Estruturas de Relato Passivo (Diz-se que ele é...)
autoritário e nuançado, mostrando que você é um verdadeiro C1 speaker!
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use these structures to report information objectively without naming a specific source, common in journalism and academic writing.
- Use 'It + passive verb + that-clause' for general statements like 'It is said that he is rich'.
- Use 'Subject + passive verb + to-infinitive' for personal focus like 'He is said to be rich'.
- Match the infinitive tense (simple, continuous, perfect) to the timing of the reported action.
Overview
He is said to be... (Diz-se que ele é...), representam uma das ferramentas mais sofisticadas e úteis no arsenal de um falante de inglês de nível C1. Elas funcionam como mecanismos refinados para transmitir informações, opiniões, boatos ou crenças gerais sem a necessidade de identificar explicitamente a fonte original ou de endossar totalmente a veracidade da afirmação. Se você lê jornais como *The New York Times*, assiste à *BBC*, ou lê artigos acadêmicos e relatórios corporativos, você encontrará essas estruturas constantemente.I believe that... ou João told me that..., o que soa pessoal ou baseado em fofoca, você usa a passiva para conferir autoridade e imparcialidade. É uma escolha estratégica para situações onde atribuir uma fonte direta é impossível, irrelevante ou indesejável, como ao discutir a opinião pública ou desenvolvimentos não confirmados em uma negociação.alçamento de sujeito. Compreender como e por que o inglês prefere essa construção elevará drasticamente o nível da sua comunicação escrita e falada, permitindo que você navegue em contextos profissionais e acadêmicos com muito mais naturalidade e precisão.
Sujeito + Verbo de Relato Passivo + Infinitivo, encontramos uma aplicação especializada da voz passiva combinada com uma oração infinitiva. O mecanismo linguístico por trás disso transforma o sujeito de uma oração subordinada (que normalmente seguiria that em uma construção ativa como People say that he is a genius) no sujeito principal da sentença (He is said to be a genius). Esse processo altera o foco temático da frase, tirando-o da fonte do relato (as pessoas que dizem) e colocando-o na entidade sobre a qual se relata (ele).he) sobe para se tornar o sujeito da oração principal, o que, por sua vez, gatilha a transformação passiva do verbo de relato. O verbo de relato em si (say, believe, know, think, etc.) é colocado na voz passiva, geralmente formado com be + particípio passado (ex: is said, are believed).- 1A voz passiva sintética com o pronome
se:Diz-se que ele é um gênio.
- 2O sujeito indeterminado:
Dizem que ele é um gênio.
It is said that he is a genius. Embora gramaticalmente correta e usada em inglês, a estrutura de alçamento (He is said to be a genius) é frequentemente preferida por ser mais concisa e elegante em níveis avançados.Diz-se que ele é ricocomo
It says itself that he is rich, o que é completamente agramatical em inglês. A passiva em inglês requer o verbo to be. Outro ponto de confusão é o uso do infinitivo.que (...que ele é rich), enquanto o inglês usa o infinitivo (
...to be rich).- Ativa/Direta:
They say that the new CEO will arrive tomorrow.(Foco em quem diz). - Passiva Impessoal:
It is said that the new CEO will arrive tomorrow.(Foco na informação, estrutura similar ao português). - Passiva de Relato (C1):
The new CEO is said to arrive tomorrow.(Foco total no CEO, mais conciso).
Sujeito + be (conjugado) + Particípio Passado do Verbo de Relato + Infinitivo (apropriado).say(is said/was said)believe(is believed/was believed)know(is known/was known)think(is thought/was thought)report(is reported/was reported)understand(is understood/was understood)expect(is expected/was expected)allege(is alleged/was alleged)claim(is claimed/was claimed)consider(is considered/was considered)
to + base form) ou to be + complemento/particípio presente. Isso é usado quando a ação original estaria no Present Simple, Present Continuous ou teria um sentido de futuro simples após expect.He is said to be...) |People say that he works hard. / It is said that he works hard. | He is said to work hard. |Everyone believes that she is a genius. / It is believed that she is... | She is believed to be a genius. |Reports claim that prices are rising. / It is claimed that prices are rising. | Prices are claimed to be rising. |We expect that the company will grow. / It is expected that the company will grow. | The company is expected to grow. |- Exemplo:
The Uber driver is understood to be waiting at the wrong entrance.(Entende-se/Acha-se que ele está esperando agora -Present Continuous). - Exemplo:
This specific iFood restaurant is known to deliver very fast.(Sabe-se que ele entrega rápido em geral -Present Simple).
