بعید) دورترین زمان در انگلیسی است. بنابراین اگر جمله اصلی در این زمان باشد، در نقلقول غیرمستقیم هیچ تغییری نمیکند چون دیگر جایی برای عقبتر رفتن وجود ندارد.that در این جملات چیست؟ آیا اجباری است؟that در نقلقول غیرمستقیم نقش پیونددهنده دارد (مثل «که» در فارسی). در مکالمات روزمره و غیررسمی معمولاً حذف میشود: She said she was coming. اما در نوشتههای رسمی بهتر است برای وضوح بیشتر از آن استفاده کنید: She said that she was coming.backshift داریم؟Where are you?He asked where I was. توجه کنید که جای فعل و فاعل عوض میشود و علامت سوال حذف میگردد.Tense Backshift Mapping
| Direct Speech Tense | Reported Speech Tense | Direct Example | Reported Example |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Present Simple
|
Past Simple
|
I work
|
He said he worked
|
|
Present Continuous
|
Past Continuous
|
I am working
|
He said he was working
|
|
Past Simple
|
Past Perfect
|
I worked
|
He said he had worked
|
|
Present Perfect
|
Past Perfect
|
I have worked
|
He said he had worked
|
|
Will
|
Would
|
I will work
|
He said he would work
|
|
Can
|
Could
|
I can work
|
He said he could work
|
|
Am/Is/Are going to
|
Was/Were going to
|
I am going to work
|
He said he was going to work
|
Common Contractions in Reported Speech
| Full Form | Contraction | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
He said he had
|
He said he'd
|
He said he'd finished.
|
|
She said she would
|
She said she'd
|
She said she'd help.
|
|
They said they were
|
They said they're (rare)
|
Usually kept as 'they were'.
|
Meanings
Reported speech is used to communicate what someone else said without using their exact words. We usually change the tense of the original verb to a past form because the speaking event happened in the past.
Reporting Statements
Relaying factual information or opinions shared by others using reporting verbs like 'say' or 'tell'.
“She said that she had already finished the report.”
“They told us they were planning a surprise party.”
Reporting Questions
Relaying questions using 'ask', 'wonder', or 'want to know', often using 'if' or 'whether' for yes/no questions.
“He asked if I knew the way to the station.”
“She wondered where I had bought my shoes.”
Reporting Commands and Requests
Using an infinitive structure (to + verb) to report what someone told or asked someone to do.
“The doctor told me to drink more water.”
“She asked him not to smoke in the house.”
Reference Table
| گفتار مستقیم | گفتار نقل قول شده | مثال |
|---|---|---|
|
am / is
|
was
|
She said she was busy.
|
|
are
|
were
|
They said they were late.
|
|
like / likes
|
liked
|
He said he liked the food.
|
|
want / wants
|
wanted
|
She said she wanted water.
|
|
can
|
could
|
He said he could help.
|
|
have / has
|
had
|
They said they had a car.
|
طیف رسمیت
The employee stated that the assignment had been completed. (Workplace)
He said that he had finished the work. (Workplace)
He said he was done. (Workplace)
He was like, 'I'm finished.' (Workplace)
The Reporting Shift
Tense
- Backshift Move one step to the past
Pronouns
- Perspective I -> He/She
Time/Place
- Deictic Shift Here -> There
Direct vs. Indirect
How to Report a Sentence
Is it a question?
Is the reporting verb in the past?
مثالها بر اساس سطح
He said, 'I am a student.'
He said he is a student.
She said, 'I like apples.'
She said she likes apples.
They said, 'We are cold.'
They said they are cold.
I said, 'I am hungry.'
I said I was hungry.
He said he liked the movie.
He said he liked the movie.
She told me she was busy.
She told me she was busy.
They said they lived in London.
They said they lived in London.
He asked if I wanted coffee.
He asked if I wanted coffee.
She said she had already seen that film.
She said she had already seen that film.
He asked where I had been the day before.
He asked where I had been the day before.
They told us they would arrive at 8 PM.
They told us they would arrive at 8 PM.
The boss asked if I could finish the report.
The boss asked if I could finish the report.
He admitted that he had made a mistake.
He admitted that he had made a mistake.
She suggested going to the park.
She suggested going to the park.
It was reported that the company was closing.
It was reported that the company was closing.
He asked what I would have done in his position.
He asked what I would have done in his position.
The witness alleged that the suspect had been fleeing the scene.
The witness alleged that the suspect had been fleeing the scene.
She questioned whether the results were truly representative.
She questioned whether the results were truly representative.
He conceded that the project had been more difficult than anticipated.
He conceded that the project had been more difficult than anticipated.
The article contended that the policy was fundamentally flawed.
The article contended that the policy was fundamentally flawed.
The philosopher postulated that existence preceded essence.
The philosopher postulated that existence preceded essence.
He recounted how he had been wandering the streets for hours.
He recounted how he had been wandering the streets for hours.
The diplomat underscored that a resolution must be reached immediately.
The diplomat underscored that a resolution must be reached immediately.
She lamented that the golden age of cinema had long since passed.
She lamented that the golden age of cinema had long since passed.
بهراحتی اشتباه گرفته میشود
Learners often use 'say' with a person or 'tell' without one.
Learners keep the question word order (Verb-Subject) instead of switching to statement order (Subject-Verb).
Learners aren't sure if they *must* backshift if the fact is still true.
اشتباهات رایج
He said I am happy.
He said he was happy.
She said me she is tired.
She told me she was tired.
He said that he like pizza.
He said that he liked pizza.
They said they are here.
They said they were there.
He asked me where was the bank.
He asked me where the bank was.
She asked if I have seen the movie.
