C1 · پیشرفته فصل 9

Reporting Information and Rumors

7 مجموع قواعد
83 مثال‌ها
6 دقیقه
قواعد این فصل تمرین سریع

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of relaying information and navigating rumors with confidence and professional flair.

  • Construct sophisticated passive sentences to report hearsay.
  • Convert direct inquiries into fluent reported questions.
  • Command and request information using precise reporting verbs.
Report with authority, speak with precision.

چی یاد می‌گیری

Ready to elevate your conversations, subtly sharing news or expertly relaying information? Dive into this chapter to confidently navigate reported questions and sophisticated passive structures, making your speech sound truly authoritative and refined.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: relay gossip or business news using advanced impersonal passive structures.

راهنمای فصل

مرور کلی

As a C1 English learner, you're not just speaking English; you're mastering its nuances, ready to express complex ideas with sophistication. This chapter,
Reporting Information and Rumors,
is your gateway to sounding truly fluent and authoritative. It equips you with the tools to share news, relay conversations, and even distance yourself from claims, all while maintaining impeccable grammar.
We'll delve into structures that allow you to subtly convey reported information and rumors, moving beyond basic direct speech to a more objective and refined communication style.
This mastery is crucial for professional settings, academic discussions, and even nuanced social interactions where clarity and precision are paramount. You’ll learn how to transform direct questions into smooth, integrated statements using reported questions with question words or reported Yes/No questions with 'if' or 'whether'. Furthermore, we’ll explore advanced C1 English grammar techniques like using passive reporting verbs –
It is said that...
or
He is said to be...
– to present information objectively, often hinting at its source without explicitly naming it.
Get ready to elevate your ability to report facts, claims, and even speculation with a confidence that truly reflects your advanced English proficiency.

این گرامر چطور کار می‌کنه

At its heart, reporting information involves transforming someone else's words or a general belief into your own statement, often from a different time or perspective. The core principle is typically backshifting tenses (e.g., present simple becomes past simple) and adjusting pronouns and time expressions. For example,
I am busy today,
becomes
She said she was busy that day.
This foundational understanding then branches into more complex, C1-level structures designed for objectivity and nuance.
When you encounter reported questions, the key is to turn them into statements, losing the question mark and inverted word order. A direct question like
What is he doing?
becomes
She asked what he was doing.
Notice the subject-verb order after the question word. Similarly, for reported Yes/No questions, we use 'if' or 'whether' as a connector: Are you coming? transforms into
He wondered if/whether I was coming.
For reported commands and requests, direct imperatives like Clean your room! convert into an infinitive structure, often with a specific reporting verb:
She told me to clean my room.
Here, verbs like *tell*, *ask*, *order*, *advise*, or *warn* are crucial for conveying the original tone.
The truly C1-level structures involve passive reporting verbs like
It is said that...
or
He is said to be...
. These are powerful for distancing yourself from the information, presenting it as a generally accepted fact or widespread rumor without attribution. For instance, instead of "People say he's very talented, you can say, It is said that he is very talented,
or even more elegantly,
He is said to be very talented." This latter form (He is said to be...) is particularly advanced as it shifts the focus directly to the subject of the rumor or belief, creating a more concise and sophisticated report.
You'll also learn to integrate modals into these passive structures, allowing for precision even when reporting possibilities or obligations, like
He is thought to have been working late.

اشتباهات رایج

  1. 1Forgetting to backshift tenses in reported speech.
✗ He said he *is* coming tomorrow.
✓ He said he *was* coming the next day.
*Explanation:* When reporting something that was said in the past, the tense often shifts backward.
  1. 1Maintaining question word order in reported questions.
✗ She asked what *was his name?*
✓ She asked what *his name was*.
*Explanation:* Reported questions become statements, so the subject comes before the verb.
  1. 1Confusing
    It is said that...
    with
    He is said to be...
✗ The company is said that *it* is launching a new product.
✓ It is said that the company is launching a new product. (Correct, but less concise)
✓ The company is said to be launching a new product. (More advanced, C1)
*Explanation:*
He/She/It is said to be...
is a more advanced and often more elegant way to report information about a specific subject, directly linking the subject to the reported action or state.

