ماضی ساده مجهول: چه اتفاقی برای آن افتاد؟
outcome یا «نتیجه» کارو بیشتر نشون میده.
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Shift the focus from 'who did it' to 'what happened' using 'was' or 'were' plus the third verb form.
- Use 'was' for singular subjects and 'were' for plural subjects. Example: 'The car was fixed.'
- Always use the Past Participle (V3) of the main verb. Example: 'The letters were written.'
- Add 'by' only if the person who did the action is actually important. Example: 'It was painted by Da Vinci.'
مرور کلی
Passive Voice است. در زبان فارسی، ما ساختار مجهول را داریم که با استفاده از بن ماضی فعل به همراه «شدن» ساخته میشود (مثلاً: «کتاب نوشته شد»). اما در انگلیسی، ساختار Past Simple Passive یا همان «گذشته ساده مجهول» تفاوتهای ظریفی با فارسی دارد که باید به دقت بررسی شود.Past Simple Passive بسیار رایجتر است.The report was finished (گزارش تمام شد)، تمرکز شما بر روی «گزارش» است، نه شخصی که آن را تمام کرده است. این ساختار در متون آکادمیک، گزارشهای خبری و حتی در محیطهای کاری مدرن که میخواهیم لحن بیطرفانهای داشته باشیم، بسیار کاربرد دارد.someone یا they در جملات خود پرهیز کنید و انگلیسیتان حرفهایتر به نظر برسد.Past Simple Passive در انگلیسی دقیقاً معادل مجهول در دستور زبان فارسی است، با این تفاوت که در انگلیسی، فعل to be نقش بسیار حیاتیتری ایفا میکند. در فارسی، ما از فعل کمکی «شدن» استفاده میکنیم؛ مثلاً: «نامه ارسال شد». در انگلیسی، ما از زمان گذشته فعل to be یعنی was یا were به اضافه Past Participle (شکل سوم فعل) استفاده میکنیم.The letters were sent.Agent یا همان «انجامدهنده کار» است. در فارسی، وقتی میخواهیم بگوییم چه کسی کار را انجام داده، از «توسطِ» یا «به وسیلهی» استفاده میکنیم. در انگلیسی، این نقش را حرف اضافه by بر عهده دارد.The book was written by Hafez.The door was locked، این جمله میتواند هم به معنای «در قفل شد» (عملی که در گذشته انجام شد) و هم به معنای «در قفل بود» (وضعیتی که در گذشته وجود داشت) باشد.to be در گذشته (was/were) کلید اصلی است و هرگز نباید آن را حذف کنید، برخلاف فارسی که ممکن است در محاوره، بخشهایی از فعل مجهول حذف شود.Subject (Receiver) + was/were + Past Participle (V3)The cake was eaten. |The cake was not eaten. |Was the cake eaten? |was یا were دقت کنید:- برای
I,He,She,Itو اسمهای مفرد ازwasاستفاده میکنیم. - برای
You,We,Theyو اسمهای جمع ازwereاستفاده میکنیم.
- 1فاعل مشخص نیست یا اهمیت ندارد: مثلاً در بازار تهران اگر جنسی گم شود، میگویید
My phone was stolen(گوشی من دزدیده شد). مهم نیست دزد کیست، مهم این است که گوشی شما نیست. - 2تمرکز بر روی نتیجه است: در محیط دانشگاهی، برای نوشتن گزارش آزمایشگاه میگویید
The experiment was conducted in the lab(آزمایش در آزمایشگاه انجام شد). تمرکز روی آزمایش است، نه محقق. - 3برای رعایت ادب یا کاهش بار مسئولیت: در محیط کار، به جای اینکه بگویید «شما گزارش را نفرستادید» (که لحن تندی دارد)، میگویید
The report was not received(گزارش دریافت نشد). این ساختار در فرهنگ تعارفمحور ما نیز بسیار کاربردی است.
- 1حذف فعل
to be: فارسیزبانان به دلیل ساختار مجهول در فارسی که گاهی فعل کمکی کوتاهتری دارد، ممکن است بگویندThe letter sentکه کاملاً اشتباه است. باید بگوییدThe letter was sent. - 2اشتباه در انتخاب
was/were: چون در فارسی فعل مجهول برای مفرد و جمع یکسان است (مثلاً «گفته شد» برای هر دو)، زبانآموزان ایرانی گاهی فراموش میکنند که در انگلیسی باید با توجه به فاعل، فعل را تغییر دهند. مثلاً میگویندThe keys was lostکه اشتباه است و بایدThe keys were lostباشد. - 3استفاده از شکل دوم فعل به جای شکل سوم: بسیاری از زبانآموزان به اشتباه از
Past Simple(شکل دوم) استفاده میکنند. مثلاًThe window was broke. باید به یاد داشته باشید که در مجهول، همیشه ازPast Participleیا همانV3استفاده میشود:The window was broken.
