چه زمانی از ساختار مجهول استفاده کنیم (گزارش اخبار و شایعات)
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use the reported passive to share information without naming a specific source, common in news and gossip.
- Use 'It + is/was + past participle + that' for general claims (e.g., 'It is said that...').
- Use 'Subject + is/was + past participle + to-infinitive' for specific people (e.g., 'He is thought to be...').
- Common verbs include: say, think, believe, consider, report, know, and rumor.
مرور کلی
این گرامر چطور کار میکنه
It شروع میشه. این مثل اینه که بگیم «توی شهر پیچیده که...» ولی به یه روش گرامری درست.
الگوی ساخت
It is said that...(غیرشخصی)
It شروع کن.
to be رو اضافه کن (معمولا is یا was).
said, thought, believed, reported, known.
that رو اضافه کن.
It + is + rumored + that + the concert is canceled.
Subject is said to...(شخصی)
to be رو بیار (is, are, was, were).
to + یه فعل مصدری (infinitive) اضافه کن.
to + verb (مثل to be, to work).
to have + V3 (مثل to have won, to have left).
to be + -ing (مثل to be waiting).
The concert + is + rumored + to be + canceled.
کی استفاده کنیم
- خبرهای فوری: خبرنگارها عاشق این مدل هستن. بهشون کمک میکنه چیزهایی رو گزارش کنن که هنوز کاملاً تایید نشده. «گزارش شده که فلان شرکت تکنولوژی ۵۰۰ تا از کارمنداش رو اخراج میکنه.» اینطوری از خبرنگار محافظت میشه. اگه تهش معلوم بشه خبر غلط بوده، میتونن بگن: «هی، من فقط گفتم که گزارش شده!»
- باورهای عمومی: وقتی داری درباره چیزی حرف میزنی که بیشتر مردم فکر میکنن درسته. «اون به عنوان بهترین گیمر دنیا شناخته میشه.» یا «اعتقاد بر اینه که خوردن شکلات آدم رو خوشحال میکنه.» (که هممون میدونیم ۱۰۰٪ راسته).
- نوشتههای رسمی: اگه داری برای دانشگاه مقاله یا گزارش مینویسی. این کار باعث میشه نوشتهت عینی (objective) به نظر بیاد. به جای اینکه بگی «من فکر میکنم دادهها نشون میدن...»، میگی «تصور میشود که دادهها نشان میدهند...»
- غیبت کردن (به سبک مدرن): استفاده از این ساختار برای شایعات سلبریتیها باعث میشه شبیه مجلههای زردِ باکلاس به نظر بیای! «گفته میشه اون با یه بازیگر معروف تو رابطهست.» این خیلی باکلاستر از «دوستم بهم گفت اون باهاش دوست شده» به نظر میاد.
- شانه خالی کردن از مسئولیت: این یه حرکت کلاسیکه! «انتظار میرفت که پروژه امروز تموم بشه.» اینطوری به نظر میاد که پروژه خودش شکست خورده! هیچکس هم نمیگه که تو تمام شب داشتی بازی میکردی.
اشتباهات رایج
- 1فراموش کردن
toدر ساختار شخصی.
- ✗ She is said be a genius.
- ✓ She is said
to bea genius.
to ضروریه.- 1استفاده از مصدر اشتباه برای زمان گذشته.
- ✗ He is thought to win the prize last year.
- ✓ He is thought
to have wonthe prize last year.
have + V3 نیاز داری.- 1قاطی کردن دو تا ساختار با هم.
- ✗ It is said him to be rich.
- ✓
It is said thathe is rich. یاHe is said tobe rich.
It شروع کنی یا با اون شخص. سعی نکن هر دو رو همزمان انجام بدی. مثل اینه که بخوای دو جفت کفش رو با هم بپوشی!- 1استفاده از شکل اشتباه فعل بعد از
It is said that
.
- ✗ It is said that he to be rich.
- ✓ It is said that
he isrich.
that به یه جمله نرمال با فعل نرمال نیاز داری. اینجا اجازه نداری از مصدر استفاده کنی!مقایسه با الگوهای مشابه
- مجهول معمولی: «پنجره شکسته شد.»