مکالمات واقعی

A

A

Did you hear about the new policy?
B

B

Oh, yes. It is rumored that the changes will be implemented by next month. The CEO is said to be announcing the full details on Friday.
A

A

I’m not sure if I should take on this extra project.
B

B

Well, the manager asked if you would be able to handle it. He also advised us to prioritize our current tasks before committing to new ones.
A

A

I wonder what the new client's expectations are.
B

B

I spoke with Sarah. She said she wasn't sure what their specific requirements were, but she did mention that they were hoping to finalize the contract soon.

سؤالات رایج

Q

When should I use

It is said that...
versus
He/She is said to be...
?

It is said that...
is more general, like reporting common knowledge or rumors about a situation.
He/She is said to be...
focuses directly on a person or specific entity, making the sentence more concise and often more formal, emphasizing the subject as the focus of the reported information.

Q

Do I always have to backshift tenses in reported speech?

Not always. If the reported statement is still true in the present, or if it's a general truth, backshifting is optional. For example,

He said the Earth is round
is still correct, though
He said the Earth was round
is also acceptable. However, for specific events or past actions, backshifting is generally expected.

Q

Can 'if' and 'whether' be used interchangeably in reported Yes/No questions?

Often, yes. Both 'if' and 'whether' work for simple reported Yes/No questions. However, 'whether' is generally preferred in more formal contexts, or when reporting a choice between two alternatives (e.g.,

She asked whether I wanted coffee or tea
).

Q

Why is reporting commands with 'to-infinitive' better than just saying "He said, 'Do this!'"?

While direct speech is fine, using the 'to-infinitive' structure (

He told me to do this
) transforms the command into a grammatically integrated statement within your own sentence. This makes your speech flow more smoothly and demonstrates a higher level of syntactic control, essential for C1 English.

بافت فرهنگی

Native English speakers use these structures to navigate social and professional discourse with precision. Passive reporting verbs like
It is believed that...
or
He is understood to be...
are particularly common in news reporting, academic papers, and business communications where objectivity, formality, and sometimes a degree of distance from the source are desired. In everyday conversation, using reported questions and commands is natural for relaying information efficiently.
There isn't significant regional variation in the grammar itself, but the *frequency* of using advanced passive structures might lean towards more formal environments. Mastering these allows you to sound less direct and more diplomatic when sharing sensitive or unconfirmed information, a valuable social skill.

مثال‌های کلیدی (8)

1

It is said that laughter is the best medicine.

می‌گویند که خنده بهترین داروست.

اخبار و شایعات: مجهول با افعال گزارشی (گفته می شود که...)
2

It was reported that the flight would be delayed by two hours.

گزارش شده بود که پرواز دو ساعت تأخیر خواهد داشت.

اخبار و شایعات: مجهول با افعال گزارشی (گفته می شود که...)
3

The celebrity is said to be filming a new movie in secret.

گفته میشه این سلبریتی مخفیانه داره یه فیلم جدید بازی می‌کنه.

مجهول پیشرفته: گزارش شایعات و باورها (گفته می‌شود که او...)
4

She is believed to be one of the top researchers in her field.

باور بر اینه که اون یکی از بهترین محقق‌های حوزه‌ی خودشه.

مجهول پیشرفته: گزارش شایعات و باورها (گفته می‌شود که او...)
5

The project is expected to be finished by Friday.

انتظار می‌رود پروژه تا جمعه تمام شود.

ساختارهای گزارش‌دهی مجهول (گفته می‌شود که او...)
6

She is known to be a talented artist.

او به عنوان یک هنرمند بااستعداد شناخته شده است.

ساختارهای گزارش‌دهی مجهول (گفته می‌شود که او...)
7

She asked `what my name was`.

او پرسید اسمم چیست.

پرسش‌های نقل شده با کلمات پرسشی (چه کسی، چه چیزی، چرا)
8

I wondered `where the coffee shop was`.

من کنجکاو بودم کافه کجا بود.