to have + past participle) ou to have been + complemento/particípio presente. Isso é usado quando a ação original estaria no Past Simple, Present Perfect, ou Past Perfect.He is said to be...) |Jornalists report that he fled the country. / It is reported that he fled... | He is reported to have fled the country. |Police believe that she has stolen the money. / It is believed that she has stolen... | She is believed to have stolen the money. |Witnesses alleged that they were driving fast. / It is alleged that they were driving... | They are alleged to have been driving fast. |- Exemplo:
The ancient artifact is thought to have been created in Brazil during the colonial period.(Acha-se agora que foi criado no passado). - Exemplo:
The suspect is said to have disappeared moments after the Instagram post.(Diz-se que desapareceu no passado).
to be + past participle (presente) ou to have been + past participle (passado).He is said to be...) |They say that the house is being sold. / It is said that the house is being sold. | The house is said to be being sold. |People believe that the decision was made yesterday. / It is believed that... | The decision is believed to have been made yesterday. |to be being + particípio (como em to be being sold) é gramaticalmente correta para ações passivas contínuas no presente, mas pode soar um pouco pesada. Falantes nativos às vezes preferem reformular ou usar a estrutura It is said that... para maior clareza nesses casos específicos.to + Base Verb | She is believed to possess rare talent. | Acredita-se que ela possui um talento raro. |to be + -ing | They are thought to be hiding. | Acha-se que eles estão se escondendo. |to have + Particípio | The CEO is reported to have resigned. | Relata-se que o CEO renunciou. |to have been + -ing | He is alleged to have been embezzling funds for years. | Alega-se que ele esteve desviando fundos por anos. |to be + Particípio | The meeting is expected to be postponed. | Espera-se que a reunião seja adiada. |to have been + Particípio | The documents are known to have been destroyed. | Sabe-se que os documentos foram destruídos. |- Escrita Formal e Acadêmica: Estas estruturas são onipresentes em artigos acadêmicos, relatórios científicos e notícias de jornais sérios. Elas permitem apresentar dados, teorias ou descobertas como fatos geralmente aceitos ou amplamente relatados, conferindo um ar de objetividade e rigor intelectual. Ao evitar pronomes pessoais (
I think) ou atribuição direta (Dr. Silva said), o foco permanece na informação em si, e não em quem a transmite. Em um relatório de trabalho no Brasil, você usariaAcredita-se que...; em inglês,It is believed that...ou, melhor ainda,Projected sales are believed to....
- Relatando Informações Não Confirmadas ou Boatos (Fofoca Profissional): Quando você precisa compartilhar uma informação que ainda não foi verificada oficialmente, ou quando a fonte deseja permanecer anônima (comum no jornalismo e em conversas de escritório), a passiva de relato fornece um
escudogramatical conveniente. Ela permite disseminar a informação sem garantir pessoalmente sua verdade absoluta. Pense numa conversa no café do trabalho sobre uma possível fusão:The company is rumored to be planning a merger.
- Transmitindo Opiniões ou Crenças Gerais: Para sentimentos generalizados ou conhecimento comum que não se origina de uma única fonte identificável, essas estruturas encapsulam eficientemente o pensamento coletivo. Isso é particularmente útil ao discutir a percepção pública ou suposições amplamente aceitas. Exemplo:
A balanced diet is known to improve health.(Em português: Sabe-se que uma dieta equilibrada melhora a saúde).
- Concisão e Elegância Estilística: Comparada à construção
It is said that..., o alçamento do sujeito para a oração principal (He is said to be...) frequentemente resulta em uma frase mais direta, fluida e impactante. Isso melhora a legibilidade e mantém um tom sofisticado, evitando a repetição expletiva deIt is. Considere a economia de palavras e foco:It is thought that the manager made a mistake.vs.The manager is thought to have made a mistake.A segunda opção foca imediatamente no gerente.
