수동형 보도 구조 (그는 ~라고 합니다...)
authoritative nuanced C1 speaker
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use these structures to report information objectively without naming a specific source, common in journalism and academic writing.
- Use 'It + passive verb + that-clause' for general statements like 'It is said that he is rich'.
- Use 'Subject + passive verb + to-infinitive' for personal focus like 'He is said to be rich'.
- Match the infinitive tense (simple, continuous, perfect) to the timing of the reported action.
Overview
He is said to be...와 같은 수동태 전달 구문(Passive Reporting Structures)은 정보, 의견, 또는 믿음을 전달할 때 정보의 출처를 명확히 밝히지 않으면서도 내용에 대한 직접적인 책임을 피하고 싶을 때 사용하는 매우 세련된 언어적 도구입니다. 이 문법은 단순한 의사소통을 넘어, 영어를 모국어로 사용하는 지식인들이 뉴스 보도, 학술 논문, 공식적인 비즈니스 커뮤니케이션에서 얼마나 객관성과 격식을 중요하게 여기는지를 보여주는 C1 수준의 핵심 문법입니다.-다고 한다, -카더라라는 어미를 붙여 상황을 정리합니다. 즉, 주어를 생략하는 것에 매우 관대하며(예: «그 사람 천재래»), 정보의 대상(그 사람)보다 정보의 내용 자체에 초점을 맞춥니다.People say...나 They say...처럼 막연한 주어를 사용하는 것을 다소 비전문적이거나 캐주얼하다고 여깁니다. 따라서 전달하고자 하는 핵심 대상(He)을 문장의 주어로 끌어올려 He is said to be a genius (그는 천재라고 일컬어진다)와 같은 형태를 취합니다. 이 구문을 완벽히 구사하게 되면, 여러분은 단지 문법적으로 올바른 영어를 넘어서, 비즈니스 이메일이나 프레젠테이션에서 매우 프로페셔널하고 객관적인 톤(tone)을 유지할 수 있게 됩니다.Subject + Passive Reporting Verb + Infinitive (to 부정사)입니다. 이 구조가 어떻게 만들어지는지 이해하려면, 언어학에서 말하는 주어 인상(Subject-to-subject raising)이라는 개념을 알아야 합니다. 복잡해 보이지만, 한국어의 문장 구조와 비교해 보면 그 원리를 명확히 이해할 수 있습니다.People say that the new CEO is strict. (사람들은 새 CEO가 엄격하다고 말한다.)that 절을 주어로 삼아 가주어 It을 사용한 수동태로 바꿀 수 있습니다.It is said that the new CEO is strict. (새 CEO가 엄격하다고들 한다.)that 절 안의 주어(the new CEO)를 전체 문장의 맨 앞(주어 자리)으로 '끌어올립니다'. 원래 문장의 동사인 say는 수동태(is said)가 되고, that 절 안에 있던 동사 is는 더 이상 주어를 가질 수 없으므로 to infinitive (to 부정사) 형태로 변신하여 뒤에 붙습니다.The new CEO is said to be strict. (새 CEO는 엄격한 것으로 알려져 있다.)It is said that... 구조에 더 가까움)이 편안합니다. 하지만 영어는 문장의 앞부분(주어)에 화자가 가장 강조하고 싶은 토픽을 배치하는 특성이 있습니다.The new CEO를 주어로 세우고, 수동태를 통해 소문의 성격을 부여하는 이 구조가 원어민들에게는 훨씬 더 간결하고 직관적으로 느껴지는 것입니다.to 부정사의 형태를 시간(시제)에 맞게 결정하는 것입니다. 단순히 to + 동사원형만 쓰는 것이 아니라, 원래 일어난 사건의 시점이 언제인지에 따라 형태가 달라집니다.say(is said)believe(is believed)know(is known)think(is thought)report(is reported)expect(is expected)rumor(is rumored) - 주로 수동태로만 쓰임
