Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use the passive voice when the action matters more than who did it by changing the verb's internal vowels.
- Change the first vowel to a Damma (u) and the second-to-last to a Kasra (i). Example: 'kataba' becomes 'kutiba'.
- Remove the subject (the doer) entirely from the sentence.
- The object takes the place of the subject and becomes the new 'Na'ib al-Fa'il' (subject substitute).
Overview
المبني للمجهول (al-mabnī li-l-majhūl)，字面意思是“为未知者而建”。对于我们中文母语者来说，理解这个概念非常重要。在中文里，我们表达被动时，通常会使用“被”、“让”、“叫”、“受”这些词，比如“书被写了”。但在阿拉伯语里，情况完全不同！阿拉伯语不需要额外的助词，而是通过改变动词内部的元音（即“哈拉卡特” الحركات）来直接实现被动语态。这意味着动词本身就发生了“变身”。الفاعل - al-fāʿil）不重要、不知道，或者我们想刻意隐藏执行者时，被动语态就是最好的选择。例如，与其说“有人偷了我的手机”，不如说“手机被偷了”。在阿拉伯语中，原本的宾语（المفعول به - al-mafʿūl bihi）会升级成为新的主语，被称为“副主语”或“代理主语” (نائب الفاعل - nāʾib al-fāʿil)。这是一个非常有趣的语法结构，它让句子的重心从“谁做的”转移到了“发生了什么”。这比中文那种通过添加“被”字来改变句式的方法要精简得多，也优雅得多。كَتَبَ (kataba，他写了)，变成被动时，第一个字母加上 ُ (u)，第二个字母加上 ِ (i)，变成 كُتِبَ (kutiba，它被写了)。这种方法不需要增加任何单词，完全依赖动词内部的节奏变化。نائب الفاعل。这意味着它在格位上必须变成主格（مرفوع - marfūʿ），通常词尾会加上 ُ (u) 的发音。这就像在公司里，原来的助理（宾语）突然升职成了代理经理（副主语），必须承担起经理的责任。这个语法逻辑非常严密。如果动词的执行者被隐藏了，那么这个“代理主语”在性别和数上必须与动词保持一致。比如，如果“书”是阴性，动词也要相应地变为阴性形式。这种一致性在中文里几乎不存在，因为中文动词没有性别和数的变化，这对中文母语者来说是一个需要重点练习的“肌肉记忆”。الفعل الثلاثي المجرد）。请记住这两个口诀：- 1过去式（Past Tense）：首字母
u，倒数第二字母i。 - 2现在式（Present Tense）：首字母
u，倒数第二字母a。
فَعَلَ | فُعِلَ | كَتَبَ -> كُتِبَ | 写了 -> 被写了 |يَفْعَلُ | يُفْعَلُ | يَكْتُبُ -> يُكْتَبُ | 正在写 -> 正在被写 |u-i (过去) 和 u-a (现在) 的节奏，你就能轻松处理大部分基础动词的被动变化。سُرِقَ المِحْفَظَةُ (suriqat al-miḥfaẓatu，钱包被偷了)。你不需要也不可能指名道姓，这时被动语态最自然。يُفْتَحُ المَكْتَبُ سَاعَةَ ثَمَانِيَةٍ (yuftaḥu al-maktabu sāʿata thamāniyatin，办公室在八点被打开/开放)。这里强调的是“开放”这个动作本身，而不是“谁”来开门。كُسِرَ الكُوبُ (kusira al-kūbu，杯子被打破了)，而不是直接指责他，这样显得更有教养，也缓和了气氛。يُوجَدُ (yūjadu，有/存在)，它的字面意思其实是“被找到”。这些词汇在日常生活中无处不在，学会它们能让你的口语听起来非常地道。- 1试图在被动句中添加“执行者”：很多中文学生习惯说“书被阿赫迈德写了”。但在标准阿拉伯语中，被动语态的核心逻辑是“隐藏执行者”。一旦你加上了“被某人做”，语法上就会变得非常尴尬。正确的做法是：如果一定要提到是谁做的，必须改回主动语态，说“阿赫迈德写了书”。不要试图翻译英语的“by”或者中文的“被某人”。