- مجهول نقلقولی: «گفته میشود که پنجره شکسته شد.»
- استاندارد: «آنها گفتند که او خسته بود.»
- مجهول: «گفته میشد که او خسته است.» (He was said to be tired).
سؤالات رایج
آیا این فقط برای انگلیسی رسمیه؟
بیشتر بله، ولی توی غیبتهای دوستانه هم میشنویش! باعث میشه حرفت بامزه یا دراماتیک به نظر بیاد.
آیا میتونم از هر فعلی استفاده کنم؟
نه، فقط فعلهای «گزارشی» (reporting). مثل: say, think, believe, claim, report, know, expect.
چرا بهش میگن «غیرشخصی»؟
چون کلمه It هیچ شخصیتی نداره. فقط یه جایگزین برای خودِ خبره.
آیا
He is thought to be...همون
People think he is...هست؟
بله! معنی یکیه. نسخه مجهول فقط حرفهایتر به نظر میاد و تمرکز رو جابجا میکنه.
اگه قسمت سوم (past participle) یه فعل رو بلد نباشم چی؟
بیشتر فعلهای گزارشی باقاعده هستن (claimed, reported, believed). فعلهای Thought, Known و Said هم بیقاعدههای رایجی هستن که باید حفظشون کنی. اگه لازم شد از لیست فعلها کمک بگیر!
Reporting Verb Structures
| Structure Type | Subject | Passive Reporting Verb | Connector/Infinitive | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Impersonal
|
It
|
is said / was believed
|
that + clause
|
It is said that he is kind.
|
|
Personal (Present)
|
He / She / They
|
is thought / are known
|
to + infinitive
|
He is thought to be kind.
|
|
Personal (Past)
|
The suspect
|
is alleged
|
to have + past participle
|
He is alleged to have stolen it.
|
|
Personal (Continuous)
|
The team
|
is reported
|
to be + -ing
|
They are reported to be winning.
|
|
Negative Impersonal
|
It
|
is not expected
|
that + clause
|
It is not expected that they win.
|
|
Question Personal
|
Is
|
he known
|
to be + adjective
|
Is he known to be reliable?
|
Meanings
A grammatical structure used to report opinions, rumors, or facts when the specific source of the information is unknown, unimportant, or needs to be distanced from the speaker.
Impersonal Reporting
Using 'It' as a dummy subject to introduce a general belief or news item.
“It is reported that the strike will end tomorrow.”
“It was thought that the earth was flat.”
Personal Subject Reporting
Focusing on a specific person or thing as the subject of the rumor or belief.
“The CEO is said to be resigning next month.”
“The painting is believed to be a forgery.”
Past Reporting
Reporting something that was believed in the past but may not be now.
“He was known to be a difficult boss.”
“It was alleged that he stole the money.”
Reference Table
| نوع ساختار | جمله مثال | بستر استفاده |
|---|---|---|
|
غیرشخصی (It)
|
It is said that he is a genius.
|
شایعات عمومی یا حقایق شناخته شده
|
|
شخصی (فاعل)
|
He is said to be a genius.
|
تمرکز روی شخص خاص
|
|
رویداد گذشته (شخصی)
|
She is thought to have won.
|
گزارش چیزی که قبلاً اتفاق افتاده
|
|
انتظار آینده
|
It is expected that prices will rise.
|
پیشبینیهای رسمی
|
|
عمل در حال انجام
|
They are believed to be hiding.
|
گزارش آنچه همین الان در حال وقوع است
|
|
ادعای رسمی
|
It is claimed that the data is false.
|
اختلافات علمی یا حقوقی
|
طیف رسمیت
It is widely considered that the company is facing insolvency. (Business discussion)
The company is thought to be failing. (Business discussion)
Word is the company is going under. (Business discussion)
People are saying the company is toast. (Business discussion)
Common Reporting Verbs
Belief
- believe believe
- think think
- consider consider
Speech
- say say
- report report
- allege allege
Knowledge
- know know
- understand understand
Active vs. Reported Passive
Choosing Your Structure
Do you want to focus on a specific person?
