Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use 'by' in passive sentences to mention who or what performed the action while keeping the focus on the result.
- Place 'by' after the past participle to introduce the doer: 'The song was sung by Adele.'
- Only use 'by' if the person or thing doing the action is important information.
- Don't confuse 'by' (the doer) with 'with' (the tool used): 'The door was opened by John with a key.'
Overview
by 就显得尤为重要了。通过 by 引导的短语，我们可以在保持被动语态结构的同时，清晰地说明动作是谁执行的。这是一种在不回到主动语态的情况下，依然能提供必要信息的有效方式，尤其是在 B1 阶段，大家需要学习更精细地表达意思的时候，这个用法就更加有用了。by + 执行者 的结构时，我们实际上是在添加一层补充信息，将执行者的身份作为附加但常常是至关重要的细节。这种结构在各种语境中都很常见，从新闻报道、学术写作，到日常对话，只要我们想说明是谁做了某个动作，但又想把动作本身作为重点，就会用到它。理解并正确使用它，能极大地提高我们理解和表达的效率和准确性。to be 动词的相应形式，加上动词的过去分词（通常称为 V3）。例如，The letter was sent.（这封信被送了出去。）在这个句子中，焦点完全集中在“发送”这个动作以及“信”这个承受者上。执行者被省略了，可能是因为不知道是谁，也可能是因为和信息传递没有关系。by，然后紧跟着执行者。The new bridge was designed by a team of engineers.（这座新桥是由一个工程师团队设计的。）在这个结构里，the new bridge 是主语（动作承受者），was designed 是被动语态的谓语，而 by a team of engineers 则明确指出了执行动作的群体。句子依然把重点放在“桥的设计”上，但工程师团队的参与被清晰地归因了。如果没有 by，执行者的身份就会丢失，重要的背景信息（比如责任归属或谁应该被表扬）也可能被忽略。by + 执行者 的短语，直接回答了隐含的问题：“谁做了这个动作？”或者“是什么导致了这个结果？” 它作为一个状语短语，用来修饰被动语态的谓语动词，明确动作的来源。这使得它成为在需要清晰归因和明确责任的语境中非常有力的工具，比如科学报告（需要说明研究方法和研究者）或历史叙述（需要点明关键人物）。例如：The theory of relativity was developed by Albert Einstein.（相对论是由阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦提出的。）在这里，Albert Einstein 是关键的执行者，他的名字是理解这句话意义不可或缺的一部分。by + 执行者 的被动语态句子的构成，是建立在基本被动语态结构之上的。我们首先写出动作的承受者（主语），然后根据时态和主语的人称、数，正确地变化 to be 动词，接着加上主要动词的过去分词（V3），最后以 by 引导执行者（动作的发出者）。执行者通常是一个名词、名词短语，或者是一个宾格代词（比如 me, him, her, us, them, it, you）。to be (变化的) | 过去分词 (V3) | by | 执行者 (发出者) |- 一般现在时被动语态 (Present Simple Passive):
主语 + am/is/are + V3 + by + 执行者 The news is reported by experienced journalists.（这则新闻是由经验丰富的记者报道的。）- 一般过去时被动语态 (Past Simple Passive):
主语 + was/were + V3 + by + 执行者 The decision was announced by the CEO yesterday.（这个决定是 CEO 昨天宣布的。）- 现在进行时被动语态 (Present Continuous Passive):
主语 + am/is/are + being + V3 + by + 执行者 The new software is being developed by a local company.（这款新软件正由一家本地公司开发。）- 过去进行时被动语态 (Past Continuous Passive):
主语 + was/were + being + V3 + by + 执行者 The presentation was being prepared by our team leader.（那个演示文稿正在由我们的团队领导准备。）- 现在完成时被动语态 (Present Perfect Passive):
主语 + has/have + been + V3 + by + 执行者 Several awards have been won by her innovative designs.（好几个奖项都是因为她创新的设计而获得的。）- 过去完成时被动语态 (Past Perfect Passive):
主语 + had + been + V3 + by + 执行者 The mistake had been identified by the auditor before the final review.（在最终审核之前，这个错误已经被审计员发现了。）- 一般将来时被动语态 (Future Simple Passive):