- Comunicação Profissional: Em ambientes corporativos, como reuniões de negócios, e-mails oficiais ou apresentações, essas estruturas ajudam a manter uma distância profissional e a apresentar informações com cautela, especialmente ao discutir tópicos sensíveis, projeções futuras ou desempenho. Exemplo (em um e-mail de trabalho):
The revised budget figures are projected to be available by Tuesday afternoon.(Projeta-se que os números revisados do orçamento estejam disponíveis...). É muito mais profissional do queWe think we will have the figures....
It says itself that...)Diz-se que... ou Acredita-se que.... Muitos brasileiros tentam traduzir isso literalmente usando o pronome reflexivo itself ou omitindo o verbo to be na passiva.- Errado:
It says itself that he is rich.(Tentativa de traduzirDiz-se...). - Errado:
It believes that the project will fail.(Parece que oittem crenças próprias). - Errado:
Is said that he is rich.(Omitindo o sujeito e o verbobe). - Correto (Passiva Impessoal):
It is said that he is rich. - Correto (Estrutura C1):
He is said to be rich.
se funciona como partícula apassivadora ou indeterminadora do sujeito de forma muito eficiente. O inglês não tem esse mecanismo exato e depende do verbo to be + particípio para formar a passiva.to do) mesmo quando a ação relatada ocorreu no passado, porque em português usamos o verbo conjugado no passado após o que, mas não associamos isso a um infinitivo perfeito.- Cenário: A polícia acha que o ladrão fugiu ontem.
- Errado:
The thief is believed to escape yesterday.(Soa como se ele fugisse rotineiramente ontem). - Correto:
The thief is believed to have escaped yesterday.
Acredita-se que o ladrão fugiu. O verbo
fugiu está no passado. Em inglês, a estrutura de alçamento exige um infinitivo.to have + particípio). Não fazer isso altera drasticamente o sentido temporal da frase.to antes do Infinitivoto do infinitivo, especialmente com verbos como consider ou think que, em algumas estruturas ativas, podem dispensar o to be (ex: I consider him a friend). No entanto, na passiva de relato com alçamento, o infinitivo com to é obrigatório.- Errado:
He is considered be the best candidate. - Errado:
She is thought have finished the report. - Correto:
He is considered to be the best candidate. - Correto:
She is thought to have finished the report.
...que ele é o melhor) e não um infinitivo.
see ou hear funcionam de forma diferente na passiva. Eles usam o infinitivo *sem* to na ativa (I saw him fall), mas exigem o infinitivo *com* to na passiva (He was seen to fall). Isso é diferente dos verbos de relato que estamos estudando, que *sempre* usam o infinitivo com to nesta estrutura específica.He is said to be...) de outras estruturas similares para escolher a mais adequada ao contexto e evitar erros de registro.It is said that...) vs. Passiva de Relato (He is said to be...)It is said that he is... (Passiva Impessoal) | He is said to be... (Passiva de Relato/Alçamento) |It. | O foco é o sujeito da oração (He), que foi alçado à posição principal. |Diz-se que... ou É dito que.... | Baixa. Não há equivalente sintático direto com verbos de relato e infinitivo. |It is reported that the prices fell. | Funciona. Prices are reported to have fallen. |It is expected that the report will be ready. | The report is expected to be ready. |He is said to be... é geralmente considerada estilisticamente superior em níveis avançados (C1/C2) porque coloca o tópico real da frase (o sujeito) em destaque imediato e evita o uso do sujeito vazio It. No entanto, It is said that... é extremamente útil quando a oração subordinada é muito complexa ou longa, para evitar que o sujeito principal fique muito distante do seu verbo ou complemento.Subject + Passive Verb + Infinitive). Verbos como persuade, tell (no sentido de dar ordem), ou suggest não funcionam nesse molde exato.He is suggested to be rich (Errado); você deve dizer It is suggested that he is rich ou Someone suggested that he is rich.The figures are known to be accurate. No entanto, em uma conversa casual no bar com amigos, você provavelmente optaria por They say that... ou I heard that... por ser mais direto e menos pretensioso.He is not known to have any dangerous connections. (Não se sabe se ele tem conexões perigosas).The suspect is believed not to have been at the scene. (Acredita-se que o suspeito não estava no local).is expected to e is supposed to?Is expected to refere-se a uma previsão ou probabilidade baseada em fatos ou planos (The rain is expected to stop soon). Is supposed to frequentemente carrega uma conotação de obrigação, dever ou uma expectativa baseada em regras ou reputação, às vezes implicando que a expectativa não foi ou não será cumprida (You were supposed to be here at 9 - implica que você não chegou às 9).Personal Structure: Subject + Passive Verb + Infinitive
| Time of Action | Infinitive Form | Example Structure | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Present/Future
|
Simple (to do)
|
is said to [verb]
|
He is said to live in Paris.