Active Past Simple | در معلوم فاعل مهم است (He broke the window) اما در مجهول فاعل حذف میشود (The window was broken). |Past Continuous Passive | مجهول گذشته استمراری برای عملی است که در حال انجام بوده (The window was being broken). |Present Perfect Passive | مجهول حال کامل برای عملی است که در گذشته شروع شده و اثرش باقی است (The window has been broken). |- 1آیا همیشه باید
byرا بیاوریم؟ خیر، تنها زمانی که نام بردن از فاعل ضروری باشد. در غیر این صورت، جمله بدونbyکاملتر است. - 2آیا میتوانم از
wasn'tاستفاده کنم؟ بله، در مکالمات روزمره استفاده ازwasn'tوweren'tبسیار رایج و طبیعی است. - 3آیا همه فعلها مجهول میشوند؟ خیر، فعلهای لازم (Intransitive) مثل
happenیاarriveمجهول نمیشوند چون مفعول ندارند.
Past Simple Passive Formation
| Subject | Auxiliary (to be) | Past Participle (V3) | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
|
I / He / She / It
|
was
|
cleaned
|
It was cleaned.
|
|
You / We / They
|
were
|
cleaned
|
They were cleaned.
|
|
I / He / She / It (Neg)
|
wasn't
|
cleaned
|
She wasn't cleaned.
|
|
You / We / They (Neg)
|
weren't
|
cleaned
|
We weren't cleaned.
|
|
Question (Singular)
|
Was [subject]
|
cleaned?
|
Was it cleaned?
|
|
Question (Plural)
|
Were [subject]
|
cleaned?
|
Were they cleaned?
|
Contractions in the Past Passive
| Full Form | Contraction | Usage |
|---|---|---|
|
was not
|
wasn't
|
Common in speech/informal writing
|
|
were not
|
weren't
|
Common in speech/informal writing
|
Meanings
A grammatical construction used to describe an action that happened in the past where the receiver of the action becomes the subject of the sentence.
Unknown or Unimportant Actor
Used when we don't know who performed the action or it doesn't matter.
“My bike was stolen yesterday.”
“The windows were cleaned last week.”
Formal or Academic Reporting
Used in news reports, history books, or scientific papers to sound objective.
“The treaty was signed by both leaders.”
“The experiment was conducted under strict conditions.”
Emphasizing the Result
Used when the result of the action is the most interesting part of the story.
“The gold medal was won by a teenager.”
“The cake was eaten before the party even started!”
Reference Table
| حالت معلوم (Active Voice) | حالت مجهول (Passive Voice) | تمرکز روی |
|---|---|---|
|
They built it.
|
It was built.
|
عمل
|
|
Someone broke the window.
|
The window was broken.
|
نتیجه
|
|
The company made mistakes.
|
Mistakes were made.
|
بیطرفی
|
|
She interviewed him.
|
He was interviewed by her.
|
دریافتکننده
|
|
Kids ate the cookies.
|
The cookies were eaten.
|
شیء تحت تاثیر
|
|
The staff cleaned the room.
|
The room was cleaned.
|
حالت
|
طیف رسمیت
The bicycle was forcibly removed from the premises. (Reporting a theft)
My bike was stolen. (Reporting a theft)
My bike got nicked. (Reporting a theft)
My whip was boosted. (Reporting a theft)
نقشه مفهومی: Past Simple Passive
ساختار
- Was/Were فعل کمکی
- Past Participle فعل اصلی (V3)
کاربردهای اصلی
- نامعلوم بودن انجامدهنده انجامدهنده ناشناخته است
- بیاهمیت بودن انجامدهنده انجامدهنده مهم نیست
- تمرکز بر عمل برجسته کردن اتفاق افتاده
- متن رسمی اخبار، گزارشها
مقایسه: حالت معلوم در برابر مجهول (گذشته ساده)
آیا باید از Past Simple Passive استفاده کنم؟
آیا عمل در گذشته اتفاق افتاده است؟
آیا فاعل جملهات عمل رو دریافت میکنه، نه اینکه انجامش بده؟
آیا 'انجامدهنده' (agent) نامعلومه، بیاهمیته یا واضحه؟
Past Simple Passive: کی استفاده کنیم
انجامدهنده نامعلوم
- • My keys were found.
- • The window was broken.
انجامدهنده بیاهمیت
- • The new road was opened.
