حالت مجهول: اعتباربخشی با 'توسط'
by و بعدش فاعل استفاده کن. این سه تا مفهومو یادت باشه: «فاعل», «نتیجه», «شناساندن».
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use 'by' in passive sentences to mention who or what performed the action while keeping the focus on the result.
- Place 'by' after the past participle to introduce the doer: 'The song was sung by Adele.'
- Only use 'by' if the person or thing doing the action is important information.
- Don't confuse 'by' (the doer) with 'with' (the tool used): 'The door was opened by John with a key.'
مرور کلی
The evidence was discovered by a local farmer. این کلمه کوچک by یک بازیکن قدرتمند در زبان انگلیسی است. این کلمه به شما اجازه میدهد تا از مجهول استفاده کنید و در عین حال اعتبار را به کسی که مستحق آن است بدهید.by + فاعل (عامل) وارد میشود.این گرامر چطور کار میکنه
پیتزای منعامل صرفاً شخص یا چیزی است که عمل را انجام داده است. با قرار دادن آنها در انتهای جمله بعد ازتوسط هماتاقیام(by my roommate) خورده شد.
by ، تمرکز را تغییر میدهید. پیتزا اکنون نهاد جمله است.
الگوی ساخت
to be را اضافه کنید. این باید با زمان جمله معلوم اصلی شما مطابقت داشته باشد.
taken یا written) را اضافه کنید.
by را اضافه کنید.
کی استفاده کنیم
راه حلی توسطزیرا راه حل خبر بزرگ است!دانشمندان(by scientists) کشف شد
The Great Gatsby was written by F. Scott Fitzgerald. سوم، برای ایجاد تعلیق یا تمرکز خاص.در توسط یک سایه باز شد. در نهایت، برای اجتناب از سرزنش مستقیم اما ذکر نام شخص: لیوان توسطکمتر تهاجمی به نظر میرسد.جیم(by Jim) شکسته شد
اشتباهات رایج
with به جای by است. به یاد داشته باشید: by برای شخص (عامل) و with برای ابزار (دستگاه) است. نباید بگویید نامه با (with) شکسپیر نوشته شد. اشتباه دیگر فراموش کردن فعل to be است. جمله The photo taken by me یک قطعه ناقص است. به The photo was taken by me نیاز دارید. همچنین مراقب ضمایر باشید! اگر عامل یک ضمیر باشد، باید به شکل مفعولی باشد: by him, by her, by them. در نهایت، بیش از حد از عامل استفاده نکنید. اگر عامل «کسی» یا «مردم» است، به سادگی آن را حذف کنید.مقایسه با الگوهای مشابه
by + عامل با with + ابزار آسان است. همانطور که ذکر شد، by به «چه کسی؟» پاسخ میدهد در حالی که with به «با چه ابزاری؟» پاسخ میدهد. مثال: کیک توسطتضاد دیگر مجهول بدون عامل است.سرآشپز(عامل) بایک چاقوی نقرهای(ابزار) بریده شد.
by + عامل را اضافه کنید که آن اطلاعات ارزشی اضافه کند یا اعتبار لازم را بدهد.سؤالات رایج
by برای اشیاء هم استفاده کنم؟شهر توسط طوفان ویران شد.Passive Voice with 'By' Across Tenses
| Tense | Subject | Verb 'Be' | Past Participle | By + Agent |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Present Simple
|
The reports
|
are
|
written
|
by the staff.
|
|
Past Simple
|
The report
|
was
|
written
|
by the manager.
|
|
Present Continuous
|
The report
|
is being
|
written
|
by the intern.
|
|
Past Continuous
|
The report
|
was being
|
written
|
by Sarah.
|
|
Present Perfect
|
The report
|
has been
|
written
|
by the team.
|
|
Future (Will)
|
The report
|
will be
|
written
|
by the director.
|
|
Modals
|
The report
|
must be
|
written
|
by you.
|
Meanings
The passive voice with 'by' is used to identify the 'agent' (the person or thing that performs the action) when the sentence structure is passive. It allows the speaker to emphasize the receiver of the action while still providing credit or responsibility to the doer.