|
|
Present Continuous
|
Continuous (to be doing)
|
is thought to be [verb-ing]
|
She is thought to be sleeping.
|
|
Past
|
Perfect (to have done)
|
is believed to have [past part.]
|
They are believed to have left.
|
|
Past Continuous
|
Perfect Continuous (to have been doing)
|
is alleged to have been [verb-ing]
|
He is alleged to have been lying.
|
Common Passive Reporting Verbs
| Verb | Passive Form (Impersonal) | Passive Form (Personal) |
|---|---|---|
|
Say
|
It is said that...
|
Subject is said to...
|
|
Think
|
It is thought that...
|
Subject is thought to...
|
|
Believe
|
It is believed that...
|
Subject is believed to...
|
|
Report
|
It is reported that...
|
Subject is reported to...
|
|
Claim
|
It is claimed that...
|
Subject is claimed to...
|
|
Allege
|
It is alleged that...
|
Subject is alleged to...
|
Meanings
A formal way to report thoughts, beliefs, or rumors without identifying the speaker, often used to create a sense of distance or objectivity.
General Consensus
Reporting what is widely believed or accepted by the public or a specific group.
“It is generally accepted that climate change is accelerating.”
“The company is thought to be the market leader.”
Rumors and Speculation
Reporting unconfirmed information or gossip in a way that avoids personal responsibility for the claim.
“He is rumored to be dating a famous actress.”
“The CEO is said to be considering a resignation.”
Expectations and Requirements
Reporting what is expected to happen or what people are required to do based on general knowledge.
“The train is expected to arrive ten minutes late.”
“Passengers are requested to remain seated.”
Reference Table
| Verbo de Relato | Forma Passiva | Infinitivo para Presente/Geral | Infinitivo para Passado |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Say
|
is/are said
|
to be / to + Base Verb
|
to have been / to have + Past Participle
|
|
Believe
|
is/are believed
|
to be / to + Base Verb
|
to have been / to have + Past Participle
|
|
Know
|
is/are known
|
to be / to + Base Verb
|
to have been / to have + Past Participle
|
|
Think
|
is/are thought
|
to be / to + Base Verb
|
to have been / to have + Past Participle
|
|
Report
|
is/are reported
|
to be / to + Base Verb
|
to have been / to have + Past Participle
|
|
Expect
|
is/are expected
|
to be / to + Base Verb
|
to have been / to have + Past Participle
|
|
Understand
|
is/are understood
|
to be / to + Base Verb
|
to have been / to have + Past Participle
|
Espectro de formalidade
He is reputed to possess considerable wealth. (Financial status)
He is said to be very rich. (Financial status)
Word is he's loaded. (Financial status)
I heard he's got mad stacks. (Financial status)
Exemplos por nível
People say he is a good doctor.
They think the movie is long.
Everyone says the food is great.
I hear he is from Italy.
It is said that the city is beautiful.
People believe that he is very rich.
It is thought that the test is hard.
They say that she is a famous singer.
It is reported that the weather will be bad.
He is said to be a very kind man.
It is believed that the fire started in the kitchen.
The company is thought to be very successful.
The athlete is expected to win the gold medal.
It is claimed that the new drug has no side effects.
The painting is believed to be a genuine Picasso.
He is rumored to have resigned from his post.
The CEO is alleged to have been embezzling funds for years.
It is widely understood that the treaty is no longer valid.
The species was thought to have gone extinct in the 19th century.
The manuscript is reputed to be the oldest in existence.
The diplomat is purported to have acted as a double agent during the war.
It is surmised that the civilization collapsed due to prolonged drought.
The author is widely held to have revolutionized the modern novel.
The suspect is reported to be evading capture in the mountains.