- • Mistakes were made.
گزارش رسمی
- • The decision was announced.
- • Research was conducted.
تمرکز بر نتیجه
- • The project was completed.
- • My phone was fixed.
مثالها بر اساس سطح
The door was closed.
The door was closed.
The car was washed.
The car was washed.
The apples were eaten.
The apples were eaten.
The book was lost.
The book was lost.
The letter was sent yesterday.
The letter was sent yesterday.
The windows were not cleaned.
The windows were not cleaned.
Was the pizza delivered?
Was the pizza delivered?
The toys were broken by the kids.
The toys were broken by the kids.
The bridge was built in 1850.
The bridge was built in 1850.
My phone was stolen while I was on the bus.
My phone was stolen while I was on the bus.
The results were published in a medical journal.
The results were published in a medical journal.
Were you told about the meeting change?
Were you told about the meeting change?
The suspect was seen leaving the building at midnight.
The suspect was seen leaving the building at midnight.
The law was passed despite heavy opposition.
The law was passed despite heavy opposition.
The data was analyzed using a new software tool.
The data was analyzed using a new software tool.
The employees were given a bonus for their hard work.
The employees were given a bonus for their hard work.
The city was utterly devastated by the earthquake.
The city was utterly devastated by the earthquake.
It was widely believed that the king had been poisoned.
It was widely believed that the king had been poisoned.
The proposal was rejected on the grounds of being too costly.
The proposal was rejected on the grounds of being too costly.
No fewer than ten houses were destroyed in the blaze.
No fewer than ten houses were destroyed in the blaze.
The manuscript was painstakingly restored over several decades.
The manuscript was painstakingly restored over several decades.
The initiative was all but forgotten until the recent discovery of the files.
The initiative was all but forgotten until the recent discovery of the files.
The decision was reached after exhaustive deliberation by the board.
The decision was reached after exhaustive deliberation by the board.
The landscape was transformed beyond recognition by the industrial revolution.
The landscape was transformed beyond recognition by the industrial revolution.
بهراحتی اشتباه گرفته میشود
Learners often use the active voice when they don't know the subject, leading to vague sentences.
Learners mix up 'was built' (finished) with 'was being built' (in progress).
Confusing a state (adjective) with an action (passive).
اشتباهات رایج
The car fixed yesterday.
The car was fixed yesterday.
The windows were clean.
The windows were cleaned.
I was eat the cake.
The cake was eaten.
They was invited.
They were invited.
The book was wrote by him.
The book was written by him.
Was the letters sent?
Were the letters sent?
The house was build in 1990.
The house was built in 1990.
The thief was arrested from the police.
The thief was arrested by the police.
It was happened last night.
It happened last night.
The dinner was being cooked when I arrived.
The dinner was cooked.
The bed was not slept in it.
The bed was not slept in.
الگوهای جملهسازی
The ___ was ___ in ___.
I was ___ to ___ by ___.
___ were not ___ until ___.
Was the ___ ___ by ___?
Real World Usage
Local shop was robbed last night.
I was promoted after six months.
I was stuck in traffic, sorry!
The war was ended by a treaty.
Was this dish made with nuts?
This photo was taken in Bali.
دنبال "Was/Were" بگرد
was یا were باشه. اگه نباشه، یعنی داری جمله رو به صورت معلوم میگی، یا یه اشتباه گرامری کردی! The door was opened.
مراقب V3 ها باش
was broke به جای was broken، یه پرچم قرمزه که نشون میده اشتباه کردی. The glass was broken.
روی دریافتکننده کار تمرکز کن
The letter was received.
رسمی و غیررسمی
My car was stolen.
انجامدهنده کار (Agent) اختیاریه
by + agent استفاده کن. The cake was eaten by my brother.
Smart Tips
Switch to the passive voice to make your writing sound more professional and varied.
Check the V3 form. Many learners accidentally use the V2 form (e.g., 'was took' instead of 'was taken').
Use the passive voice to focus on the mistake rather than the person who made it.
Use the passive to keep the focus on the product.
تلفظ
Weak form of 'was'
In the passive voice, 'was' is usually unstressed and sounds like /wəz/.
Linking 'were'
If the next word starts with a vowel, the 'r' in 'were' is pronounced.
Focus on the Participle
The cake was EATEN.
Emphasizes the action itself.
حفظ کنید
روش یادسپاری
W.W.P: Was/Were + Participle. Think of it as 'What Was Performed'.
تداعی تصویری
Imagine a crime scene where the criminal is invisible. You can only see the broken window and the stolen jewelry. You describe what you see: 'The window was broken,' 'The jewelry was stolen.'
