B2 Advanced Verbs 18 min read 困难

阿拉伯语派生动词的被动语态(第2-10型)

阿拉伯语的被动语态就像给动词施了个魔法,把原本的元音换成“U”音开头,这样就能强调“动作”本身,而不是“谁”做的动作了!记住“U”音开头,“动作”是重点。

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

To make a derived verb passive, change the vowel pattern to 'u-i' while keeping the root intact.

  • For Form II (فَعَّلَ), change to (فُعِّلَ): 'عَلَّمَ' (taught) becomes 'عُلِّمَ' (was taught).
  • For Form IV (أَفْعَلَ), change to (أُفْعِلَ): 'أَرْسَلَ' (sent) becomes 'أُرْسِلَ' (was sent).
  • For Form V (تَفَعَّلَ), change to (تُفُعِّلَ): 'تَعَلَّمَ' (learned) becomes 'تُعُلِّمَ' (was learned).
Root + Vowel Shift (u-i) = Passive Verb

Overview

### Overview
在阿拉伯语学习中,被动语态(المبني للمجهول,意为“为未知者而建”)是一个非常重要的语法点。简单来说,当我们不强调动作的执行者(主语),而想强调动作本身或动作的承受者时,就会使用被动语态。这在新闻报道、学术写作或描述客观事实时非常常见。对于我们中文母语者来说,理解这一点其实并不难,因为中文里我们也有类似的表达方式,比如“书被写了”、“饭被吃了”。
然而,阿拉伯语的被动语态与中文有着本质的区别。中文通过“被”字来构成被动,而阿拉伯语则是通过改变动词内部的“元音”(Vowel)来完成的。这被称为“内部被动”。对于初学者来说,这看起来像是一场复杂的数学游戏,但一旦掌握了其中的元音变换规律,你会发现它非常有逻辑性。在阿拉伯语中,原本的宾语会变成句子的“副主语”(نائب الفاعل),它在语法地位上等同于主语,且通常处于主格。理解这一点,对于你将来阅读阿拉伯语文章至关重要。这不仅是语法规则,更是阿拉伯语构词法逻辑的核心体现。
### How This Grammar Works
阿拉伯语的动词系统建立在“词根”(Root)之上。中文的动词是孤立的,比如“看”,无论怎么用,字形不变;但阿拉伯语动词通过改变内部元音来表达不同的含义和时态。被动语态的核心逻辑是:通过改变动词原本的元音组合,强制性地告诉读者,“这个动作是施加在某物上的”。
我们需要对比一下:
中文:主语 + 被 + 执行者 + 谓语(例如:苹果被他吃了)。
阿拉伯语:谓语(被动形式) + 副主语(例如:أُكِلَ التُّفَّاحُ,苹果被吃了)。
在阿拉伯语中,只有“及物动词”(فعل متعدي)才能变成被动语态。不及物动词(如“睡觉”、“坐下”)在逻辑上无法承受动作,因此不能使用被动语态。这与中文的逻辑是一致的,我们不会说“他被睡觉了”。此外,被动动词必须与副主语在阴阳性和单复数上保持一致。如果副主语是阴性,动词也要变成阴性形式。这种一致性在中文里是不存在的,中文动词没有词尾变化,这可能是初学者最容易感到困惑的地方,但只要记住“动词要跟着副主语变”这个口诀,就能克服障碍。
### Formation Pattern
被动语态的变位有一个非常清晰的口诀:
过去式:ضمّ أوله وكسر ما قبل آخره(开头字母加 damma,倒数第二个字母加 kasra)。
现在式:ضمّ أوله وفتح ما قبل آخره(开头字母加 damma,倒数第二个字母加 fatha)。
以下是几种常见派生动词的被动变化对比表:
| 动词形式 | 主动过去式 | 被动过去式 | 主动现在式 | 被动现在式 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 第二式 (Form II) | دَرَّسَ | دُرِّسَ | يُدَرِّسُ | يُدَرَّسُ |
| 第三式 (Form III) | كَاتَبَ | كُوتِبَ | يُكَاتِبُ | يُكَاتَبُ |
| 第四式 (Form IV) | أَرْسَلَ | أُرْسِلَ | يُرْسِلُ | يُرْسَلُ |
### When To Use It
被动语态在以下场景中频繁使用:
  1. 1当执行者未知时:比如“钥匙被丢了”,我们不知道是谁丢的,只关心钥匙的状态。
  2. 2当执行者不重要时:在新闻中,“会议被取消了”,重点在于会议取消这一事实,而非谁取消了它。
  3. 3出于礼貌或回避:有时为了不直接指责某人,使用被动语态会显得更加客观委婉。
例如:اُكْتُشِفَ علاجٌ جديدٌ(一种新疗法被发现了)。这里我们强调的是“疗法”的发现,而不是“科学家”这个执行者。在日常生活中,你可能会在大学课堂听到 دُرِّسَ النَّحْوُ(语法课被讲授了),这是一种非常正式且地道的表达。掌握这些场景,能让你在阿拉伯语交流中显得更加专业。
### Common Mistakes
  1. 1忘记了副主语的一致性:中文母语者习惯了动词不变形,常会写出 أُكِلَ البِنْتُ(女孩被吃了,错误),正确的应该是 أُكِلَتْ البِنْتُ。因为 البِنْتُ 是阴性,动词必须加阴性后缀 ت
  2. 2混淆了及物与不及物动词:有些学生尝试将 جَلَسَ(坐)变成被动,这是错误的。原因在于中文里我们有时会说“座位被坐了”,但阿拉伯语的被动只能针对动作本身,不能直接作用于这种状态动词。
  3. 3元音变换错误:这是最常见的干扰。中文没有元音变位概念,学生经常忘记在开头加上 damma。请记住:damma 是被动语态的“标志性符号”。
### Contrast With Similar Patterns
通过下表对比,你会更清晰地看到阿拉伯语与中文的差异:
| 特征 | 中文语法 | 阿拉伯语语法 |
|---|---|---|>
| 构成方式 | 使用“被”字 | 动词内部元音变换 |
| 词尾变化 | 无 | 随副主语阴阳性/数变化 |
| 语序 | 相对固定 | 动词在前,副主语在后 |
### Quick FAQ
Q: 是不是所有的动词都能变被动?
A: 不是的,只有及物动词可以。不及物动词通常不能使用被动语态。
Q: 为什么第三式和第六式的 alif 会变成 waw
A: 这是为了发音的协调。当开头变成 damma 后,为了顺应发音习惯,长元音 a 会转化为 u
Q: 我在口语中一定要用被动语态吗?
A: 在正式场合(如演讲、写作)非常重要。但在日常聊天中,阿拉伯人有时也会用主动语态加“有人”来代替被动语态,但作为初学者,掌握被动语态是理解书面语的基础。