主语 + will be + V3 + by + 执行者 The new policy will be implemented by the end of the month.（新政策将在月底前实施。）
by 后面时，必须使用宾格形式。例如，你应该说 The book was written by him.（这本书是他写的），而不是 by he。同样，The decision was made by her.（这个决定是她做的），而不是 by she。正确的代词形式是 me, him, her, us, them, you, it。to be 的形式与句子的时态和主语的人称、数保持一致至关重要。例如，The results were published by the research team.（结果由研究团队发表。）这里使用 were 是因为主语 results 是复数，并且是过去时态。by + 执行者 的短语，不是可有可无的选项，它有特定的沟通目的。当你需要指明执行者的身份，并且这个身份提供了重要、必要或令人惊讶的信息时，就应该使用这个结构。它的策略性使用可以增强句子的清晰度，明确责任归属，或者在专业、精确的语境中归因某个动作。- 为了归因责任或授予荣誉 (To Attribute Responsibility or Credit): 这是最常见也是最重要的用法。当需要承认谁执行了某个动作时，无论是表扬还是批评，
by + 执行者都必不可少。例如：The company's new strategy was developed by a cross-functional team.（公司的新战略是由一个跨职能团队制定的。）这里明确地将功劳归给了团队。反之，A significant error was discovered by the external auditors,（一个重大错误是由外部审计员发现的。）则清晰地指明了发现错误的主体。
- 当执行者出乎意料或值得注意时 (When the Agent is Unexpected or Noteworthy): 如果执行动作的人或事物是令人惊讶的、著名的，或者有其他特别之处，那么用
by来指明他们会产生更大的影响。例如：The world-renowned opera was composed by a relatively unknown artist.（这部举世闻名的歌剧竟是一位相对不知名的艺术家创作的。）这里，艺术家的名气不高使得他的成就更加引人注目。又如：This iconic speech was delivered by Martin Luther King Jr.,（这个标志性的演讲是由马丁·路德·金发表的。）强调了演讲者的历史地位。
- 为了消除歧义 (To Clarify Ambiguity): 在执行者可能不清楚或存在多个潜在执行者的情况下，使用
by可以消除疑虑。例如，如果你只说The email was sent.（邮件被发送了。）收件人可能会疑惑是谁发的。但如果加上The email was sent by the project manager,（这封邮件是项目经理发的。），就能立即提供关键的澄清信息。
- 在正式或学术语境中 (In Formal or Academic Contexts): 科学报告、学术论文和官方文件经常使用被动语态并加上
by + 执行者，以保持客观的语调，同时又能引用来源或方法。例如：The data was analyzed using a novel statistical method developed by Professor Lee.（数据是使用李教授开发的一种新颖的统计方法分析的。）这种做法允许焦点保持在数据和方法上，但同时归功于创新者。这在客观性和归因都至关重要的领域是一种常见做法，反映了科学界注重过程和发现的传统。
- 当动作本身比执行者更重要，但仍需提及执行者时 (When the Action Itself is More Important than the Agent, but the Agent Must Still be Named): 有时候，过程或结果是主题的重点，但省略执行者会让陈述不完整或影响力减弱。例如：
The new building will be inaugurated by the mayor next month.（新大楼将在下个月由市长主持落成典礼。）落成典礼是主要事件，但市长的出席是一个关键细节，因此by + 执行者的短语是必不可少的。这确保了在突出动作的同时，相关的关键人物也得到了承认。
by + 执行者 这个结构时，也经常会遇到一些特定的挑战。认识到这些常见的陷阱及其根本原因，对于发展准确、高级的英语用法至关重要。直接解决这些错误将有助于提高表达的清晰度和语法准确性。- 当执行者不重要、未知或显而易见时过度使用 (Overuse when the Agent is Unimportant, Unknown, or Obvious): 最普遍的错误之一是在添加
by + 执行者没有任何新信息，或者使句子不必要地冗长时，仍然包含它。如果执行者是泛指（如people,they,everyone）、匿名的，或者从语境中显而易见，那么通常应该省略。例如，说English is spoken by people all over the world.（英语被全世界的人们说。）就显得多余；English is spoken all over the world.（英语在全世界都被说。）已经足够自然。同样，My car was stolen by someone.（我的车被某人偷了。）不如My car was stolen.（我的车被偷了。）更有力，除非这个“某人”是特指的、已知的人物。
- 混淆
