阿拉伯语被动语态:“被做了”(Al-Mabni lil-Majhul)
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
The passive voice shifts focus from the doer to the action by changing the verb's internal vowel pattern.
- For past tense, change the first vowel to 'u' and the second-to-last to 'i' (e.g., 'kataba' becomes 'kutiba').
- The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence (Na'ib al-Fa'il).
- The original doer is omitted or mentioned using a preposition like 'min qibal' (by).
Overview
المبني للمجهول (al-mabni lil-majhul)。这个词组字面上的意思是“为未知而建”。简单来说,当我们想把句子的重点从“谁做了这件事”转移到“这件事发生了”或者“谁/什么被影响了”时,就会用到被动语态。这在中文里其实非常常见,比如我们说“饭被吃了”,而不是“小明吃了饭”。حركات)来直接传达被动含义。这就像是在动词内部进行了一次“变身”。对于初学者来说,记住一点非常重要:只有及物动词(即后面可以接宾语的动词)才能变为被动语态。如果你想说“我去了”,因为“去”这个动作没有作用于某个物体,所以它无法变成被动语态。这种语法结构非常严谨且有规律,一旦掌握了其中的元音变化规律,你就能像拼积木一样轻松转换句子了。فاعل,即主语),比如“男孩喝了水”中的“男孩”。但在被动句中,“男孩”消失了,原本的宾语“水”被提升到了主语的位置,我们称之为 نائب الفاعل(意为“副主语”或“代理主语”)。نائب الفاعل 必须处于主格(مرفوع)。在中文里,无论名词在句中做什么成分,它的形式都不会变,比如“水”无论是做主语还是宾语,都叫“水”。但在阿拉伯语中,名词的结尾会根据它在句中的语法功能而改变。当宾语变成 نائب الفاعل 后,它的结尾标记必须从宾格变为 nominative(主格)。فاعل (fa'il) |مفعول به (maf'ul bihi) |نائب الفاعل (na'ib al-fa'il) |حركات(元音符号),直接告诉听者:“这个动词是被动状态的”。这对于习惯了孤立语(中文)的我们来说,可能一开始会觉得不习惯,但只要记住“U-I”和“U-A”这两个口诀,就会发现它非常系统且简单!ضمّة (u),倒数第二个字母加上 كسرة (i)。فَتَحَ (他打开) -> فُتِحَ (它被打开了)。ضمّة (u),倒数第二个字母加上 فتحة (a)。يَكْتُبُ (他写) -> يُكْتَبُ (它被写)。فَتَحَ | فُتِحَ | 首字母 u, 倒数第二 i |يَكْتُبُ | يُكْتَبُ | 首字母 u, 倒数第二 a |- 1施事者未知或不重要: 当你不知道谁做了某事,或者觉得“谁做的”不重要时,用被动语态。例如:
سُرِقَ الهاتف(手机被偷了)。我们不需要知道是谁偷的,重点是手机丢了。 - 2强调动作的结果: 在新闻报道或正式场合,为了强调事件本身。例如:
اُفْتُتِحَ مطار جديد(一个新机场被启用了)。 - 3礼貌与委婉: 有时候为了避免直接指责某人,可以使用被动语态。比如
كَسُرَ الكوب(杯子被打破了),这比直接说“你打破了杯子”要委婉得多,减少了冲突感。 - 4通用规则: 在法律或公共告示中,强调规则本身,例如
يُمنَعُ التدخين(禁止吸烟,字面意:吸烟被禁止)。
- 1强行对不及物动词使用被动: 中文里我们说“他被离开了”,但在阿拉伯语中,
ذَهَبَ(离开/去) 是不及物动词,没有宾语,所以不能变成被动。这是因为中文语法对及物/不及物区分不严,导致我们习惯性地想给所有动词加“被”。 - 2混淆过去式和现在式的元音: 我们容易把过去式的
فُتِحَ记成فَتِحَ,或者把现在式的يُكْتَبُ记成يُكْتِبُ。这是因为中文没有动词变位,我们对元音的微小变化不够敏感。解决办法是多做听写练习,强化对حركات的记忆。 - 3尝试在被动句中保留“施事者”: 有些同学会尝试用介词翻译“被……做”,但在标准阿拉伯语中,被动语态通常是不出现施事者的。如果必须提到施事者,应该改回主动语态。这是典型的英语或中文思维的负迁移。
المبني للمعلوم) | 被动语态 (المبني للمجهول) |مفعول به) | 消失,转变为 نائب الفاعل |Passive Voice Past Tense (Form I)
| Pronoun | Active | Passive |
|---|---|---|
|
Huwa
|
kataba
|
kutiba
|
|
Hiya
|
katabat
|
kutibat
|
|
Anta
|
katabta
|
kutibta
|
|
Anti
|
katabti
|
kutibti
|
|
Ana
|
katabtu
|
kutibtu
|
|
Nahnu
|
katabna
|
kutibna
|
Meanings
The passive voice is used when the actor is unknown, irrelevant, or when you want to emphasize the action itself.