پرسش‌های نقل شده با کلمات پرسشی (چه کسی، چه چیزی، چرا)

نکات و ترفندها (4)

💡

افعال متنوعی استفاده کن

توی مکالمه یا نوشتن، فقط به 'said' نچسب. از 'believed,' 'known,' 'reported,' 'thought,' 'expected,' یا 'alleged' استفاده کن تا حرفت دقیق‌تر باشه و یک جور خاصی منظورت رو برسونی. هر فعل یک معنی خاصی میده. مثلاً:
It is widely reported that the economy is improving.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: اخبار و شایعات: مجهول با افعال گزارشی (گفته می شود که...)
💡

تنوع در فعل‌ها

فقط به 'said' و 'believed' محدود نشو! از فعل‌های متنوع مثل 'known', 'thought', 'understood', 'alleged', 'expected', و 'considered' استفاده کن تا گزارش‌هات دقیق‌تر و جذاب‌تر بشن.
He is known to be a talented artist.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: مجهول پیشرفته: گزارش شایعات و باورها (گفته می‌شود که او...)
💡

فعل مناسب رو انتخاب کن!

فکر کن یه خبر مهمو میخوای بگی. انتخاب فعل گزارشی (مثل say, believe, expect) ظریف‌ترین جزئیات منظورتو عوض می‌کنه. مثلاً It is alleged خیلی بیشتر از It is said معنی «اتهام» میده.
It is alleged that he stole the money.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ساختارهای گزارش‌دهی مجهول (گفته می‌شود که او...)
💡

قانون 'عدم وارونگی' رو تمرین کن

خیلی راحته که اشتباهی ترتیب کلمات سوالی رو حفظ کنی. همیشه یادت باشه که سوالات غیرمستقیم، جمله‌خبری هستن، پس فاعل قبل از فعل میاد، دقیقاً مثل یه جمله عادی. این مهم‌ترین نکته‌ایه که باید رعایت کنی.
She asked what I wanted.
(درست) نه
She asked what did I want?
(غلط).
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: پرسش‌های نقل شده با کلمات پرسشی (چه کسی، چه چیزی، چرا)

واژگان کلیدی (5)

Allege to claim something is true without proof Rumor a currently circulating story of uncertain truth Inquiry an act of asking for information Diplomatic having the ability to deal with people in a sensitive way Objective not influenced by personal feelings

Real-World Preview

briefcase

Corporate Office Gossip

Review Summary

  • It + be + verb(past participle) + that...
  • Subject + be + verb(past participle) + to + infinitive

اشتباهات رایج

You cannot use a 'that' clause after a personal subject in this passive structure. Use an infinitive instead.

Wrong: He is said that he is rich.
صحیح: He is said to be rich.

In reported questions, the word order must return to statement form (subject + verb).

Wrong: He asked me what did I do.
صحیح: He asked me what I did.

The verb 'tell' takes an object directly without the preposition 'to'.

Wrong: She told to me to wait.
صحیح: She told me to wait.

قواعد این فصل (7)

1

اخبار و شایعات: مجهول با افعال گزارشی (گفته می شود که...)

C1
با تسلط به «It is said that...»، مهارت گزارش دادن توی انگلیسی رو بالا می‌بری و بهش «رسمیت» و «بی‌طرفی» میدی.
It is said that laughter is the best medicine.
11 مثال‌ها
2

مجهول پیشرفته: گزارش شایعات و باورها (گفته می‌شود که او...)

C1
با یادگیری این ساختار پیشرفته «C1»، شایعات و باورها رو «حرفه‌ای» و «دقیق» گزارش بده، تا مثل یک بومی حرف بزنی.
The celebrity is said to be filming a new movie in...
12 مثال‌ها
3

ساختارهای گزارش‌دهی مجهول (گفته می‌شود که او...)