Rhyme
If the doer is unknown or you just don't care, use 'was' or 'were' with a V3 pair!
Story
A famous painting was stolen from a museum. The guards were questioned, the tapes were watched, but the thief was never found. Every sentence focuses on the mystery, not the person.
شبکه واژگان
چالش
Look around your room. Find three things and say when they were made or bought using the passive voice. (e.g., 'This lamp was bought in 2021.')
نکات فرهنگی
The 'get-passive' (e.g., 'I got sacked') is extremely common in informal British English to describe negative events.
In scientific English, the passive is used to maintain 'objectivity', though modern journals are starting to allow 'we' more often.
Passive voice is used in legal contexts to focus on the crime or the law rather than the individual.
The English passive voice evolved from Old English, which used the verbs 'weorthan' (to become) and 'beon' (to be) with a past participle.
شروعکنندههای مکالمه
Tell me about a time something of yours was stolen or lost.
What is a famous building in your city? When was it built?
Think of your favorite movie. Where was it filmed?
Were you ever given a very special gift?
موضوعات نگارش
اشتباهات رایج
Test Yourself
The old house ___ last year.
The old house مفرده، پس از was استفاده میکنیم. Demolished شکل سوم فعل demolish هستش.Find and fix the mistake:
The books was read by many students.
Books جمعه، پس باید به جای was از were استفاده کنیم.Arrange the words in the correct order:
All words placed
Click words above to build the sentence
The pizza شروع کن، بعدش was delivered (فعل مجهول) و بعد by the guy برای انجامدهنده.Score: /3
تمرینهای عملی
8 exercisesThe letter ___ (write) by my grandfather in 1945.
Select the correct passive sentence.
Find and fix the mistake:
The windows was cleaned yesterday.
The police arrested the thief.
1. He found the keys. 2. They built the bridge.
You can use the passive voice with the verb 'to arrive'.
A: Why are you late? B: My car ___ (hit) by another driver.
Sort: Build, Clean, Write, Play
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercisesThe bridge ___ in the storm last night.
The old car ___ (repair) by the mechanic yesterday.
Important historical documents ___ (safeguard) in the museum vault.
The new rules was announced to everyone.
Choose the correct sentence:
Translate into English: 'El edificio fue construido en 1900.'
Translate into English: 'Ella fue vista en la cafetería anoche.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Match the subjects with the correct form:
Score: /10
سوالات متداول (8)
Use `by` only if the person who did the action is important or surprising. For example, 'The book was written by a 10-year-old.' If it's obvious, like 'The thief was arrested by the police,' you can leave it out.
No! Overusing the passive voice can make your writing sound boring or evasive. Use it only when the object is truly more important than the subject.
`Was broken` is neutral and standard. `Got broken` is informal and often used for accidents or negative events in spoken English.
Not always. It can be an adjective describing the state of the window. If you mean 'Someone broke it,' it's passive. If you mean 'It was in a broken state,' it's an adjective.
Because in science, the experiment is what matters, not the scientist. 'The chemicals were mixed' sounds more objective than 'I mixed the chemicals.'
Put `was` or `were` at the beginning. 'Was the email sent?' or 'Were the cookies eaten?'
Common ones include: `done`, `seen`, `made`, `built`, `written`, `broken`, `stolen`, and `taken`.
No, 'they' is plural and always requires `were`. 'They were found,' never 'They was found.'
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Voz pasiva (ser + participio) or Pasiva refleja (se)
English uses the passive voice much more frequently than the formal Spanish 'ser' passive.
La voix passive (être + participe passé)
French participles must agree in gender and number with the subject, unlike English.
Vorgangspassiv (werden + Partizip II)
The auxiliary verb is different ('become' vs 'be').
受身 (ukemi)
English passive is a sentence structure; Japanese passive is a verb conjugation.
المبني للمجهول (al-mabni lil-majhul)
Arabic does not use an auxiliary verb like 'was' or 'were'.
被字句 (bèi zì jù)
Chinese verbs don't change form (no V3), and the passive often implies a negative result.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
ویدیوهای مرتبط
06:16 How Kodak invented the “snapshot”
06:27 Was Alexander the Great really that great? - Stephanie Honchell Smith
05:40 Japan's most famous ghost story - Jeffrey Angles
آموزش گرامر زبان انگلیسی درس 31 مبحث مجهول زمان گذشته ساده
Grammar Tips
آموزش گرامر زبان انگلیسی - فعل مجهول (Passive Voice)
English with Arash
گرامر زمان گذشته ساده مجهول Passive Voice Past Simple آموزش زبان
Grammar Persian
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