Artistic & Intellectual Credit
Used to attribute books, paintings, songs, or inventions to their creators.
“This novel was written by George Orwell.”
“The symphony was composed by Beethoven.”
Official & Legal Responsibility
Used in news or legal documents to state who performed an official action.
“The law was passed by the parliament.”
“The decision was made by the CEO.”
Unexpected Agents
Used when the doer of the action is surprising or particularly noteworthy.
“The window was broken by a falling branch.”
“The cake was eaten by the dog!”
Reference Table
| زمان | جمله معلوم | جمله مجهول با 'By' |
|---|---|---|
|
حال ساده
|
The chef prepares the meal.
|
The meal is prepared by the chef.
|
|
گذشته ساده
|
J.K. Rowling wrote the book.
|
The book was written by J.K. Rowling.
|
|
حال استمراری
|
They are cleaning the room.
|
The room is being cleaned by them.
|
|
آینده (با will)
|
The CEO will make the decision.
|
The decision will be made by the CEO.
|
|
حال کامل
|
A fan has bought the tickets.
|
The tickets have been bought by a fan.
|
|
افعال کمکی (Can)
|
Anyone can do this task.
|
This task can be done by anyone.
|
طیف رسمیت
The manuscript was authored by an unknown scholar. (Literature)
The book was written by a local author. (Literature)
It was written by some guy I know. (Literature)
This was penned by my homie. (Literature)
The Passive 'By' Agent
When to use
- Artistic Credit Painted by Picasso
- Inventions Created by Tesla
- Responsibility Broken by the cat
Common Agents
- People by the doctor
- Organizations by NASA
- Nature by the wind
By (Agent) vs. With (Instrument)
مثالها بر اساس سطح
The book was written by him.
El libro fue escrito por él.
The cake was made by my dad.
El pastel fue hecho por mi papá.
The car was washed by Sam.
El coche fue lavado por Sam.
The photo was taken by her.
La foto fue tomada por ella.
The window was broken by a ball.
La ventana fue rota por una pelota.
The songs were sung by a famous choir.
Las canciones fueron cantadas por un coro famoso.
The house was built by my grandfather in 1950.
La casa fue construida por mi abuelo en 1950.
The emails were sent by the secretary.
Los correos fueron enviados por la secretaria.
The new law was signed by the President yesterday.
La nueva ley fue firmada por el Presidente ayer.
The bridge was designed by a French architect.
El puente fue diseñado por un arquitecto francés.
The missing child was found by a local hiker.
El niño desaparecido fue encontrado por un excursionista local.
The dinner was prepared by a professional chef.
La cena fue preparada por un chef profesional.
The experiment was conducted by a team of researchers from Oxford.
El experimento fue realizado por un equipo de investigadores de Oxford.
The company was founded by two brothers in their garage.
La empresa fue fundada por dos hermanos en su garaje.
The mural was painted by an anonymous artist overnight.
El mural fue pintado por un artista anónimo durante la noche.
The decision was heavily criticized by the local media.
La decisión fue fuertemente criticada por los medios locales.
The initiative was spearheaded by a coalition of environmental NGOs.
La iniciativa fue encabezada por una coalición de ONGs ambientales.
The manuscript was discovered by chance by a young librarian.
El manuscrito fue descubierto por casualidad por un joven bibliotecario.
The city's infrastructure was severely damaged by the hurricane.
La infraestructura de la ciudad fue gravemente dañada por el huracán.
The role was originally intended to be played by a younger actor.
El papel estaba originalmente destinado a ser interpretado por un actor más joven.
The silence was eventually broken by the rhythmic ticking of the clock.
El silencio fue finalmente roto por el tictac rítmico del reloj.
The policy was implemented by the government in the face of mounting public pressure.
La política fue implementada por el gobierno ante la creciente presión pública.
The intricate patterns were woven by hand by artisans in the remote village.