C1
اگه بتونی این ساختارها رو خوب یاد بگیری، انگلیسی صحبت کردنت خیلی «حرفه‌ای» و «دقیق» میشه، دقیقاً مثل یه C1 speaker واقعی.
The project is expected to be finished by Friday.
12 مثال‌ها
4

پرسش‌های نقل شده با کلمات پرسشی (چه کسی، چه چیزی، چرا)

C1
سوالات غیرمستقیم 'wh-' سوال‌ها رو به جمله خبری تبدیل می‌کنن. یادت باشه که «ترتیب کلمات» و «تغییر زمان فعل» خیلی مهمه!
She asked `what my name was`.
12 مثال‌ها
5

پرسش‌های گزارش شده بله/خیر (اگر/آیا)

C1
سوالات غیرمستقیم بله/خیر رو کامل یاد بگیری، هم می‌تونی حرفای دیگران رو «روون» و «حرفه‌ای» نقل‌قول کنی، هم سطح مکالمه «C1 انگلیسی» خودتو ببری بالا.
My manager asked `if I could meet by Friday`.
12 مثال‌ها
6

دستورات و درخواست‌های گزارش شده: گفتن به دیگران که چه کاری انجام دهند

C1
برای اینکه موقع انتقال دستورات و درخواست‌ها مودب، حرفه‌ای و واضح به نظر برسی، باید توی 'reported commands' و 'requests' استاد بشی.
My boss asked me to finish the project by Friday.
12 مثال‌ها
7

گفتار نقل شده با افعال کمکی و گزارش مجهول (C1)

C1
Master advanced reporting to sound polished, objective, and nuanced in C1 English.
She said she `could meet` us for coffee tomorrow.
12 مثال‌ها

Next Steps

You have mastered the mechanics of professional reporting. Keep practicing these structures in your daily writing to truly own them!

Listen to a news podcast and note down three examples of passive reporting structures.

Continue to: جادوی خلاصه‌نویسی: با پارتیسیپل‌ها مثل یه نیتیو حرف بزن!

تمرین سریع (10)

شکل صحیح رو انتخاب کن تا جمله کامل بشه.

The ancient city ___ to have existed for over 2,000 years.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: is believed
چون city فاعل مفرده، is believed شکل مجهول صحیحه. مصدر to have existed هم درسته چون نشون میده کار تو گذشته اتفاق افتاده.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ساختارهای گزارش‌دهی مجهول (گفته می‌شود که او...)

اشتباه جمله رو پیدا کن و درستش کن.

Find and fix the mistake:

She asked if was he coming to the meeting.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: She asked if he was coming to the meeting.
توی سوالات غیرمستقیم، ترتیب کلمات بعد از 'if' یا 'whether' باید فاعل + فعل باشه، نه ترتیب کلمات سوالی. علاوه بر این، زمان فعل هم باید به عقب بره ('is coming' -> 'was coming').

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: پرسش‌های گزارش شده بله/خیر (اگر/آیا)

شکل صحیح فعل گزارشی رو انتخاب کن.

It ___ that the new policy will improve efficiency.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: is expected
ساختار مجهول نیاز به «It + be + فعل سوم» داره. «Is expected» به درستی حالت مجهول زمان حال رو میسازه.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: اخبار و شایعات: مجهول با افعال گزارشی (گفته می شود که...)

کدوم جمله از ساختار گزارش مجهول درست استفاده کرده؟

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: She is known to have studied abroad last year.
چون فعل «مطالعه خارج از کشور» «سال گذشته» (در گذشته) اتفاق افتاده، مصدر کامل to have studied لازمه.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ساختارهای گزارش‌دهی مجهول (گفته می‌شود که او...)

شکل صحیح رو انتخاب کن تا سوال غیرمستقیم کامل بشه.

My friend wanted to know ___ I had finished the report.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: if
برای سوالات بله/خیر غیرمستقیم، از 'if' یا 'whether' برای معرفی عبارت غیرمستقیم استفاده می‌کنیم، نه 'what' (که برای سوالات Wh-دار هست) یا 'that' (که برای جملات خبری غیرمستقیم هست).

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: پرسش‌های گزارش شده بله/خیر (اگر/آیا)

کدوم جمله سوال 'Where is the nearest ATM?' رو درست گزارش می‌کنه؟

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: She asked where the nearest ATM was.
سوال غیرمستقیم صحیح به ترتیب کلمات فاعل-فعل ('the nearest ATM was') نیاز داره و 'is' رو به 'was' تغییر زمان میده چون سوال در گذشته پرسیده شده.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: پرسش‌های نقل شده با کلمات پرسشی (چه کسی، چه چیزی، چرا)

اشتباه رو توی سوال غیرمستقیم پیدا کن و اصلاحش کن.