- 1忽略了“副主语”的格位变化：在中文里，无论名词在句中做什么成分，它都不变。但阿拉伯语中，当宾语变成
نائب الفاعل后，它的词尾必须从宾格（فتحة）变为更高级的主格（ضمة）。学生常会忘记修改名词的词尾，这在阿拉伯语中是非常明显的语法错误。
- 1混淆了过去式和现在式的元音规则：由于中文完全没有动词时态变化，我们对“时态”这个概念比较陌生。学生经常会把过去式的
i错用成a。记住：过去式是“封闭的”u-i，现在式是“开放的”u-a，多读几遍，让耳朵习惯这种节奏。
نائب الفاعل) |- 1问：是不是所有的动词都能变成被动？
نائب الفاعل。- 1问：如果我真的想说“书被阿赫迈德写了”，该怎么办？
كَتَبَ أحمدُ الكتابَ。这在阿拉伯语中是最自然、最地道的表达方式，不要强求被动结构。- 1问：副主语一定要放在动词后面吗？
نائب الفاعل 通常紧跟在被动动词之后。这和主动句中 الفاعل 的位置是一样的，所以你只需要把原来的宾语移到这个位置，并改变它的词尾即可。- 1问：这个语法难吗？
u-i 和 u-a 这两个简单的口诀，你很快就能掌握。这比学习复杂的英语被动语态（is/was/were + past participle）要直接得多！Past Tense Passive (Form I)
| Pronoun | Active | Passive |
|---|---|---|
|
Huwa
|
kataba
|
kutiba
|
|
Hiya
|
katabat
|
kutibat
|
|
Anta
|
katabta
|
kutibta
|
|
Anti
|
katabti
|
kutibti
|
|
Ana
|
katabtu
|
kutibtu
|
|
Nahnu
|
katabna
|
kutibna
|
Meanings
The passive voice is used to shift focus from the person performing the action to the action itself or the recipient of the action.
Focus on Object
Highlighting the recipient of the action.
“أُكِلَ الطَّعامُ (The food was eaten.)”
“سُرِقَ المِفتاحُ (The key was stolen.)”
Reference Table
| 时态 | 主动语态 (执行者已知) | 被动语态 (执行者隐藏) | 元音变化 |
|---|---|---|---|
|
过去式
|
kataba (他写了)
|
kutiba (它被写了)
|
a-a-a → u-i-a
|
|
过去式
|
faʿala (他做了)
|
fuʿila (它被做了)
|
a-a-a → u-i-a
|
|
现在式
|
yaktubu (他正在写)
|
yuktabu (它正在被写)
|
ya-..-u → yu-..-a-u
|
|
现在式
|
yafʿalu (他正在做)
|
yufʿalu (它正在被做)
|
ya-..-u → yu-..-a-u
|
|
例子
|
shariba (他喝了)
|
shuriba (它被喝了)
|
过去式: u-i
|
|
例子
|
yaftaḥu (他打开了)
|
yuftaḥu (它被打开了)
|
现在式: u-a
|
正式程度
أُنجِزَ العَمَلُ (Workplace)
تَمَّ إنجازُ العَمَلِ (Workplace)
خَلَّصنا الشُّغل (Workplace)
خَلَّصنا (Workplace)
被动语态的生态系统
过去式
- fuʿila u-i-a 模式
- kutiba 它被写了
现在式
- yufʿalu u-a-u 模式
- yuktabu 它正在被写
主动语态 vs. 被动语态
我应该使用被动语态吗？
你知道谁做了这个动作吗？
你想隐藏动作执行者吗？
常见被动语态的语境
新闻媒体
- • Qutila (killed)
- • Uʿlina (announced)
日常生活
- • Yūjad (there is)
- • Yusmaḥ (allowed)
按水平分级的例句
كُتِبَ الدَّرسُ
The lesson was written.