Los intrincados patrones fueron tejidos a mano por artesanos en la remota aldea.
The verdict was reached by the jury after three days of deliberation.
El veredicto fue alcanzado por el jurado tras tres días de deliberación.
بهراحتی اشتباه گرفته میشود
Learners use 'by' for tools and 'with' for people.
In many languages, the word for 'from' is used for the passive agent.
Learners say 'He is known by everyone.'
اشتباهات رایج
The book was written from Mark.
The book was written by Mark.
The cake was make by Mom.
The cake was made by Mom.
The car was wash by Sam.
The car was washed by Sam.
It was by him written.
It was written by him.
The window was broken by a hammer.
The window was broken with a hammer.
The song was sang by her.
The song was sung by her.
The letter was by me sent.
The letter was sent by me.
The house was built of my father.
The house was built by my father.
The decision was made by the meeting.
The decision was made at the meeting.
He was known by everyone.
He was known to everyone.
The room was filled by smoke.
The room was filled with smoke.
الگوهای جملهسازی
The ___ was ___ by ___.
Has the ___ been ___ by ___ yet?
The ___ is being ___ by ___ right now.
It is believed that the ___ was ___ by ___.
Real World Usage
This sculpture was created by a local artist.
The bank was robbed by three masked men.
Photo by @TravelGuru.
The project was managed by me and two colleagues.
The pyramids were built by thousands of workers.
Your ticket is being handled by our senior engineer.
فرق بین By و With
تست زامبی!
آرومتر کردن سرزنش
Smart Tips
Always use 'by' to credit the creator. It's the most natural way to speak in English.
Pause and check if you should use 'with' instead of 'by'.
Put it at the end of the sentence with 'by' to make the sentence easier to read.
Ask yourself: 'Is it important to know who did this?' If no, delete the 'by' phrase.
تلفظ
The 'By' Connection
The word 'by' is usually unstressed. It sounds like /baɪ/ but is said very quickly, linking the verb to the agent.
End-Focus
The book was written by SHAKESPEARE. ↘
The stress often falls on the agent at the end of the sentence because it is the new information.
حفظ کنید
روش یادسپاری
B.Y. stands for 'Behold the Yesterday-doer' — it brings the person from the past action back to the end of the sentence.
تداعی تصویری
Imagine a movie poster where the title is huge at the top (the Object), and the director's name is in small letters at the bottom after the word 'By'. The focus is the movie, but the credit is at the end.
Rhyme
When the action is done and the object is first, use 'by' for the person or the bubble will burst!
Story
A famous painting was stolen from a museum. The news said 'The painting was taken' (Passive). Everyone asked 'Who?'. The news updated: 'The painting was taken BY a clever thief.' The 'by' solved the mystery.
شبکه واژگان
چالش
Look around your room. Find three items and say who they were made or bought by. (e.g., 'This lamp was bought by my sister.')
نکات فرهنگی
In Western academic writing, the passive with 'by' is used to show objectivity. However, modern styles (like APA) now encourage the active voice ('We found that...') to be more direct.
The BBC and other UK news outlets frequently use the passive with 'by' to report crimes or official statements to avoid sounding biased.
In galleries worldwide, 'by' is the standard way to attribute work. You will almost never see 'from' or 'of' on a painting's label.
The use of 'by' to indicate an agent comes from Old English 'be', which originally meant 'near' or 'at'. Over time, it evolved to mean 'through the agency of'.
شروعکنندههای مکالمه
What is your favorite book, and who was it written by?
Think of a famous invention. Who was it invented by?
Was your house built by a company or an individual?
If your life were a movie, who would it be directed by?
موضوعات نگارش
اشتباهات رایج
Test Yourself
The Harry Potter series was written ___ J.K. Rowling.
Choose the best sentence:
Find and fix the mistake:
The design was created from a famous architect.
Score: /3
تمرینهای عملی
8 exercisesThe letter was written ___ a fountain pen ___ my grandfather.