Find and fix the mistake:

He asked me why did I leave early.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: He asked me why I had left early.
توی سوالات غیرمستقیم، 'did' حذف میشه و فعل به گذشته برمی‌گرده. 'Why did you leave?' (گذشته ساده) به 'why I had left' (گذشته کامل) تبدیل میشه. ترتیب کلمات وارونه ('did I') هم به 'I had' اصلاح میشه.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: پرسش‌های نقل شده با کلمات پرسشی (چه کسی، چه چیزی، چرا)

Find the error in this sentence: 'It is thought him to be the best player.'

Find and fix the mistake:

It is thought him to be the best player.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Change 'It' to 'He'
The 'Subject + to-infinitive' structure requires the person (He) as the subject, not 'It'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: گفتار نقل شده با افعال کمکی و گزارش مجهول (C1)

اشتباه جمله رو پیدا کن و اصلاحش کن.

Find and fix the mistake:

She is believed earning a significant salary.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: She is believed to earn a significant salary.
فعل گزارش مجهول 'is believed' باید با یک مصدر دنبال بشه. 'To earn' یا 'to be earning' درسته، بستگی به این داره که عمل یک حالت کلیه یا در حال حاضر در جریانه.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: مجهول پیشرفته: گزارش شایعات و باورها (گفته می‌شود که او...)

Choose the correct modal shift for: 'I can help you tomorrow,' he said.

He said he ___ help me the next day.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: could
'Can' shifts to 'could' in reported speech.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: گفتار نقل شده با افعال کمکی و گزارش مجهول (C1)

Score: /10

سوالات رایج (6)

ساختار اصلی اینه: It + be (با زمان مناسب) + فعل گزارشی در حالت قسمت سوم (مثلاً said, believed, reported) + that + یک جمله واره. مثلاً:
It is believed that the meeting starts at ten.
استفاده از «It is said that...» جمله رو رسمی‌تر، بی‌طرفانه‌تر و کلی‌تر می‌کنه و بیشتر روی خود اطلاعات تمرکز می‌کنه تا آدم‌هایی که دارن حرف می‌زنن. «People say that...» مستقیم‌تر و غیررسمی‌تره. مثلاً: "People say that he's rich,« ولی برای رسمی‌تر بودن: »It is said that he is rich."
این یه راهیه که بگی مردم عموماً درباره کسی یا چیزی چی میگن، فکر می‌کنن یا باور دارن، بدون اینکه اسم خاصی از گوینده بیاری. باعث میشه جمله‌ات عینی‌تر به نظر بیاد، مثلاً:
He is said to be a genius.
هردوشون گزارش مجهولن، اما 'He is said to be a genius' معمولاً مختصرتره و تمرکز رو مستقیماً روی کسی که درباره‌اش صحبت میشه میاره. 'It is said that...' از 'it' به عنوان فاعل جایگزین استفاده می‌کنه.
برای گزارش دادن حرف‌ها، افکار یا باورهای عمومی مردم استفاده میشه، بدون اینکه مستقیماً منبع رو اسم ببریم. این ساختار یه لایه بی‌طرفی اضافه می‌کنه و معمولاً نشون میده که اطلاعات یه دانش عمومیه یا یه شایعه. مثلاً:
The ancient city is said to be built on gold.
شکل معلوم روی مردم به عنوان فاعل تأکید می‌کنه، در حالی که
He is said to be rich
تمرکز رو به 'او' منتقل می‌کنه و جمله بیشتر درباره اونه. همچنین رسمی‌تر و مختصرتره. مثلاً:
People say the boss is busy
تبدیل میشه به
The boss is said to be busy.
فصل قبلی
Advanced Passive Perspectives
فصل بعدی
جادوی خلاصه‌نویسی: با پارتیسیپل‌ها مثل یه نیتیو حرف بزن!
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