by和with(Confusingbywithwith): 这是最根本的区别之一。by用于引导执行者（执行动作的人或物），而with用于引导工具或手段（用来执行动作的物品）。混淆这两个词会导致句子意思不合逻辑甚至产生滑稽效果。例如，The letter was written by a pen.（这封信是用一支笔写的。）是错误的，因为笔不能独立写信。正确的句子应该是The letter was written with a pen (工具) by the author (执行者).另一个例子：The nail was hit by the hammer.（钉子被锤子击打了。）也是错误的。它应该是The nail was hit with the hammer by the carpenter.（钉子被木匠用锤子敲打了。）记住：by回答“谁/什么做的？”，with回答“用什么做的？”
- 代词格使用错误 (Incorrect Pronoun Case): 当代词作为执行者出现在
by后面时，必须使用宾格。学习者有时会错误地使用主格。例如，The task was completed by I.（任务由我完成了。）在语法上是错误的。正确的形式是The task was completed by me.同样，The decision was made by he.（决定是由他做的。）应该是The decision was made by him.务必在by后面使用me, him, her, us, them, you, it。
by + 执行者短语位置不当 (Incorrect Placement of theby + agentPhrase): 虽然by + 执行者通常出现在句末，但如果将其置于过早或不自然的位置，会破坏句子的流畅性或清晰度。一般而言，这个短语应该放在过去分词之后，如果存在直接宾语，则放在直接宾语之后。例如，将其放在to be和过去分词之间是错误的：The report was by the student written.这是一个不符合语法的结构。
- 未能正确匹配
to be的形式 (Failing to Matchto bewith Tense and Subject): 虽然这不直接是关于by + 执行者的错误，但如果to be的形式（am/is/are,was/were,has/have been,will be等）没有根据句子的时态和主语正确变化，整个被动语态的构建就会失败。例如，The houses is built by a local firm.（房子由一家本地公司建造。）是错误的，因为主语houses是复数，应该用are：The houses are built by a local firm.
by + 执行者 的结构，在功能上与主动语态有显著区别。理解这种区别对于在恰当的语境下选择最有效的表达方式至关重要。执行者 + 动词 + 承受者 | 承受者 + to be + V3 + (by + 执行者) |The chef prepared the meal. (厨师准备了这顿饭。) | The meal was prepared by the chef. (这顿饭是厨师准备的。) |by 的作用 | 通常不出现，除非是强调执行者（但仍是主动语态） | 用于引出执行者，当此信息需要被提及但不是句子的主要焦点时 |by):- 主动语态：
The company launched the new product last week.(公司上周发布了新产品。) - 强调的是“公司”这个主体。
- 被动语态：
The new product was launched by the company last week.(新产品是上周由公司发布的。) - 强调的是“新产品”被发布这件事。
by the company提供了必要信息。
- 当你想要强调谁做了某事，或者谁是事件的主角时，使用主动语态。例如，在表扬某人时：“
Maria won the competition!”（玛丽亚赢得了比赛！） - 当你想要强调什么事情发生了，或者什么东西受到了影响，而执行者不那么重要，或者不确定，或者你想把它放在句末时，使用被动语态。例如，在描述一个事件时：“
The competition was won.”（比赛被赢了。）或者，“The competition was won by Maria.”（比赛是由玛丽亚赢得的。）——这里虽然提到了玛丽亚，但焦点仍在“比赛被赢”这件事上。
by + 执行者？by people 或 by them 吗？by + 执行者。例如，English is spoken all over the world. 比 English is spoken by people all over the world. 更简洁自然。如果语境中“他们”指的是特定的一群人，并且这个信息很重要，那么可以加上 by them，但这种情况相对较少。by 和 with 在被动语态中有什么区别？by 指的是动作的执行者（Agent），即“谁”或“什么东西”独立地完成了动作。而 with 指的是完成动作所使用的工具或手段（Instrument）。例如：The window was broken by the boy.（窗户是被那个男孩打碎的。）——男孩是执行者。The window was broken with a stone.（窗户是用一块石头打碎的。）——石头是工具。Your coffee will be ready in a moment.（你的咖啡马上就好。）这里使用了将来时被动语态，重点是“咖啡马上就好”，而不是“谁会做”。加上 by + 执行者 的情况在口语中也存在，但通常是为了强调或归因，比如在讨论项目时：“This part of the report was written by Sarah.”（报告的这部分是莎拉写的。）Passive Voice with 'By' Across Tenses
| Tense | Subject | Verb 'Be' | Past Participle | By + Agent |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Present Simple
|
The reports
|
are
|
written
|
by the staff.