Passive Voice Pattern (Past Tense)

Form Active Passive Meaning
II
عَلَّمَ
عُلِّمَ
Was taught
III
حَاكَمَ
حُوكِمَ
Was put on trial
IV
أَرْسَلَ
أُرْسِلَ
Was sent
V
تَعَلَّمَ
تُعُلِّمَ
Was learned
VI
تَجَاهَلَ
تُجُوهِلَ
Was ignored
VII
انْكَسَرَ
أُنْكُسِرَ
Was broken
VIII
احْتَرَمَ
أُحْتُرِمَ
Was respected
X
اسْتَخْدَمَ
أُسْتُخْدِمَ
Was used

Meanings

The passive voice in Arabic is used when the subject performing the action is unknown, irrelevant, or intentionally omitted.

1

Unknown Agent

When the doer is not known.

“سُرِقَتِ السَّيَّارَةُ (The car was stolen).”

“قُتِلَ الرَّجُلُ (The man was killed).”

2

Focus on Object

When the object is more important than the actor.

“أُعْلِنَ عَنِ النَّتَائِجِ (The results were announced).”

“تُمُثِّلَ القَانُونُ (The law was represented).”

3

Polite Omission

Avoiding blame by not naming the actor.

“أُهْمِلَ المَشْرُوعُ (The project was neglected).”

“أُجِّلَ الِاجْتِمَاعُ (The meeting was postponed).”