أُكِلَ التُّفاحُ
The apple was eaten.
فُتِحَ البابُ
The door was opened.
سُرِقَ المالُ
The money was stolen.
يُكتَبُ الدَّرسُ الآنَ
The lesson is being written now.
يُؤكَلُ الطَّعامُ كُلَّ يَومٍ
The food is eaten every day.
يُفتَحُ المَحَلُّ صَباحاً
The shop is opened in the morning.
يُسأَلُ المُديرُ عَنِ المَشروعِ
The manager is asked about the project.
عُرِفَ الحَقُّ بَعدَ زَمَنٍ
The truth was known after a time.
قُرِئَ الكِتابُ بِاهتِمامٍ
The book was read with interest.
تُمُثِّلُ القَضِيَّةُ أَهَمِّيَّةً
The case is represented as important.
يُتَوَقَّعُ حُضورُ الجَميعِ
The attendance of everyone is expected.
أُعلِنَ عَنِ الفائِزِ في الحَفْلِ
The winner was announced at the party.
يُعَدُّ هَذا القَرارُ حاسِماً
This decision is considered decisive.
تَمَّ التَّحقيقُ في القَضِيَّةِ
The investigation into the case was completed.
يُشارُ إِلَيهِ بِالبَنانِ
He is pointed at by fingers (famous).
أُقِرَّ القانُونُ بَعدَ نِقاشٍ طَويلٍ
The law was ratified after a long discussion.
يُستَشَفُّ مِن كَلامِهِ الغَضَبُ
Anger is inferred from his words.
يُؤخَذُ بِرَأيِ الخُبَراءِ
The opinion of experts is taken.
تُبنى القُصورُ عَلى الأَساساتِ
Palaces are built on foundations.
يُستَأنَسُ بِرَأيِ القُدَماءِ
The opinion of the ancients is sought for comfort/guidance.
أُبرِمَتِ الصَّفَقَةُ بَينَ الطَّرَفَينِ
The deal was concluded between the two parties.
يُستَخْلَصُ العِبرَةُ مِنَ التَّاريخِ
The lesson is extracted from history.
يُتَغاضى عَنِ الأَخطاءِ الصَّغيرَةِ
Small mistakes are overlooked.
容易混淆
Learners often use active verbs when they want to be vague.
Learners confuse 'the door opened' with 'the door was opened'.
Learners think they are the same.
常见错误
kutiba al-walad al-dars
kutiba al-dars
kataba al-dars
kutiba al-dars
kutiba al-darsa
kutiba al-darsu
kutib al-dars
kutiba al-dars
yuktab al-dars
yuktabu al-dars
yaktubu al-dars
yuktabu al-dars
yuktabu al-darsa
yuktabu al-darsu
tammi kataba
kutiba
yuktab al-darsu
yuktabu al-darsu
kutibat al-dars
kutiba al-dars
istukhtiba al-sirr
ustukhfiya al-sirr
yustakhdam al-adawat
tustakhdamu al-adawat
kuna kutiba
kutibna
句型
___ (passive verb) + ___ (subject).
___ (passive verb) + ___ (subject) + ___ (time).
hal ___ (passive verb) + ___ (subject)?
la ___ (passive verb) + ___ (subject).
Real World Usage
أُعلِنَ عَنِ الفائِزِ
يُضافُ المِلحُ
يُستَنتَجُ مِنَ البَحثِ
تَمَّ النَّشرُ
سُرِقَ المَنزِلُ
يُتَوَقَّعُ مِنَ المُرَشَّحِ
别掉进“被某人”的陷阱！
礼貌地避开责任
“Yūjad” = 有
yūjad (阳性) 或 tūjad (阴性)。它字面意思是“它被发现”，但实际是表示“有一个问题” (tūjad mushkila) 的标准说法。Smart Tips
Use the passive voice to sound objective.