Fácil de confundir
Learners often use 'supposed to' when they mean 'said to'. 'Supposed to' often implies an obligation or a failed expectation.
Mixing the 'that' clause with the 'to' infinitive.
Using 'People say' in a formal essay.
Erros comuns
He say he is happy.
He says he is happy.
People is say he is rich.
People say he is rich.
They thinks it is good.
They think it is good.
I am hear he is nice.
I hear he is nice.
It said that he is rich.
It is said that he is rich.
He is say to be rich.
He is said to be rich.
It is thought he rich.
It is thought that he is rich.
He is said that he is rich.
He is said to be rich.
It is believed to be rich.
He is believed to be rich.
He is thought have left.
He is thought to have left.
He is alleged to steal the money yesterday.
He is alleged to have stolen the money yesterday.
It is reported the company to be closing.
The company is reported to be closing.
He is understood to being working hard.
He is understood to be working hard.
The suspect is claimed to have been escaped.
The suspect is claimed to have escaped.
Padrões de frases
It is ___ that ___.
Subject is said to ___.
Subject is thought to have ___.
Subject is alleged to have been ___.
Real World Usage
Local Man Said to Be Missing After Storm
The results are thought to indicate a shift in climate patterns.
The defendant is alleged to have committed the robbery.
She's rumored to be getting a promotion.
The flight is expected to be delayed.
The king was believed to have died in battle.
Escolha seu verbo com sabedoria!
say, believe, expect) muda sutilmente a nuance da sua frase. It is alleged (alega-se) traz uma implicação de erro muito mais forte do que It is said (diz-se).Atenção ao tempo do infinitivo!
to be vs. to have been). Sempre se pergunte: a ação relatada aconteceu ao mesmo tempo que o relato, ou antes? Always ask: did the reported action happen at the same time as the reporting, or before it?
Soe mais acadêmico
It makes your claims sound more researched and less like personal opinion.
Inglês vs. outras línguas
Simplifique quando possível
to be depois de considered. Por exemplo, He is considered brilliantgeralmente funciona bem em vez de
He is considered to be brilliant, se a clareza não for perdida.
He is considered brilliantis often fine instead of
He is considered to be brilliantif clarity isn't lost."
Smart Tips
Switch to 'It is widely believed that...' or 'It is often claimed that...'.
Always use 'to have + past participle'.
Use 'rumored to' or 'alleged to' to protect yourself from sounding like you're stating a fact.
Check for 'that' immediately after the reporting verb.
Pronúncia
Weak form of 'to'
In the personal structure, the word 'to' is usually unstressed and pronounced as a schwa /tə/.
Stress on reporting verb
The main stress usually falls on the past participle of the reporting verb (e.g., 'said', 'thought', 'believed').
Falling intonation for facts
He is said to be the best. ↘
Conveys a sense of reporting a known or accepted fact.
Memorize
Mnemônico
Remember 'IT' for the whole sentence (It is said that...), and 'TO' for the person (He is said TO...).
Associação visual
Imagine a news anchor behind a desk. They don't say 'My friend told me'; they say 'It is reported that...'. The desk represents the distance and formality of the structure.
Rhyme
If you start with 'It', a 'that' is a fit. If you start with 'He', a 'to' it must be!
Story
A detective is investigating a crime. He doesn't know who did it, so he writes in his notebook: 'The suspect is believed to have escaped.' He uses this to sound professional and avoid blaming the wrong person too early.
Word Web
Desafio
Write three sentences about a famous celebrity using 'is said to be', 'is thought to have', and 'is rumored to be doing'.
Notas culturais
British journalism (especially the BBC or broadsheets) uses these structures extensively to maintain a 'neutral' and 'unbiased' stance.
In Western academia, using 'It is thought that' is preferred over 'I think' to make the research seem more universal and less personal.
The word 'alleged' is legally crucial. Media must say 'The alleged thief' or 'He is alleged to have stolen' until a person is convicted to avoid lawsuits.
These structures evolved from the Latin 'dicitur' (it is said) and 'videtur' (it seems), which were common in legal and scholarly texts.
Iniciadores de conversa
What is a place in your country that is said to be haunted?
Which celebrity is rumored to be starting a new project right now?