Reference Table

Reference table for 阿拉伯语派生动词的被动语态(第2-10型)
动词形式 过去式被动 (U-I) 现在式被动 (U-A) 例句含义
Form II
durrisa (دُرِّسَ)
yudarrasu (يُدَرَّسُ)
To be taught
Form III
suu'ida (سُوعِدَ)
yusaa'adu (يُسَاعَدُ)
To be helped
Form IV
ursila (أُرْسِلَ)
yursalu (يُرْسَلُ)
To be sent
Form V
tufu''ila (تُفُعِّلَ)
yutafa''alu (يُتَفَعَّلُ)
To be activated
Form VIII
uftu'ila (أُفْتُعِلَ)
yufta'alu (يُفْتَعَلُ)
To be opened/started
Form X
ustukhdima (اسْتُخْدِمَ)
yustakhdamu (يُسْتَخْدَمُ)
To be used

正式程度

正式
اُتُّخِذَ القَرَارُ

اُتُّخِذَ القَرَارُ (Professional)

中性
تَمَّ اتِّخَاذُ القَرَارِ

تَمَّ اتِّخَاذُ القَرَارِ (Professional)

非正式
خَدْنَا القَرَار

خَدْنَا القَرَار (Professional)

俚语
خَلَّصْنَا

خَلَّصْنَا (Professional)

阿拉伯语被动语态的世界

被动语态

过去式 (U-I)

  • durrisa 被教导
  • ursila 被发送

现在式 (U-A)

  • yudarrasu 正在被教导
  • yursalu 正在被发送

元音换位游戏

主动语态 (谁做的?)
yudarrisu 他教
yastakhdimu 他使用
被动语态 (结果是什么?)
yudarrasu 它被教导
yustakhdamu 它被使用

是被动语态吗?

1

动词开头是“U”音(damma)吗?

YES
进入下一个问题
NO
可能是主动语态
2

是现在时态吗?

YES
寻找倒数第二个字母上的“a”音
NO ↓

你会在哪里看到它

📰

新闻

  • 已公布
  • 已决定
  • 已建成
📱

科技

  • 已发送
  • 已下载
  • 已更新

按水平分级的例句

1

أَكَلَ الوَلَدُ التُّفَّاحَةَ

The boy ate the apple.

2

كَتَبَ الطَّالِبُ الدَّرْسَ

The student wrote the lesson.

3

شَرِبَ الرَّجُلُ المَاءَ

The man drank the water.

4

فَتَحَ البَابَ

He opened the door.

1

أُكِلَتِ التُّفَّاحَةُ

The apple was eaten.

2

كُتِبَ الدَّرْسُ

The lesson was written.

3

شُرِبَ المَاءُ

The water was drunk.

4

فُتِحَ البَابُ

The door was opened.

1

أُجِّلَ الِاجْتِمَاعُ لِيَوْمٍ آخَرَ

The meeting was postponed to another day.

2

أُلْغِيَتِ الرِّحْلَةُ بِسَبَبِ المَطَرِ

The trip was cancelled because of the rain.

3

أُعْلِنَ عَنِ الفَائِزِ

The winner was announced.

4

أُصْلِحَتِ السَّيَّارَةُ

The car was repaired.

1

أُسْتُخْدِمَتِ التِّكْنُولُوجْيَا فِي التَّعْلِيمِ

Technology was used in education.

2

أُسْتُقْبِلَ الضُّيُوفُ بِحَفَاوَةٍ

The guests were received warmly.

3

أُعِيدَ النَّظَرُ فِي القَرَارِ

The decision was reconsidered.

4

أُكْتُشِفَ مَوْقِعٌ أَثَرِيٌّ

An archaeological site was discovered.

1

أُسْتُحْسِنَ هَذَا الرَّأْيُ مِنَ الجَمِيعِ

This opinion was approved by everyone.

2

أُسْتُغِلَّتِ المَوَارِدُ بِشَكْلٍ فَعَّالٍ

The resources were utilized effectively.

3

أُسْتُعِيدَتِ الثِّقَةُ بَيْنَ الطَّرَفَيْنِ

Trust was restored between the two parties.

4

أُسْتُجِيبَ لِطَلَبَاتِ المُواطِنِينَ

The citizens' requests were responded to.

1

أُسْتُشْهِدَ بِهَذَا النَّصِّ فِي المَقَالَةِ

This text was cited in the article.