|
|
Past Simple
|
The report
|
was
|
written
|
by the manager.
|
|
Present Continuous
|
The report
|
is being
|
written
|
by the intern.
|
|
Past Continuous
|
The report
|
was being
|
written
|
by Sarah.
|
|
Present Perfect
|
The report
|
has been
|
written
|
by the team.
|
|
Future (Will)
|
The report
|
will be
|
written
|
by the director.
|
|
Modals
|
The report
|
must be
|
written
|
by you.
|
Meanings
The passive voice with 'by' is used to identify the 'agent' (the person or thing that performs the action) when the sentence structure is passive. It allows the speaker to emphasize the receiver of the action while still providing credit or responsibility to the doer.
Artistic & Intellectual Credit
Used to attribute books, paintings, songs, or inventions to their creators.
“This novel was written by George Orwell.”
“The symphony was composed by Beethoven.”
Official & Legal Responsibility
Used in news or legal documents to state who performed an official action.
“The law was passed by the parliament.”
“The decision was made by the CEO.”
Unexpected Agents
Used when the doer of the action is surprising or particularly noteworthy.
“The window was broken by a falling branch.”
“The cake was eaten by the dog!”
Reference Table
| 结构名称 | 英语例句 | 中文含义 | 使用场景 |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Active Voice
|
Sarah wrote the report.
|
Sarah 写了报告。
|
强调执行者 Sarah。
|
|
Passive (no agent)
|
The report was written.
|
报告写好了。
|
执行者未知或不重要。
|
|
Passive (with 'by')
|
The report was written by Sarah.
|
报告是由 Sarah 写的。
|
强调报告并交代作者。
|
|
Present Passive
|
The coffee is brewed by her.
|
咖啡是由她冲泡的。
|
日常习惯或例行公事。
|
|
Past Passive
|
The song was sung by him.
|
那首歌是他唱的。
|
描述过去发生的动作。
|
|
Future Passive
|
The project will be managed by them.
|
项目将由他们管理。
|
未来的计划或分工。
|
正式程度
The manuscript was authored by an unknown scholar. (Literature)
The book was written by a local author. (Literature)
It was written by some guy I know. (Literature)
This was penned by my homie. (Literature)
带 'By' 的被动语态思维导图
结构
- Subject + Be + V3 + by + Agent Formation
- Be (根据时态变化) Auxiliary verb
- 过去分词 (V3) Main verb form
使用时机
- 归功或定责 Assign responsibility
- 强调重要的执行者 Highlight doer
- 正式语境 Objective tone
- 消除歧义 Remove ambiguity
关键区别
- By (执行者) Who or what does the action
- With (工具) Tool used for action
- 不重要则省略 No need for doer
被动语态中 By vs. With 的区别
我该用 'By + 执行者' 吗？
句子是被动语态吗？
执行者已知且重要吗？
这个“执行者”其实是个工具吗？
被动句中的各类执行者
人物
- • The book was read by a student.
- • The meal was prepared by the chef.
组织机构
- • The car was manufactured by Tesla.
- • The software was developed by Google.
动物
- • The food was eaten by the dog.
- • The sheep were herded by the dog.
自然力量
- • The tree was struck by lightning.
- • The bridge was damaged by the earthquake.
按水平分级的例句
The book was written by him.
El libro fue escrito por él.
The cake was made by my dad.
El pastel fue hecho por mi papá.
The car was washed by Sam.
El coche fue lavado por Sam.
The photo was taken by her.
La foto fue tomada por ella.
The window was broken by a ball.
La ventana fue rota por una pelota.
The songs were sung by a famous choir.