to 부정사의 변화를 3가지 패턴으로 나누어 살펴보겠습니다.to + 동사원형 / to be + -ingIt is... that... 구조 | Subject + Passive + to... 구조 (C1 레벨) |The company is said to give high bonuses every year. |The cafe is known to be popular among college students. |The director is understood to be having a meeting with a VIP. |to have + p.p.It is... that... 구조 | Subject + Passive + to... 구조 (C1 레벨) |The rival company is alleged to have stolen our technology last month. |The employee is said to have made a big mistake at the company dinner last night. |The startup is thought to have achieved its target revenue last year. |to be + p.p. / to have been + p.p.Subject + Passive + to... 구조 (C1 레벨) |The report is expected to be revised next week. |The ruins are believed to have been destroyed centuries ago. |to be being + p.p.)도 문법적으로 가능합니다. 예를 들어 The new app is said to be being developed right now.(새 앱이 지금 개발 중이라고 한다)라고 쓸 수 있습니다. 하지만 이는 원어민들에게도 발음하기 매우 어색하고 무겁게(clunky) 느껴지기 때문에, 이런 경우에는 차라리 It is said that the new app is being developed... 구조를 더 선호합니다.I heard that...이나 People say...를 쓰면 너무 가볍거나 카더라 통신처럼 보입니다. 이때 이 구문을 사용하면 철저하고 객관적인 보고서의 느낌을 줍니다.The Q3 marketing campaign is expected to launch next Monday.(3분기 마케팅 캠페인은 다음 주 월요일에 론칭될 것으로 예상됩니다.)The merger is rumored to have been canceled.(합병이 무산되었다는 소문이 있습니다. - *내가 지어낸 소문이 아님을 강조*)
The suspect is alleged to have fled to another country.(용의자는 해외로 도피한 것으로 추정/주장됩니다.)This specific protein is known to slow down the aging process.(이 특정 단백질은 노화 과정을 늦추는 것으로 알려져 있습니다.)
The actor is said to be secretly dating a K-pop idol.(그 배우가 아이돌이랑 비밀 연애 중이라고들 하더라.)The new professor is thought to give really hard exams.(새로 오신 교수님이 시험을 진짜 어렵게 내신다고 알려져 있어.)
~라고 (한다)라는 조사 구조를 영어에 1:1로 직역하려다 발생합니다.to 부정사 대신 that 절을 그대로 붙이는 오류- ❌ 오류:
He is said that he is rich. - ✅ 정답:
He is said to be rich. - 이유: 한국어의
그는 부자라고 일컬어진다
에서 '-라고'를that으로 무의식적으로 치환하기 때문입니다. 일단 주어(He)가 문장 앞으로 인상(raised)되어 나왔다면, 뒤에는 절(that + 주어 + 동사)이 올 수 없고 반드시to 부정사로 동사를 압축해 주어야 합니다.
to + 동사원형)만 쓰는 오류- ❌ 오류:
The CEO is reported to resign last year.(CEO가 작년에 사임했다고 보도된다.) - ✅ 정답:
The CEO is reported to have resigned last year. - 이유: 한국어에서는 «작년에 사임했(과거) + 다고 보도된다(현재)»처럼 각각의 동사에 시제를 줍니다. 하지만 영어의
to 부정사는 그 자체로 절대적인 시제를 갖지 못하고, 본동사(is reported)를 기준으로 상대적인 시간을 계산해야 합니다. 보도되는 것(현재)보다 사임한 것(작년)이 명백히 먼저 일어난 일이므로, 반드시 완료 부정사(to have p.p.)를 써야 합니다. 이 부분을 놓치면 원어민은 문법적으로 큰 위화감을 느낍니다.
- ❌ 오류:
He says to be the best programmer in the team. - ✅ 정답:
He is said to be the best programmer in the team. - 이유: «그 사람이 팀에서 최고라고 해»라는 한국어 문장은 주어가 모호합니다. 이 문장을 머릿속에서 번역할 때, 영어의
say를 능동으로 써버리면 «그가 (스스로) 자기가 최고라고 말하고 다닌다»는 완전히 다른 뜻(허풍을 떤다는 뉘앙스)이 되어버립니다. '남들에 의해 그렇게 불린다'는 뜻을 전하려면 반드시 수동태(is said)를 써야 합니다.
