ساختارهای گزارشدهی مجهول (گفته میشود که او...)
C1 speaker واقعی.
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use these structures to report information objectively without naming a specific source, common in journalism and academic writing.
- Use 'It + passive verb + that-clause' for general statements like 'It is said that he is rich'.
- Use 'Subject + passive verb + to-infinitive' for personal focus like 'He is said to be rich'.
- Match the infinitive tense (simple, continuous, perfect) to the timing of the reported action.
مرور کلی
He is said to be... شناخته میشوند، ابزارهایی بسیار قدرتمند و ظریف در زبان انگلیسی سطح C1 هستند. این ساختارها به شما اجازه میدهند تا اطلاعات، عقاید یا شایعات را بدون نیاز به ذکر مستقیم منبع و یا تأیید قطعیِ صحت آنها بیان کنید. در زبان فارسی، ما برای بیان چنین مفاهیمی معمولاً از جملات معلوم با فاعل نامشخص (مثل «میگویند که...») یا ساختارهای مجهول ساده استفاده میکنیم.He is said to be a genius که در آن تمرکز از فعلِ «گفتن» به «او» منتقل میشود. این تفاوتِ ساختاری، دقیقاً همان چیزی است که زبانآموزان سطح پیشرفته باید برای درکِ تفاوتِ «لحن» (Tone) در انگلیسی به آن توجه کنند.People say that he is a genius. در اینجا People فاعل است.he تمرکز کنیم، آن را به فاعل جمله اصلی تبدیل میکنیم: He is said to be a genius. در اصطلاح زبانشناسی به این پدیده Subject-to-Subject Raising میگوییم.to be یا مصدر ساده استفاده میکنیم، و اگر اتفاق در گذشته رخ داده باشد، باید از to have done (مصدر کامل) استفاده کنیم.He is said to have gone به طور فشرده و بدون نیاز به «که»، هم زمان و هم مجهول بودنِ گزارش را منتقل میکند. این تفاوت بنیادین، یعنی انتقالِ بارِ زمانی از بندِ پیرو به خودِ مصدر، باعث میشود جملات انگلیسی بسیار فشردهتر (Concise) و رسمیتر از معادلهای فارسی خود به نظر برسند.Subject + Passive Reporting Verb + Infinitive.is/are + Past Participle + to + Verb | He is said to work hard. |is/are + Past Participle + to be + -ing | They are thought to be studying. |is/are + Past Participle + to have + P.P | He is reported to have left. |is/are + Past Participle + to have been + P.P | It is believed to have been stolen. |The budget is understood to have been reduced. این جمله به شما قدرت میدهد که بدون ذکرِ منبعِ شایعه، اطلاعات را به شکلی کاملاً رسمی و غیرشخصی منتقل کنید.Scientists say that...، میتوانید از The theory is considered to be flawed استفاده کنید که تمرکز را روی «نظریه» حفظ میکند. این کار به نوشته شما وزنی آکادمیک و حرفهای میبخشد که در سطوح C1 بسیار مورد انتظار است.- 1اشتباه در زمان مصدر (Infinitive Tense): فارسیزبانان اغلب از
to beبرای اتفاقات گذشته استفاده میکنند (مثلاًHe is said to be goneبه جایHe is said to have gone). دلیل آن این است که در فارسی برای هر دو زمان، از فعلهای مشابه استفاده میکنیم.
- 1حذفِ فاعل در جملات مجهول: فارسی یک زبانِ pro-drop است (فاعل را حذف میکنیم). زبانآموزان ممکن است بگویند
Is said to be trueکه غلط است. در انگلیسی، حتماً باید فاعل (حتی اگرItباشد) ذکر شود:It is said to be true.
- 1استفاده از that بعد از فاعلِ منتقل شده: فارسیزبانان تمایل دارند بگویند
He is said that he is.... این تداخلِ ساختارِ «که» در فارسی است. وقتی فاعل را به ابتدای جمله میآورید، دیگر نباید ازthatاستفاده کنید.