Las canciones fueron cantadas por un coro famoso.
The house was built by my grandfather in 1950.
La casa fue construida por mi abuelo en 1950.
The emails were sent by the secretary.
Los correos fueron enviados por la secretaria.
The new law was signed by the President yesterday.
La nueva ley fue firmada por el Presidente ayer.
The bridge was designed by a French architect.
El puente fue diseñado por un arquitecto francés.
The missing child was found by a local hiker.
El niño desaparecido fue encontrado por un excursionista local.
The dinner was prepared by a professional chef.
La cena fue preparada por un chef profesional.
The experiment was conducted by a team of researchers from Oxford.
El experimento fue realizado por un equipo de investigadores de Oxford.
The company was founded by two brothers in their garage.
La empresa fue fundada por dos hermanos en su garaje.
The mural was painted by an anonymous artist overnight.
El mural fue pintado por un artista anónimo durante la noche.
The decision was heavily criticized by the local media.
La decisión fue fuertemente criticada por los medios locales.
The initiative was spearheaded by a coalition of environmental NGOs.
La iniciativa fue encabezada por una coalición de ONGs ambientales.
The manuscript was discovered by chance by a young librarian.
El manuscrito fue descubierto por casualidad por un joven bibliotecario.
The city's infrastructure was severely damaged by the hurricane.
La infraestructura de la ciudad fue gravemente dañada por el huracán.
The role was originally intended to be played by a younger actor.
El papel estaba originalmente destinado a ser interpretado por un actor más joven.
The silence was eventually broken by the rhythmic ticking of the clock.
El silencio fue finalmente roto por el tictac rítmico del reloj.
The policy was implemented by the government in the face of mounting public pressure.
La política fue implementada por el gobierno ante la creciente presión pública.
The intricate patterns were woven by hand by artisans in the remote village.
Los intrincados patrones fueron tejidos a mano por artesanos en la remota aldea.
The verdict was reached by the jury after three days of deliberation.
El veredicto fue alcanzado por el jurado tras tres días de deliberación.
容易混淆
Learners use 'by' for tools and 'with' for people.
In many languages, the word for 'from' is used for the passive agent.
Learners say 'He is known by everyone.'
常见错误
The book was written from Mark.
The book was written by Mark.
The cake was make by Mom.
The cake was made by Mom.
The car was wash by Sam.
The car was washed by Sam.
It was by him written.
It was written by him.
The window was broken by a hammer.
The window was broken with a hammer.
The song was sang by her.
The song was sung by her.
The letter was by me sent.
The letter was sent by me.
The house was built of my father.
The house was built by my father.
The decision was made by the meeting.
The decision was made at the meeting.
He was known by everyone.
He was known to everyone.
The room was filled by smoke.
The room was filled with smoke.
句型
The ___ was ___ by ___.
Has the ___ been ___ by ___ yet?
The ___ is being ___ by ___ right now.
It is believed that the ___ was ___ by ___.
Real World Usage
This sculpture was created by a local artist.
The bank was robbed by three masked men.
Photo by @TravelGuru.
The project was managed by me and two colleagues.
The pyramids were built by thousands of workers.
Your ticket is being handled by our senior engineer.
执行者很重要！
by + agent。比如： The cake was eaten by the dog.
By 还是 With？
The window was broken by the thief with a hammer.
焦点依然在主语
The prize was won by our team.
正式 vs 非正式
by + agent 在新闻和学术报告中更常见。日常聊天大家更爱说： The law was passed by the parliament.
代词检查
The letter was sent by him.
Smart Tips
Always use 'by' to credit the creator. It's the most natural way to speak in English.
Pause and check if you should use 'with' instead of 'by'.
Put it at the end of the sentence with 'by' to make the sentence easier to read.
Ask yourself: 'Is it important to know who did this?' If no, delete the 'by' phrase.
发音
The 'By' Connection
The word 'by' is usually unstressed. It sounds like /baɪ/ but is said very quickly, linking the verb to the agent.
End-Focus
The book was written by SHAKESPEARE. ↘
The stress often falls on the agent at the end of the sentence because it is the new information.
记住它
记忆技巧
B.Y. stands for 'Behold the Yesterday-doer' — it brings the person from the past action back to the end of the sentence.