In your field of study, what is a theory that is widely held to be true?
Discuss a historical figure who is alleged to have committed a crime that was never proven.
Temas para diário
Erros comuns
Test Yourself
The ancient city ___ to have existed for over 2,000 years.
is believed é a forma passiva correta. O infinitivo to have existed mostra corretamente que a ação aconteceu no passado.Find and fix the mistake:
The documents are said have been lost.
to + forma base do verbo, ou to have + particípio passado para ações passadas. Aqui, to have been lostestá correto.
Choose the correct sentence:
to have studied é necessário.Score: /3
Exercicios praticos
8 exercisesThe CEO is believed ______ the company last night.
It ______ that the new law will be passed next week.
Find and fix the mistake:
He is thought that he is the best player in the team.
People believe that the suspect is hiding in the woods.
The structure 'It is said that...' is more informal than 'People say...'.
A: Have you heard about the new manager? B: Yes, he ______ very strict.
Select the correct group.
1. People say he is rich. 2. People think he was rich.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesThe ancient scroll ___ to contain secret knowledge.
The suspect ___ the country before the police arrived.
The new building is expected finished next month.
He is said to being a brilliant scientist, but he retired last year.
Which sentence is correct?
Select the correct option:
Translate into English: 'Se dice que el concierto ha sido cancelado.'
Translate into English: 'Se cree que el sospechoso estaba mintiendo durante el interrogatorio.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Match the sentences with the correct infinitive endings:
Complete the sentences by matching the halves.
Score: /12
Perguntas frequentes (8)
No, only 'reporting verbs' like `say`, `think`, `believe`, `claim`, `allege`, `report`, `understand`, and `expect` work.
The meaning is the same, but 'He is said' focuses on the person, while 'It is said' focuses on the whole situation. 'He is said' is generally considered more advanced.
Use `to have been` (Perfect Infinitive) when the action you are reporting happened *before* the time of reporting. Example: `He is said to have been a spy in the 80s`.
It is less common in casual speech. In conversation, we usually say `I've heard that...` or `People say...`.
Yes! You can say `It was thought that...` or `He was believed to be...` to report what people thought in the past.
Mostly, yes. It implies that a claim has been made but not yet proven, which is why it's so common in legal and police contexts.
Because it creates 'distance' between the speaker and the information. You aren't saying *you* believe it; you're saying *it is believed* by others.
No. You cannot say `He is said that he is...`. You must use the infinitive: `He is said to be...`.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Se dice que... / Se cree que...
Spanish prefers the 'It is said that' equivalent almost exclusively.
On dit que... / Il est dit que...
English 'He is said to' must be translated as 'On dit qu'il...' in French.
Man sagt... / Er soll ... sein
German uses the modal 'sollen' to express 'is said to'.
...to iwarete iru (〜と言われている)
The structure is very similar, but Japanese word order is Subject-Object-Verb.
Yuqal 'anna... (يُقال أن)
Arabic rarely uses a personal infinitive structure for reporting.
Jùshuō (据说)
Chinese uses a lexical marker (Jùshuō) rather than a grammatical passive construction.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Learn These First
Voz Passiva: Formação Básica (be + V3)
### Visão Geral Ao descrever ações em inglês, normalmente focamos em quem ou o que realiza a ação. Isso é chamado de **...
Verbos em Inglês Seguidos de Infinitivo (want to, need to)
### Visão Geral A gramática inglesa, assim como a nossa, tem suas particularidades e padrões que nos ajudam a construir...
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PASSIVE VOICE - English Grammar step-by-step
Arnel's Everyday English
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Overview Já se perguntou por que alguém diz `It's rumored that he might have ghosted her` em vez de apenas `He ghosted...
Verbos de Reporte: Quem Disse o Quê?
### Overview Olha só! Quando a gente quer contar para alguém o que outra pessoa disse, a gente usa os chamados `reporti...
Quando Usar a Voz Passiva (Relatar Notícias e Rumores)
### Overview No nível intermediário (B1), você começa a perceber que a comunicação em inglês vai muito além de apenas d...
A Voz Passiva: Foco nas Ações (Passiva no Presente Simples)
### Visão Geral A voz passiva é uma estrutura gramatical fundamental em inglês, permitindo que você mude o foco dentro...