2

أُسْتُقْصِيَتِ الحَقَائِقُ بِدِقَّةٍ

The facts were investigated with precision.

3

أُسْتُهْلِكَتِ المِيزَانِيَّةُ بِالكَامِلِ

The budget was consumed entirely.

4

أُسْتُبْعِدَ الاحْتِمَالُ الأَخِيرُ

The last possibility was excluded.

容易混淆

Passive of Derived Arabic Verbs (Forms II-X) 对比 Passive vs. Reflexive

Both look similar in Form V.

Passive of Derived Arabic Verbs (Forms II-X) 对比 Passive vs. 'Tam' construction

Both mean the same thing.

Passive of Derived Arabic Verbs (Forms II-X) 对比 Passive vs. Active

Mixing up the actor.

常见错误

أكلت التفاحة

أُكِلَتِ التُّفَّاحَةُ

Passive requires specific vowel changes.

كتب الطالب الدرس

كُتِبَ الدَّرْسُ

Don't include the actor in passive.

أُسْتُخْدِمَ الحاسوبُ

أُسْتُخْدِمَ الحَاسُوبُ

Ensure correct case for the substitute subject.

أُسْتُقْبِلَ الضيوفُ

أُسْتُقْبِلَ الضُّيُوفُ

Check vowel patterns for Form X.

句型

أُ___ (verb) الـ ___ (noun).

لَمْ يُ___ (verb) الـ ___ (noun).

سَيُ___ (verb) الـ ___ (noun) غَداً.

هَلْ أُ___ (verb) الـ ___ (noun)؟

Real World Usage

News Report constant

أُعْلِنَ عَنِ الفَائِزِ.

Legal Document very common

أُبْطِلَ العَقْدُ.

Academic Paper common

أُسْتُخْدِمَتِ المَنْهَجِيَّةُ.

Official Email occasional

أُجِّلَ الِاجْتِمَاعُ.

Social Media rare

أُعْجِبَ بِالصُّورَةِ.

Texting rare

أُرْسِلَتِ الرِّسَالَةُ.

💡

“U-I”和“U-A”小秘诀

记住这个小秘诀,90%的动词都适用哦!过去式被动语态就像“U-I”,现在式被动语态就像“U-A”。就像你记住密码一样简单!比如:“我被教导了”可以说 «دُرِّسَ»。
⚠️

别说“被谁”

阿拉伯语里不太喜欢说“食物被鲍勃吃了”。我们通常会说“鲍勃吃了食物”(主动语态)或者直接说“食物被吃了”(被动语态)。让它保持简单!比如,“这个项目完成了”可以说 «أُكْمِلَ الْمَشْرُوعُ»。
🎯

隐藏的“Waw”

对于像 «سَاعَدَ» 这样的三型动词,变成被动语态时,那个“a”音会被“u”音“挤走”,变成 «سُوعِدَ»。这样读起来更顺口!比如,«他被帮助了»是 «سُوعِدَ الطَّالِبُ»。

Smart Tips

Use passive to sound objective.

I finished the report. أُتْمِمَ التَّقْرِيرُ.

Use passive to avoid guessing.

Someone broke the window. كُسِرَتِ النَّافِذَةُ.

Use passive to keep it neutral.

You forgot the document. نُسِيَ المُسْتَنَدُ.

Use passive to highlight the outcome.

They announced the winner. أُعْلِنَ عَنِ الفَائِزِ.

发音

u-k-t-u-s-h-i-f-a

Damma emphasis

The initial 'u' must be clear and short.

Formal Statement

Sentence ends with a slight drop.

Objective reporting.

记住它

记忆技巧

Remember 'U-I' (You-I) — You are the object, I am the vowel.

视觉联想

Imagine a heavy box (the object) being moved by an invisible hand. The box is the focus, the hand is hidden.

Rhyme

First is U, middle is I, the actor hides, the object is high.

Story

The king (the actor) is gone. The crown (the object) is placed on the table. The crown 'was placed' (wudi'a). No one knows who did it.

Word Web

أُكْتُشِفَأُسْتُخْدِمَأُعْلِنَأُرْسِلَتُعُلِّمَأُجِّلَ

挑战

Take 5 active sentences from a news article and convert them to passive in 5 minutes.