مثالها بر اساس سطح
People say he is rich.
People say he is rich.
They say it is a good movie.
They say it is a good movie.
Everyone says the food is great.
Everyone says the food is great.
My friends say she is nice.
My friends say she is nice.
It is said that he is a hero.
It is said that he is a hero.
It is known that the sun is hot.
It is known that the sun is hot.
It is thought that they are happy.
It is thought that they are happy.
Is it said that the party is at 8?
Is it said that the party is at 8?
The company is expected to grow this year.
The company is expected to grow this year.
It is reported that the road is closed.
It is reported that the road is closed.
He is believed to have stolen the car.
He is believed to have stolen the car.
The team is thought to be the best in the league.
The team is thought to be the best in the league.
The suspect is alleged to have fled the country.
The suspect is alleged to have fled the country.
It is widely assumed that the tax will increase.
It is widely assumed that the tax will increase.
The ruins are considered to be over 2,000 years old.
The ruins are considered to be over 2,000 years old.
She is understood to be working on a new book.
She is understood to be working on a new book.
The policy is rumored to be under review by the committee.
The policy is rumored to be under review by the committee.
It is contended that the data was misinterpreted.
It is contended that the data was misinterpreted.
He is reputed to have been the finest architect of his generation.
He is reputed to have been the finest architect of his generation.
The species was previously thought to have been extinct.
The species was previously thought to have been extinct.
The document is purported to be the original treaty.
The document is purported to be the original treaty.
It is held by many scholars that the text is a later addition.
It is held by many scholars that the text is a later addition.
The CEO is rumored to have been ousted in a boardroom coup.
The CEO is rumored to have been ousted in a boardroom coup.
The findings are expected to be met with significant skepticism.
The findings are expected to be met with significant skepticism.
بهراحتی اشتباه گرفته میشود
Learners often use 'They say' when 'It is said' would be more appropriate for the formal context.
Mixing 'He is said that...' and 'It is said to...'.
Confusing 'He is said to have...' with 'He had his hair cut'.
اشتباهات رایج
He says that he is rich.
People say he is rich.
It says that it will rain.
It is said that it will rain.
He is said that he is a genius.
He is said to be a genius.
The thief is believed escaped.
The thief is believed to have escaped.
It is alleged him to be the killer.
He is alleged to be the killer.
الگوهای جملهسازی
It is ___ that ___.
___ is/are thought to ___.
___ is said to have ___.
It was once believed that ___.
Real World Usage
It is reported that the ceasefire has been signed.
She is rumored to be getting a promotion.
The theory is considered to be outdated.
The suspect is believed to be armed and dangerous.
The temple is said to have been built in a single night.
The new iPhone is expected to have a better camera.
ترفند 'منبع مخفی'
It is said... باعث میشه حرفت مثل یه واقعیت شنیده بشه. It is said that they are getting married soon.
تله 'to'
He is thought beیکی از رایجترین اشتباهات توی سطح B1 هست.
He is thought to be a brilliant scientist.
زبان خبر
It is understood that...استفاده میکنن، مخصوصاً وقتی منبع سری دارن که نمیتونن اسمش رو بگن.
It is understood that the negotiations are ongoing.
Smart Tips
Start your sentences with 'It is reported that...' or 'It is understood that...'.
Use 'He is rumored to...' to share a secret without sounding like you are the one who started it.
Use 'It is widely considered that...' instead of 'Many people think...'.
Remember that 'to have' means the action happened *before* the rumor started.
تلفظ
Stress on the Reporting Verb
In the reported passive, the main stress usually falls on the past participle of the reporting verb (said, thought, believed).
The 'to' reduction
In the personal subject structure, the word 'to' is often reduced to a weak 'tuh' sound.
Falling intonation for facts
It is known that the earth is round. ↘
Conveys certainty and finality.
حفظ کنید
روش یادسپاری
Remember 'IT' for 'Information Total' (It is said that...) and 'S' for 'Specific Subject' (She is said to...).