It is said that... | ساختار He is said to be... |- 1آیا میتوانم همیشه به جای
It is said thatازHe is said toاستفاده کنم؟ خیر، فقط زمانی که فاعلِ بندِ پیرو، موضوعِ اصلیِ گزارش شماست.
- 1اگر فعلِ گزارش در گذشته باشد چه؟ ساختار به
He was said to be...تغییر میکند. این نشان میدهد که گزارش در گذشته داده شده است.
- 1چرا این ساختار در سطح C1 مهم است؟ چون نشاندهنده تواناییِ شما در تبدیلِ جملاتِ ساده به ساختارهای پیچیده و فشرده است که در متون آکادمیک و رسمیِ انگلیسیزبانانِ بومی بسیار رایج است.
Personal Structure: Subject + Passive Verb + Infinitive
| Time of Action | Infinitive Form | Example Structure | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Present/Future
|
Simple (to do)
|
is said to [verb]
|
He is said to live in Paris.
|
|
Present Continuous
|
Continuous (to be doing)
|
is thought to be [verb-ing]
|
She is thought to be sleeping.
|
|
Past
|
Perfect (to have done)
|
is believed to have [past part.]
|
They are believed to have left.
|
|
Past Continuous
|
Perfect Continuous (to have been doing)
|
is alleged to have been [verb-ing]
|
He is alleged to have been lying.
|
Common Passive Reporting Verbs
| Verb | Passive Form (Impersonal) | Passive Form (Personal) |
|---|---|---|
|
Say
|
It is said that...
|
Subject is said to...
|
|
Think
|
It is thought that...
|
Subject is thought to...
|
|
Believe
|
It is believed that...
|
Subject is believed to...
|
|
Report
|
It is reported that...
|
Subject is reported to...
|
|
Claim
|
It is claimed that...
|
Subject is claimed to...
|
|
Allege
|
It is alleged that...
|
Subject is alleged to...
|
Meanings
A formal way to report thoughts, beliefs, or rumors without identifying the speaker, often used to create a sense of distance or objectivity.
General Consensus
Reporting what is widely believed or accepted by the public or a specific group.
“It is generally accepted that climate change is accelerating.”
“The company is thought to be the market leader.”
Rumors and Speculation
Reporting unconfirmed information or gossip in a way that avoids personal responsibility for the claim.
“He is rumored to be dating a famous actress.”
“The CEO is said to be considering a resignation.”
Expectations and Requirements
Reporting what is expected to happen or what people are required to do based on general knowledge.
“The train is expected to arrive ten minutes late.”
“Passengers are requested to remain seated.”
Reference Table
| فعل گزارشدهنده | شکل مجهول | مصدر برای حال/کلی | مصدر برای گذشته |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Say
|
is/are said
|
to be / to + Base Verb
|
to have been / to have + Past Participle
|
|
Believe
|
is/are believed
|
to be / to + Base Verb
|
to have been / to have + Past Participle
|
|
Know
|
is/are known
|
to be / to + Base Verb
|
to have been / to have + Past Participle
|
|
Think
|
is/are thought
|
to be / to + Base Verb
|
to have been / to have + Past Participle
|
|
Report
|
is/are reported
|
to be / to + Base Verb
|
to have been / to have + Past Participle
|
|
Expect
|
is/are expected
|
to be / to + Base Verb
|
to have been / to have + Past Participle
|
|
Understand
|
is/are understood
|
to be / to + Base Verb
|
to have been / to have + Past Participle
|
طیف رسمیت
He is reputed to possess considerable wealth. (Financial status)
He is said to be very rich. (Financial status)
Word is he's loaded. (Financial status)
I heard he's got mad stacks. (Financial status)
مثالها بر اساس سطح
People say he is a good doctor.
They think the movie is long.
Everyone says the food is great.
I hear he is from Italy.
It is said that the city is beautiful.
People believe that he is very rich.
It is thought that the test is hard.
They say that she is a famous singer.
It is reported that the weather will be bad.
He is said to be a very kind man.
It is believed that the fire started in the kitchen.
The company is thought to be very successful.
The athlete is expected to win the gold medal.
It is claimed that the new drug has no side effects.
The painting is believed to be a genuine Picasso.