文化笔记

Used in news and official documents to maintain neutrality.

Rarely used; 'tam' + masdar is preferred.

Avoided in speech; sounds too 'bookish'.

Derived from the Semitic root system where vowel patterns carry grammatical meaning.

对话开场白

هل أُعْلِنَ عَنِ النَّتَائِجِ؟

هَلْ أُجِّلَ الِاجْتِمَاعُ؟

أَيْنَ أُسْتُخْدِمَ هَذَا الجِهَازُ؟

هَلْ أُكْتُشِفَ شَيْءٌ جَدِيدٌ؟

日记主题

Write a news report about a local event using passive verbs.
Describe a project that was completed at your work.
Discuss a scientific discovery using passive voice.
Explain a historical event using passive voice.

常见错误

Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确

Test Yourself

请用过去式被动语态填空(他发送了 -> 它被发送了)。

الرِّسَالَةُ ___ (أَرْسَلَ) أَمْسِ.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: أُرْسِلَتْ
四型动词的过去式被动语态是“u-i”。因为“risala”是阴性,所以我们在词尾加“t”。
哪个句子正确表达了“这个应用被使用了”? 多项选择

Choose the passive present form:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: يُسْتَخْدَمُ هَذَا التَّطْبِيقُ
十型动词的现在式被动语态以“u”开头,倒数第二个字母是“a”音。
找出并纠正二型动词“教授”的过去式被动语态中的错误。 Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

دَرَّسَ العَرَبِيَّةُ (Darrasa al-arabiyya) - The Arabic language was taught.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: دُرِّسَتِ العَرَبِيَّةُ
二型动词的过去式被动语态是“u-i”(durrisa)。因为“阿拉伯语”是阴性,所以我们需要用“durrisat”。

Score: /3

练习题

8 exercises
Convert to passive: دَرَّسَ المُعَلِّمُ الدَّرْسَ

___ الدَّرْسُ.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Form II passive is durrisa.
Fix the error: أُكْتُشِفَ العَالِمُ الدَّوَاءَ Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

What is wrong?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Passive should not have the actor.
Which is the correct passive of أَرْسَلَ? 多项选择

Select one.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Form IV passive is ursila.
Reorder: الدَّرْسُ / كُتِبَ Sentence Reorder

Reorder.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Verb first is standard.
Translate: The car was repaired. 翻译

Select.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Correct passive form.
Passive of أُسْتُخْدِمَ? Conjugation Drill

Select.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Correct vowel pattern.
Match active to passive. Match Pairs

عَلَّمَ -> ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Form II passive.
Complete: A: هل فُتِحَ الباب؟ B: نعم، ___. Dialogue Completion

Select.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Passive response.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

5 exercises
请用现在式被动语态翻译成阿拉伯语。 翻译

The video is being filmed.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: يُصَوَّرُ الفِيدْيُو
请将主动动词与对应的被动动词配对。 Match Pairs

Match these forms:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: أَرْسَلَ - أُرْسِلَ
重新排列单词,组成句子“链接被发送了”。 Sentence Reorder

الرَّابِطُ / أُرْسِلَ

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: أُرْسِلَ الرَّابِطُ
How do you say 'The book was helped' (Form III)? 多项选择

Choose the correct past passive form:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: سُوعِدَ الكِتَابُ
请用四型动词的现在式被动语态填空。 填空

الإِيمِيلُ ___ (أَرْسَلَ) آلآن.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: يُرْسَلُ

Score: /5

常见问题 (8)

No, only transitive verbs.

It sounds too formal.

Use 'min qibal' (by).

No, they are different.

It becomes the subject.

Yes, very common.

Yes, usually avoided.

It is consistent.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish partial

Se + verb

Arabic changes the verb itself; Spanish adds a particle.

French partial

Être + participe passé

Arabic is synthetic; French is analytic.

German partial

Werden + Partizip II

Arabic does not use auxiliary verbs for passive.

Japanese partial

-(r)areru

Arabic is internal; Japanese is suffixal.

Chinese low

Bei (被)

Chinese uses a preposition-like marker.

Arabic high

Internal Passive

None.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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