She asked if I had seen the movie.
He told to me to go.
He told me to go.
He said he will come tomorrow.
He said he would come the next day.
She asked me what did I do.
She asked me what I had done.
He said he had went there.
He said he had gone there.
He suggested me to go.
He suggested that I should go / He suggested going.
الگوهای جملهسازی
He said that he ___ (past verb) ___.
She asked me if I ___ (past verb) ___.
They told us not to ___ (verb) ___.
It is widely believed that ___ (subject + verb) ___.
Real World Usage
He said the deadline had been moved to Friday.
She said she's gonna be late.
The police reported that the road was closed.
Did you hear? He said he was quitting!
Smith (2020) argued that the data was inconclusive.
The witness claimed she had never seen the man before.
گفتن یا نگفتن 'that'
تله 'Said Me'
قدرت ضمیرها
Smart Tips
Immediately think: 'No do/does/did' and 'Switch the order'.
Change 'will' to 'would' every single time.
Check if there is a person (me, you, her) after the verb. Person = Tell. No person = Say.
Shift the time! 'Yesterday' -> 'the day before', 'Tomorrow' -> 'the next day'.
تلفظ
The 'that' reduction
In reported speech, the word 'that' is often unstressed and pronounced as a schwa /ðət/.
Intonation in reported questions
Unlike direct questions, reported questions have a falling intonation at the end because they are statements.
Reporting Statement
She said she was ↘ hungry.
Conveys a completed piece of information.
حفظ کنید
روش یادسپاری
The 'Backstep' Rule: If the reporting verb is in the past, the message takes a step back in time.
تداعی تصویری
Imagine a timeline. When you report someone's words, you physically pick up the verb and move it one square to the left (the past).
Rhyme
When 'said' is the word you use, the present tense you're bound to lose.
Story
A spy overhears a secret: 'I am meeting the contact tomorrow.' He runs to his boss and reports: 'He said he was meeting the contact the next day.' The spy must change the time and tense so the boss doesn't go to the wrong place at the wrong time.
شبکه واژگان
چالش
Look at your last 3 text messages. Rewrite them as if you were telling a friend what those people said using 'He/She said that...'.
نکات فرهنگی
In the UK, 'shall' in direct speech ('Shall we go?') often shifts to 'should' in reported speech ('He asked if we should go').
Americans frequently use 'like' as a reporting verb in very informal speech ('He was like, "No way!"'). This is common among younger generations.
Journalists use 'allegedly' or reporting verbs like 'claimed' to avoid legal trouble when reporting something that isn't proven yet.
Reported speech structures have existed since Old English, though the strict 'backshift' rules became more formalized as the English tense system became more complex during the Middle English period.
شروعکنندههای مکالمه
What did your boss or teacher tell you to do yesterday?
Tell me about a secret someone told you recently (without names!).
What is the most interesting thing you heard on the news today?
If you could report a conversation between two famous people, who would they be?
موضوعات نگارش
اشتباهات رایج
Test Yourself
He said, 'I am ready.' → He said he ___ ready.
این رو نقل قول کن: 'I like pizza.'
Find and fix the mistake:
He told me he can come to the party.
Score: /3
تمرینهای عملی
8 exercisesDirect: 'I am living in London.'
Direct: 'I have lost my keys.' -> She said she ___ her keys.
Find and fix the mistake:
He asked me where did I live.
Direct: 'I will call you tomorrow.'
1. 'I can swim' 2. 'I am swimming' 3. 'I swam'
She told that she was coming.
A: 'Are you coming?' B: 'What did he ask?' C: 'He asked ___.'
Select the correct one.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercisesThey said, 'We are happy.' → They said they ___ happy.
این رو نقل قول کن: 'I have a dog.'
She said me she was hungry.
said / he / tired / was / he
Sie sagte, sie habe ein Buch. (She said...)
زوجها رو مطابقت بده:
She ___ me that she was late.
He said, 'I want coffee.' → He said he ___ coffee.
They said they was ready.
این رو نقل قول کن: 'I am at home.'
Score: /10
سوالات متداول (8)
Not always. If the statement is still true (e.g., 'The capital of France is Paris'), you can keep it in the present. However, backshifting is always correct and safer in exams.
'Must' usually changes to 'had to' in reported speech. For example, 'I must go' becomes 'He said he had to go'.
Only if you use 'to'. You can say 'He said to me that...', but it is much more common to say 'He told me that...'.
Use the question word, then the subject, then the verb. 'Where is he?' becomes 'She asked where he was'.
'This' usually becomes 'that', and 'these' becomes 'those'. For example, 'I like this book' becomes 'He said he liked that book'.
No, it is optional. 'He said he was tired' and 'He said that he was tired' are both correct, but the version without 'that' is more common in speaking.
If the reporting verb is in the present, you do NOT backshift. 'He says he is hungry' stays in the present.
Use 'tell' + person + 'to' + verb. 'Sit down!' becomes 'He told me to sit down'.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Estilo indirecto
Spanish often uses the subjunctive mood for reported commands, whereas English uses the infinitive.
Le discours indirect
French tense harmony is often stricter in formal writing than English.
Indirekte Rede (Konjunktiv I)
English uses past tenses for reporting; German uses a special verb form.
引用 (In'yō)
No tense changes occur in Japanese reported speech.
الكلام المنقول (al-kalam al-manqul)
Tense consistency is based more on the time of the event than a grammatical rule.
间接引语 (Jiànjiē yǐnyǔ)
Verbs never change form in Chinese reported speech.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
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REPORTED SPEECH in English - Indirect Speech | Reported Speech | Direct Speech (+ Free PDF & Quiz)
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