People say that Manager Kim is smart. | 보통 (Casual/Neutral) | 김 과장님 똑똑하다고 사람들이 그러더라. (일상적인 대화, 카페나 사내 메신저) | 정보 출처(People)에 약간의 초점이 분산됨. |It (가주어 수동 전달) | It is said that Manager Kim is smart. | 높음 (Formal) | 김 과장님이 똑똑하다고 일컬어집니다. (비교적 객관적, 일반적인 정보 전달) | '똑똑하다'는 사실 자체(that 절 전체)를 강조. |Manager Kim is said to be smart. | 매우 높음 (Advanced C1/Formal) | 김 과장님은 똑똑한 것으로 알려져 있습니다. (가장 세련되고 간결한 프로페셔널 톤) | Manager Kim(주제)에 강력하게 스포트라이트를 비춤. |Manager Kim is said to be... 구조는 불필요한 단어(It, that)를 없애 문장을 간결하게(concise) 만들면서도, 듣는 사람의 주의를 'Manager Kim'이라는 핵심 인물에게 곧바로 집중시키는 효과가 있습니다. 이것이 영미권 지식인들이 이 구조를 사랑하는 이유입니다.He is expected to arrive soon과 He is said to arrive soon은 같은 문법인가요?is said to는 단순히 소문이나 정보를 전달하는 반면, is expected to나 is supposed to는 앞으로 일어날 일에 대한 '예상'이나 '의무/예정'의 뉘앙스를 강하게 가집니다. 둘 다 비즈니스 환경에서 매일 쓰이는 핵심 표현입니다.He was believed to be a spy.(그는 (과거 그 당시에) 스파이로 여겨졌었다.)
to be는 본동사(was believed)와 같은 시점(과거)을 의미합니다. 만약 그보다 더 먼 대과거의 일을 과거에 믿었다면 He was believed to have been a spy.가 됩니다. 이처럼 시제의 상대적 계산이 이 문법 마스터의 최종 관문입니다.Personal Structure: Subject + Passive Verb + Infinitive
| Time of Action | Infinitive Form | Example Structure | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Present/Future
|
Simple (to do)
|
is said to [verb]
|
He is said to live in Paris.
|
|
Present Continuous
|
Continuous (to be doing)
|
is thought to be [verb-ing]
|
She is thought to be sleeping.
|
|
Past
|
Perfect (to have done)
|
is believed to have [past part.]
|
They are believed to have left.
|
|
Past Continuous
|
Perfect Continuous (to have been doing)
|
is alleged to have been [verb-ing]
|
He is alleged to have been lying.
|
Common Passive Reporting Verbs
| Verb | Passive Form (Impersonal) | Passive Form (Personal) |
|---|---|---|
|
Say
|
It is said that...
|
Subject is said to...
|
|
Think
|
It is thought that...
|
Subject is thought to...
|
|
Believe
|
It is believed that...
|
Subject is believed to...
|
|
Report
|
It is reported that...
|
Subject is reported to...
|
|
Claim
|
It is claimed that...
|
Subject is claimed to...
|
|
Allege
|
It is alleged that...
|
Subject is alleged to...
|
Meanings
A formal way to report thoughts, beliefs, or rumors without identifying the speaker, often used to create a sense of distance or objectivity.
General Consensus
Reporting what is widely believed or accepted by the public or a specific group.
“It is generally accepted that climate change is accelerating.”
“The company is thought to be the market leader.”
Rumors and Speculation
Reporting unconfirmed information or gossip in a way that avoids personal responsibility for the claim.
“He is rumored to be dating a famous actress.”
“The CEO is said to be considering a resignation.”
Expectations and Requirements
Reporting what is expected to happen or what people are required to do based on general knowledge.
“The train is expected to arrive ten minutes late.”
“Passengers are requested to remain seated.”
Reference Table
| 보고 동사 | 수동태 형태 | 현재/일반 to 부정사 | 과거 to 부정사 |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Say
|
is/are said
|
to be / to + 기본 동사
|
to have been / to have + 과거 분사
|
|
Believe
|
is/are believed
|
to be / to + 기본 동사
|
to have been / to have + 과거 분사
|
|
Know
|
is/are known
|
to be / to + 기본 동사
|
to have been / to have + 과거 분사
|
|
Think
|
is/are thought
|
to be / to + 기본 동사
|
to have been / to have + 과거 분사
|
|
Report
|
is/are reported
|
to be / to + 기본 동사
|
to have been / to have + 과거 분사
|
|
Expect
|
is/are expected
|
to be / to + 기본 동사
|
to have been / to have + 과거 분사
|
|
Understand
|
is/are understood
|
to be / to + 기본 동사
|
to have been / to have + 과거 분사
|
격식 수준 스펙트럼
He is reputed to possess considerable wealth. (Financial status)
He is said to be very rich. (Financial status)
Word is he's loaded. (Financial status)
I heard he's got mad stacks. (Financial status)
수준별 예문
People say he is a good doctor.
They think the movie is long.
Everyone says the food is great.
I hear he is from Italy.
It is said that the city is beautiful.
People believe that he is very rich.
It is thought that the test is hard.
They say that she is a famous singer.
It is reported that the weather will be bad.
He is said to be a very kind man.