Use the passive voice to avoid guessing.
Use the passive voice to focus on the steps.
Use the passive voice to avoid blaming.
发音
Damma
Rounded lips as in 'put'.
Kasra
Smile slightly as in 'bit'.
Fatha
Open mouth as in 'cat'.
Declarative
Kutiba al-dars ↓
Falling intonation for statements.
记住它
记忆技巧
Remember 'U-I' for the past (You-I did it, but I won't say who) and 'U-A' for the present (You-A are doing it).
视觉联想
Imagine a ghost writing on a chalkboard. The chalk moves, but you can't see the hand holding it. The action exists, but the doer is invisible.
Rhyme
Past is U-I, Present is U-A, hide the doer and look the other way.
Story
A chef is cooking in a kitchen. Suddenly, the food starts flying onto plates by itself. The chef is gone. The food is served. The food is eaten. The kitchen is cleaned.
Word Web
挑战
Write 3 sentences about your day using only passive verbs (e.g., 'The coffee was drunk', 'The email was sent').
文化笔记
Used in news and formal speeches to maintain neutrality.
Often uses 'tamma' + masdar instead of internal passive.
Similar to Egyptian, prefers 'tamma' for clarity.
The passive voice in Arabic is a Semitic feature, relying on internal vowel changes (apophony) rather than auxiliary verbs.
对话开场白
ماذا فُعِلَ اليَوم؟
هَل أُكِلَ الطَّعامُ؟
هَل يُتَوَقَّعُ المَطَرُ؟
هَل يُعرَفُ السَّبَبُ؟
日记主题
常见错误
Test Yourself
___ al-bābu. (The door was opened)
fu-ti-ḥa)。Fataḥa是主动的“他打开了”，Yaftaḥu是主动的现在时。Choose the correct Present Passive form:
u-a 模式 (yu-shra-bu)。Yashrabu是主动的“他喝”。Find and fix the mistake:
Kutiba al-risāla ams.
Al-risāla（信）是阴性，所以动词必须与性别一致：kutibat，而不是kutiba。Score: /3
练习题
8 exercises___ (kataba) al-dars.
___ (yaktubu) al-dars.
Find and fix the mistake:
kutiba al-walad al-dars
kataba al-talib al-dars
Can you include the agent in a passive sentence?
A: Who ate the food? B: ___ (The food was eaten).
futiha / al-bab / ams
Sort: kutiba, yuktabu
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercises___ ṣawtun gharīb. (A strange voice was heard)
Pair the active verbs with their passive counterparts.
Choose the correct phrase:
Ukila / al-ṭaʿām
Yaʿrafu anna al-arḍ kurawiyya.
___ al-rajul. (The man was killed)
Which verb is commonly used for 'there is'?
Su'ila al-su'āl.
How do you say 'It is said' in Arabic?
Select the passive sentence:
Ghusilat al-sayyāra min qibal Ali.
Al-lugha ___ (is studied).
Score: /12
常见问题 (8)
Most transitive verbs can be made passive, but intransitive verbs cannot.
Because the doer is unknown (majhul).
It is more common in formal writing than in daily casual speech.
Look for the Damma on the first letter.
Yes, it is very common in modern Arabic.
Yes, it becomes the subject and takes the nominative case (Damma).
Use the active voice instead.
Yes, especially in hollow or weak verbs.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Se + verb
Arabic changes the verb itself; Spanish adds a particle.
Être + past participle
Arabic is a single word; French is two.
Werden + past participle
Arabic is synthetic; German is analytic.
-(r)eru suffix
Arabic is internal; Japanese is suffixal.
Internal vowel change
None.
Bei construction
Arabic is internal; Chinese is particle-based.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Learn These First
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