تداعی تصویری
Imagine a news anchor behind a desk. When they look at the camera and say 'It is reported...', they are talking to everyone. When they point to a photo of a celebrity and say 'He is rumored...', they are focusing on that person.
Rhyme
If you don't know who said the word, use the passive to be heard.
Story
A detective arrives at a crime scene. He doesn't know who the thief is. He tells the press, 'It is believed that the thief entered through the window.' Later, when they find a suspect, he says, 'The suspect is thought to have hidden the jewels.'
شبکه واژگان
چالش
Write three rumors about your favorite celebrity using 'is said to', 'is rumored to', and 'is thought to'.
نکات فرهنگی
Journalists use 'alleged' or 'it is reported' to avoid lawsuits. If they say 'He is a thief' and it's not proven, they can be sued. If they say 'He is alleged to be a thief,' they are just reporting a claim.
British news (like the BBC) uses the reported passive very frequently to maintain a tone of 'impartiality' and 'stiff upper lip' objectivity.
In universities, using 'I think' is often discouraged. Students are taught to use 'It is argued that' or 'It is considered' to make their writing sound more scientific.
The use of the passive voice for distancing comes from Latin legal and academic traditions, which heavily influenced Middle English.
شروعکنندههای مکالمه
What is a famous rumor about a celebrity that is said to be true?
It is reported that robots will take many jobs. What do you think?
Is there a place in your city that is thought to be haunted?
What are some things that were once believed to be true but are now known to be false?
موضوعات نگارش
اشتباهات رایج
Test Yourself
It ___ that the movie is based on a true story.
جمله از نظر گرامری صحیح رو انتخاب کن:
Find and fix the mistake:
The player is believed have cheated in the game.
Score: /3
تمرینهای عملی
8 exercisesIt is _______ (believe) that the company will close next year.
Which sentence is grammatically correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
The thief is thought to escaped through the window.
People say that he lives in New York. -> He _______.
1. People think she is rich. 2. People thought she was rich.
We can use the verb 'want' in the reported passive structure (e.g., 'It is wanted that...').
A: Did you hear about the CEO? B: Yes, she is rumored _______ resigning.
Verbs: say, eat, believe, run, report, sleep.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
6 exercisesis / it / thought / that / the / will / rain / tomorrow
Man sagt, er sei sehr reich.
رسمیترین گزینه رو انتخاب کن:
The lost ring is believed ___ found by a cleaner.
1. People say he is kind. | 2. They think she is working.
It is known him to be a hard worker.
Score: /6
سوالات متداول (8)
No, only verbs related to saying, thinking, or believing (e.g., `say`, `think`, `believe`, `report`, `know`). You can't say `It is eaten that...`.
They mean the same thing, but 'It is said that' focuses on the whole idea, while 'He is said to' focuses on the person.
It's more common in formal speaking (like news) or when sharing rumors. In casual talk, we usually say `I heard that...` or `They say...`.
Use `to have + past participle`. For example: `He is said to have left` means people say he left in the past.
To protect themselves legally. It shows they are reporting a claim, not stating a proven fact.
Yes! `It was said that...` means people used to say it, but maybe they don't anymore.
Yes, but `Rumor has it` is an idiomatic expression, while `It is rumored that` is a standard passive structure.
Mixing the two forms, like saying `He is said that he is...`. Remember: `It` + `that`, `He` + `to`.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Se dice que...
Spanish lacks the personal subject + passive + to-infinitive structure.
On dit que...
French uses an active subject 'on' instead of a passive 'it'.
Man sagt, dass...
German uses 'man' or 'es wird' rather than personal subject passives.
...to iwarete iru
Japanese word order is different, but the logic of using a passive verb is very similar.
Yuqālu 'anna...
Arabic usually keeps the verb at the start of the sentence.
Jùshuō (据说)
Chinese doesn't use a 'passive' verb form because Chinese verbs don't conjugate for voice.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
ویدیوهای مرتبط
Related Grammar Rules
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