It is believed that the fire started in the kitchen.
The company is thought to be very successful.
The athlete is expected to win the gold medal.
It is claimed that the new drug has no side effects.
The painting is believed to be a genuine Picasso.
He is rumored to have resigned from his post.
The CEO is alleged to have been embezzling funds for years.
It is widely understood that the treaty is no longer valid.
The species was thought to have gone extinct in the 19th century.
The manuscript is reputed to be the oldest in existence.
The diplomat is purported to have acted as a double agent during the war.
It is surmised that the civilization collapsed due to prolonged drought.
The author is widely held to have revolutionized the modern novel.
The suspect is reported to be evading capture in the mountains.
혼동하기 쉬운
Learners often use 'supposed to' when they mean 'said to'. 'Supposed to' often implies an obligation or a failed expectation.
Mixing the 'that' clause with the 'to' infinitive.
Using 'People say' in a formal essay.
자주 하는 실수
He say he is happy.
He says he is happy.
People is say he is rich.
People say he is rich.
They thinks it is good.
They think it is good.
I am hear he is nice.
I hear he is nice.
It said that he is rich.
It is said that he is rich.
He is say to be rich.
He is said to be rich.
It is thought he rich.
It is thought that he is rich.
He is said that he is rich.
He is said to be rich.
It is believed to be rich.
He is believed to be rich.
He is thought have left.
He is thought to have left.
He is alleged to steal the money yesterday.
He is alleged to have stolen the money yesterday.
It is reported the company to be closing.
The company is reported to be closing.
He is understood to being working hard.
He is understood to be working hard.
The suspect is claimed to have been escaped.
The suspect is claimed to have escaped.
문장 패턴
It is ___ that ___.
Subject is said to ___.
Subject is thought to have ___.
Subject is alleged to have been ___.
Real World Usage
Local Man Said to Be Missing After Storm
The results are thought to indicate a shift in climate patterns.
The defendant is alleged to have committed the robbery.
She's rumored to be getting a promotion.
The flight is expected to be delayed.
The king was believed to have died in battle.
동사 선택에 신중하세요!
It is alleged는 It is said보다 훨씬 강하게 '혐의가 있다'는 느낌을 주죠. The choice of reporting verb (say, believe, expect) subtly changes the nuance of your statement.It is allegedcarries a stronger implication of wrongdoing thanIt is said.
to 부정사의 시점에 유의하세요!
to be vs. to have been). 늘 이렇게 질문해 보세요. '이 보고된 행동이 지금 일어나는 일인가, 아니면 이전에 일어난 일인가?' The biggest trap is using the wrong infinitive (to bevs.to have been). Always ask: did the reported action happen at the same time as the reporting, or before it?
좀 더 학술적으로 들리게 하려면
In university papers or formal presentations, using these structures adds objectivity and a touch of academic flair. It makes your claims sound more researched and less like personal opinion.
영어와 다른 언어 비교
가능하다면 간결하게!
considered 뒤에 to be를 생략할 수 있는 경우가 종종 있어요. 예를 들어, 의미가 명확하다면 He is considered brilliant가 He is considered to be brilliant보다 간결하고 자연스러울 때가 많아요. "Sometimes, you can drop to be after considered. For example, He is considered brilliant is often fine instead of He is considered to be brilliant if clarity isn't lost."Smart Tips
Switch to 'It is widely believed that...' or 'It is often claimed that...'.
Always use 'to have + past participle'.
Use 'rumored to' or 'alleged to' to protect yourself from sounding like you're stating a fact.
Check for 'that' immediately after the reporting verb.
발음
Weak form of 'to'
In the personal structure, the word 'to' is usually unstressed and pronounced as a schwa /tə/.
Stress on reporting verb
The main stress usually falls on the past participle of the reporting verb (e.g., 'said', 'thought', 'believed').
Falling intonation for facts
He is said to be the best. ↘
Conveys a sense of reporting a known or accepted fact.
암기하기
기억법
Remember 'IT' for the whole sentence (It is said that...), and 'TO' for the person (He is said TO...).
시각적 연상
Imagine a news anchor behind a desk. They don't say 'My friend told me'; they say 'It is reported that...'. The desk represents the distance and formality of the structure.
Rhyme
If you start with 'It', a 'that' is a fit. If you start with 'He', a 'to' it must be!
Story
A detective is investigating a crime. He doesn't know who did it, so he writes in his notebook: 'The suspect is believed to have escaped.' He uses this to sound professional and avoid blaming the wrong person too early.