He is rumored to have resigned from his post.
The CEO is alleged to have been embezzling funds for years.
It is widely understood that the treaty is no longer valid.
The species was thought to have gone extinct in the 19th century.
The manuscript is reputed to be the oldest in existence.
The diplomat is purported to have acted as a double agent during the war.
It is surmised that the civilization collapsed due to prolonged drought.
The author is widely held to have revolutionized the modern novel.
The suspect is reported to be evading capture in the mountains.
بهراحتی اشتباه گرفته میشود
Learners often use 'supposed to' when they mean 'said to'. 'Supposed to' often implies an obligation or a failed expectation.
Mixing the 'that' clause with the 'to' infinitive.
Using 'People say' in a formal essay.
اشتباهات رایج
He say he is happy.
He says he is happy.
People is say he is rich.
People say he is rich.
They thinks it is good.
They think it is good.
I am hear he is nice.
I hear he is nice.
It said that he is rich.
It is said that he is rich.
He is say to be rich.
He is said to be rich.
It is thought he rich.
It is thought that he is rich.
He is said that he is rich.
He is said to be rich.
It is believed to be rich.
He is believed to be rich.
He is thought have left.
He is thought to have left.
He is alleged to steal the money yesterday.
He is alleged to have stolen the money yesterday.
It is reported the company to be closing.
The company is reported to be closing.
He is understood to being working hard.
He is understood to be working hard.
The suspect is claimed to have been escaped.
The suspect is claimed to have escaped.
الگوهای جملهسازی
It is ___ that ___.
Subject is said to ___.
Subject is thought to have ___.
Subject is alleged to have been ___.
Real World Usage
Local Man Said to Be Missing After Storm
The results are thought to indicate a shift in climate patterns.
The defendant is alleged to have committed the robbery.
She's rumored to be getting a promotion.
The flight is expected to be delayed.
The king was believed to have died in battle.
فعل مناسب رو انتخاب کن!
It is alleged خیلی بیشتر از It is said معنی «اتهام» میده. It is alleged that he stole the money.
به زمانبندی مصدر خیلی دقت کن!
to be به جای to have been). همیشه از خودت بپرس: این کاری که گزارش شده، همزمان با گزارش بوده یا قبلش اتفاق افتاده؟ He is believed to have finished the work yesterday.
رسمیتر و دانشگاهیتر حرف بزن!
The research is understood to support this theory.
مقایسه با زبانهای دیگه!
She is known to be fluent in five languages.
اگه شد، سادهترش کن!
to be رو بعد از فعلهایی مثل considered حذف کنی. مثلاً He is considered brilliantمعمولاً اشکالی نداره به جای
He is considered to be brilliant، البته اگه منظور عوض نشه.
The book is considered a classic.
Smart Tips
Switch to 'It is widely believed that...' or 'It is often claimed that...'.
Always use 'to have + past participle'.
Use 'rumored to' or 'alleged to' to protect yourself from sounding like you're stating a fact.
Check for 'that' immediately after the reporting verb.
تلفظ
Weak form of 'to'
In the personal structure, the word 'to' is usually unstressed and pronounced as a schwa /tə/.
Stress on reporting verb
The main stress usually falls on the past participle of the reporting verb (e.g., 'said', 'thought', 'believed').
Falling intonation for facts
He is said to be the best. ↘
Conveys a sense of reporting a known or accepted fact.
حفظ کنید
روش یادسپاری
Remember 'IT' for the whole sentence (It is said that...), and 'TO' for the person (He is said TO...).
تداعی تصویری
Imagine a news anchor behind a desk. They don't say 'My friend told me'; they say 'It is reported that...'. The desk represents the distance and formality of the structure.
Rhyme
If you start with 'It', a 'that' is a fit. If you start with 'He', a 'to' it must be!
Story
A detective is investigating a crime. He doesn't know who did it, so he writes in his notebook: 'The suspect is believed to have escaped.' He uses this to sound professional and avoid blaming the wrong person too early.
شبکه واژگان
چالش
Write three sentences about a famous celebrity using 'is said to be', 'is thought to have', and 'is rumored to be doing'.