Which sentence correctly gives credit to the artist?
Find and fix the mistake:
The cake was eaten from the dog.
Active: 'Steve Jobs founded Apple.'
Match the following:
broken / by / was / window / the / him
You must always use 'by' in every passive sentence.
A: Who fixed your computer? B: It ___ by my brother.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercisesby / the dinner / prepared / was / my dad
Das Foto wurde von meiner Schwester gemacht.
The new iPhone ___ released by Apple last month.
Pick the right one:
The car was fixed by a wrench.
Match the pairs:
The meeting will be led ___ the CEO.
by / were / the flowers / watered / the gardener
Dies wurde von einem Experten geprüft.
Choose the passive sentence:
Score: /10
سوالات متداول (8)
Don't use `by` if the agent is obvious (e.g., 'He was arrested'), unknown (e.g., 'My bike was stolen'), or unimportant (e.g., 'The road was paved').
Yes, but it's rare. Usually, we use the specific noun or a person's name. 'The window was broken by it' is grammatically correct but 'The window was broken by the wind' is better.
The passive voice itself is often formal, but adding `by` is just a way to provide information. It can be used in both formal and informal contexts.
Use `by` for the person or force that does the action. Use `with` for the tool or object used to do it. 'The tree was cut by the lumberjack with an axe.'
Absolutely. 'The office is cleaned by a professional crew every night.'
In creative writing, 'by' can make sentences feel long and slow. However, in academic and technical writing, it is essential for accuracy.
Yes. 'He got caught by the police.' This is more informal than 'He was caught by the police.'
Usually, yes. However, you can add time phrases after it: 'The book was written by him in 1990.'
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
por
Spanish speakers might confuse 'by' with 'for' because 'por' can mean both.
par
French sometimes uses 'de' for states (e.g., 'aimé de tous'), whereas English usually sticks to 'by' or 'to'.
von
German word order is much more flexible, often placing the 'von' phrase before the verb.
ni / ni yotte
Japanese passives often imply that the subject is 'adversely affected' by the action, which English doesn't necessarily do.
min qibal
In Arabic, it is often considered stylistically better to avoid mentioning the agent in a passive sentence.
bèi
In Chinese, the 'bèi' structure is traditionally used for negative or unpleasant events, though this is changing in modern usage.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
ویدیوهای مرتبط
01:39 Oscar for the funniest speech goes to...
03:06 Obsessed (2009) - Get Out of My House Scene (6/9) | Movieclips
01:12 We Don't Talk About Bruno | Clip from Disney's Encanto | Disney Channel UK
Active and Passive Voice | Learn English | EasyTeaching
EasyTeaching
PASSIVE VOICE - English Grammar step-by-step
Arnel's Everyday English
Related Grammar Rules
حالت مجهول برای عینیت: 'گفته می شود که...'
Overview آیا تا به حال فکر کردهاید که چرا گزارشگران اخبار اینقدر جدی به نظر میرسند؟ آنها به ندرت میگویند «فکر میکنم...
گفتار نقل شده با افعال کمکی و گزارش مجهول (C1)
Overview تا حالا شده در ردیت یا تیکتاک جملهای مثل `It's rumored that he might have ghosted her` را ببینید و فکر کنید...
افعال گزارشگر: چه کسی چه گفت؟
### Overview در زبان انگلیسی، توانایی گزارش کردن سخنان دیگران یکی از مهارتهای کلیدی برای برقراری ارتباط مؤثر و دقیق است...
چه زمانی از ساختار مجهول استفاده کنیم (گزارش اخبار و شایعات)
Overview تا حالا شده توی X (توییتر سابق) بچرخی و پستی ببینی که میگه: "شایعه شده که بازی جدید GTA هفته دیگه میاد"؟ تو ا...
ساختارهای گزارشدهی مجهول (گفته میشود که او...)
### Overview ساختارهای گزارشدهی مجهول (Passive Reporting Structures) که با عبارتهایی نظیر `He is said to be...` شناخت...