Word Web
챌린지
Write three sentences about a famous celebrity using 'is said to be', 'is thought to have', and 'is rumored to be doing'.
문화 노트
British journalism (especially the BBC or broadsheets) uses these structures extensively to maintain a 'neutral' and 'unbiased' stance.
In Western academia, using 'It is thought that' is preferred over 'I think' to make the research seem more universal and less personal.
The word 'alleged' is legally crucial. Media must say 'The alleged thief' or 'He is alleged to have stolen' until a person is convicted to avoid lawsuits.
These structures evolved from the Latin 'dicitur' (it is said) and 'videtur' (it seems), which were common in legal and scholarly texts.
대화 시작하기
What is a place in your country that is said to be haunted?
Which celebrity is rumored to be starting a new project right now?
In your field of study, what is a theory that is widely held to be true?
Discuss a historical figure who is alleged to have committed a crime that was never proven.
일기 주제
자주 하는 실수
Test Yourself
The ancient city ___ to have existed for over 2,000 years.
is believed가 올바른 수동태 형태입니다. to have existed는 해당 행동이 과거에 일어났음을 정확히 보여줍니다.Find and fix the mistake:
The documents are said have been lost.
to have been lost가 정확합니다.올바른 문장을 고르세요:
to have studied가 필요합니다.Score: /3
연습 문제
8 exercisesThe CEO is believed ______ the company last night.
It ______ that the new law will be passed next week.
Find and fix the mistake:
He is thought that he is the best player in the team.
People believe that the suspect is hiding in the woods.
The structure 'It is said that...' is more informal than 'People say...'.
A: Have you heard about the new manager? B: Yes, he ______ very strict.
Select the correct group.
1. People say he is rich. 2. People think he was rich.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesThe ancient scroll ___ to contain secret knowledge.
The suspect ___ the country before the police arrived.
The new building is expected finished next month.
He is said to being a brilliant scientist, but he retired last year.
어떤 문장이 올바른가요?
올바른 옵션을 선택하세요:
'Se dice que el concierto ha sido cancelado.'를 영어로 번역하세요.
'Se cree que el sospechoso estaba mintiendo durante el interrogatorio.'를 영어로 번역하세요.
이 단어들을 문장으로 배열하세요:
이 단어들을 문장으로 배열하세요:
문장과 올바른 to 부정사 끝 부분을 연결하세요:
문장의 시작과 올바른 수동태 보고 절을 연결하여 문장을 완성하세요.
Score: /12
자주 묻는 질문 (8)
No, only 'reporting verbs' like `say`, `think`, `believe`, `claim`, `allege`, `report`, `understand`, and `expect` work.
The meaning is the same, but 'He is said' focuses on the person, while 'It is said' focuses on the whole situation. 'He is said' is generally considered more advanced.
Use `to have been` (Perfect Infinitive) when the action you are reporting happened *before* the time of reporting. Example: `He is said to have been a spy in the 80s`.
It is less common in casual speech. In conversation, we usually say `I've heard that...` or `People say...`.
Yes! You can say `It was thought that...` or `He was believed to be...` to report what people thought in the past.
Mostly, yes. It implies that a claim has been made but not yet proven, which is why it's so common in legal and police contexts.
Because it creates 'distance' between the speaker and the information. You aren't saying *you* believe it; you're saying *it is believed* by others.
No. You cannot say `He is said that he is...`. You must use the infinitive: `He is said to be...`.
Scaffolded Practice
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Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Se dice que... / Se cree que...
Spanish prefers the 'It is said that' equivalent almost exclusively.
On dit que... / Il est dit que...
English 'He is said to' must be translated as 'On dit qu'il...' in French.
Man sagt... / Er soll ... sein
German uses the modal 'sollen' to express 'is said to'.
...to iwarete iru (〜と言われている)
The structure is very similar, but Japanese word order is Subject-Object-Verb.
Yuqal 'anna... (يُقال أن)
Arabic rarely uses a personal infinitive structure for reporting.
Jùshuō (据说)
Chinese uses a lexical marker (Jùshuō) rather than a grammatical passive construction.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Learn These First
Continue With
관련 동영상
The Horror of the Slaver Ant
The Future of AI is Open [Advertiser content from IBM]
America's Worst Flag Gets a Redesign
Passive Reporting Verbs in English | IT IS SAID THAT, IT IS THOUGHT THAT
Oxford English Now
PASSIVE VOICE - English Grammar step-by-step
Arnel's Everyday English
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