نکات فرهنگی
British journalism (especially the BBC or broadsheets) uses these structures extensively to maintain a 'neutral' and 'unbiased' stance.
In Western academia, using 'It is thought that' is preferred over 'I think' to make the research seem more universal and less personal.
The word 'alleged' is legally crucial. Media must say 'The alleged thief' or 'He is alleged to have stolen' until a person is convicted to avoid lawsuits.
These structures evolved from the Latin 'dicitur' (it is said) and 'videtur' (it seems), which were common in legal and scholarly texts.
شروعکنندههای مکالمه
What is a place in your country that is said to be haunted?
Which celebrity is rumored to be starting a new project right now?
In your field of study, what is a theory that is widely held to be true?
Discuss a historical figure who is alleged to have committed a crime that was never proven.
موضوعات نگارش
اشتباهات رایج
Test Yourself
The ancient city ___ to have existed for over 2,000 years.
city فاعل مفرده، is believed شکل مجهول صحیحه. مصدر to have existed هم درسته چون نشون میده کار تو گذشته اتفاق افتاده.Find and fix the mistake:
The documents are said have been lost.
to + شکل ساده فعل، یا to have + اسم مفعول برای کارهای گذشته. اینجا to have been lostدرسته.
Choose the correct sentence:
to have studied لازمه.Score: /3
تمرینهای عملی
8 exercisesThe CEO is believed ______ the company last night.
It ______ that the new law will be passed next week.
Find and fix the mistake:
He is thought that he is the best player in the team.
People believe that the suspect is hiding in the woods.
The structure 'It is said that...' is more informal than 'People say...'.
A: Have you heard about the new manager? B: Yes, he ______ very strict.
Select the correct group.
1. People say he is rich. 2. People think he was rich.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesThe ancient scroll ___ to contain secret knowledge.
The suspect ___ the country before the police arrived.
The new building is expected finished next month.
He is said to being a brilliant scientist, but he retired last year.
Which sentence is correct?
Select the correct option:
Translate into English: 'Se dice que el concierto ha sido cancelado.'
Translate into English: 'Se cree que el sospechoso estaba mintiendo durante el interrogatorio.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Match the sentences with the correct infinitive endings:
Complete the sentences by matching the halves.
Score: /12
سوالات متداول (8)
No, only 'reporting verbs' like `say`, `think`, `believe`, `claim`, `allege`, `report`, `understand`, and `expect` work.
The meaning is the same, but 'He is said' focuses on the person, while 'It is said' focuses on the whole situation. 'He is said' is generally considered more advanced.
Use `to have been` (Perfect Infinitive) when the action you are reporting happened *before* the time of reporting. Example: `He is said to have been a spy in the 80s`.
It is less common in casual speech. In conversation, we usually say `I've heard that...` or `People say...`.
Yes! You can say `It was thought that...` or `He was believed to be...` to report what people thought in the past.
Mostly, yes. It implies that a claim has been made but not yet proven, which is why it's so common in legal and police contexts.
Because it creates 'distance' between the speaker and the information. You aren't saying *you* believe it; you're saying *it is believed* by others.
No. You cannot say `He is said that he is...`. You must use the infinitive: `He is said to be...`.
Scaffolded Practice
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Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Se dice que... / Se cree que...
Spanish prefers the 'It is said that' equivalent almost exclusively.
On dit que... / Il est dit que...
English 'He is said to' must be translated as 'On dit qu'il...' in French.
Man sagt... / Er soll ... sein
German uses the modal 'sollen' to express 'is said to'.
...to iwarete iru (〜と言われている)
The structure is very similar, but Japanese word order is Subject-Object-Verb.
Yuqal 'anna... (يُقال أن)
Arabic rarely uses a personal infinitive structure for reporting.
Jùshuō (据说)
Chinese uses a lexical marker (Jùshuō) rather than a grammatical passive construction.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Learn These First
حالت مجهول: ساختار اصلی (be + V3)
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Passive Reporting Verbs in English | IT IS SAID THAT, IT IS THOUGHT THAT
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PASSIVE VOICE - English Grammar step-by-step
Arnel's Everyday English
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