视觉联想
Imagine a movie poster where the title is huge at the top (the Object), and the director's name is in small letters at the bottom after the word 'By'. The focus is the movie, but the credit is at the end.
Rhyme
When the action is done and the object is first, use 'by' for the person or the bubble will burst!
Story
A famous painting was stolen from a museum. The news said 'The painting was taken' (Passive). Everyone asked 'Who?'. The news updated: 'The painting was taken BY a clever thief.' The 'by' solved the mystery.
Word Web
挑战
Look around your room. Find three items and say who they were made or bought by. (e.g., 'This lamp was bought by my sister.')
文化笔记
In Western academic writing, the passive with 'by' is used to show objectivity. However, modern styles (like APA) now encourage the active voice ('We found that...') to be more direct.
The BBC and other UK news outlets frequently use the passive with 'by' to report crimes or official statements to avoid sounding biased.
In galleries worldwide, 'by' is the standard way to attribute work. You will almost never see 'from' or 'of' on a painting's label.
The use of 'by' to indicate an agent comes from Old English 'be', which originally meant 'near' or 'at'. Over time, it evolved to mean 'through the agency of'.
对话开场白
What is your favorite book, and who was it written by?
Think of a famous invention. Who was it invented by?
Was your house built by a company or an individual?
If your life were a movie, who would it be directed by?
日记主题
常见错误
Test Yourself
The famous novel was written ___ an acclaimed author.
Find and fix the mistake:
The delicious pizza was eaten with my brother.
选择正确的句子：
翻译成英语：'La presentación fue dada por la profesora.'
Answer starts with: ["T...
Score: /4
练习题
8 exercisesThe letter was written ___ a fountain pen ___ my grandfather.
Which sentence correctly gives credit to the artist?
Find and fix the mistake:
The cake was eaten from the dog.
Active: 'Steve Jobs founded Apple.'
Match the following:
broken / by / was / window / the / him
You must always use 'by' in every passive sentence.
A: Who fixed your computer? B: It ___ by my brother.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
14 exercisesThis famous cathedral ___ built ___ hundreds of workers.
The delicious cake was baked by a special recipe.
哪个句子是正确的？
翻译成英语：'El problema fue resuelto por mi colega.'
将这些单词排列成句：
匹配句子：
The decision has already ___ made ___ the committee.
The new rules was announced by the principal.
选择正确的句子：
翻译成英语：'El trabajo de casa fue terminado por todos los estudiantes.'
将这些单词排列成句：
匹配片段：
Many classic novels ___ still read ___ students today.
The new software is being developed by a small team of engineers now.
Score: /14
常见问题 (8)
Don't use `by` if the agent is obvious (e.g., 'He was arrested'), unknown (e.g., 'My bike was stolen'), or unimportant (e.g., 'The road was paved').
Yes, but it's rare. Usually, we use the specific noun or a person's name. 'The window was broken by it' is grammatically correct but 'The window was broken by the wind' is better.
The passive voice itself is often formal, but adding `by` is just a way to provide information. It can be used in both formal and informal contexts.
Use `by` for the person or force that does the action. Use `with` for the tool or object used to do it. 'The tree was cut by the lumberjack with an axe.'
Absolutely. 'The office is cleaned by a professional crew every night.'
In creative writing, 'by' can make sentences feel long and slow. However, in academic and technical writing, it is essential for accuracy.
Yes. 'He got caught by the police.' This is more informal than 'He was caught by the police.'
Usually, yes. However, you can add time phrases after it: 'The book was written by him in 1990.'
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
por
Spanish speakers might confuse 'by' with 'for' because 'por' can mean both.
par
French sometimes uses 'de' for states (e.g., 'aimé de tous'), whereas English usually sticks to 'by' or 'to'.
von
German word order is much more flexible, often placing the 'von' phrase before the verb.
ni / ni yotte
Japanese passives often imply that the subject is 'adversely affected' by the action, which English doesn't necessarily do.
min qibal
In Arabic, it is often considered stylistically better to avoid mentioning the agent in a passive sentence.
bèi
In Chinese, the 'bèi' structure is traditionally used for negative or unpleasant events, though this is changing in modern usage.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Learn These First
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