Focus on Action
Emphasizing the result of an action.
“أُكِلَ الطَّعامُ (The food was eaten).”
“فُتِحَ البابُ (The door was opened).”
Reference Table
| 时态 | 主动语态例子 | 被动语态例子 | 元音模式 |
|---|---|---|---|
|
过去时 (Madi)
|
Kataba (他写了)
|
Kutiba (被写了)
|
乌-伊-啊 (Damma - Kasra - Fatha)
|
|
现在时 (Mudari')
|
Yaktubu (他写)
|
Yuktabu (被写)
|
乌-啊-乌 (Damma - Fatha - Damma)
|
|
过去时 (Madi)
|
Akala (他吃了)
|
Ukila (被吃了)
|
乌-伊-啊 (Damma - Kasra - Fatha)
|
|
现在时 (Mudari')
|
Ya'kulu (他吃)
|
Yu'kalu (被吃)
|
乌-啊-乌 (Damma - Fatha - Damma)
|
|
过去时 (Madi)
|
Fataha (他开了)
|
Futiha (被开了)
|
乌-伊-啊 (Damma - Kasra - Fatha)
|
|
现在时 (Mudari')
|
Yaftahu (他开)
|
Yuftahu (被开)
|
乌-啊-乌 (Damma - Fatha - Damma)
|
正式程度
أُنجِزَ التَّقرِيرُ (Work)
تَمَّ إنجازُ التَّقرِيرِ (Work)
خَلَّصنا التَّقرِير (Work)
خَلَّصنا التَّقرِير (Work)
按水平分级的例句
كُتِبَ الدَّرسُ
The lesson was written.
أُكِلَ التُّفاحُ
The apple was eaten.
فُتِحَ البابُ
The door was opened.
سُرِقَ المالُ
The money was stolen.
يُكتَبُ الدَّرسُ
The lesson is being written.
يُؤكَلُ الطَّعامُ
The food is being eaten.
يُفتَحُ البابُ
The door is being opened.
يُسأَلُ الطَّالِبُ
The student is being asked.
قُرِئَ الكِتابُ بِعِنايَةٍ
The book was read carefully.
تَمَّ بَناءُ المَنزِلِ
The house was built.
عُرِفَ الحَقُّ
The truth was known.
وُجِدَ المِفتاحُ
The key was found.
يُعَدُّ هَذا القَرارُ مُهِمّاً
This decision is considered important.
تُناقَشُ القَضِيَّةُ الآنَ
The case is being discussed now.
أُعلِنَ عَنِ النَّتائِجِ
The results were announced.
يُتَوَقَّعُ حُضُورُ الجَميعِ
Everyone's attendance is expected.
يُشارُ إِلَى هَذِهِ النُّقطَةِ بِكَثرَةٍ
This point is frequently referred to.
تُتَّخَذُ الإِجراءاتُ القانُونِيَّةُ
Legal measures are being taken.
يُعْتَقَدُ أَنَّهُ مُذْنِبٌ
It is believed that he is guilty.
تُقَدَّرُ الجُهُودُ المَبذُولَةُ
The efforts made are appreciated.
يُستَحسَنُ التَّرَوِّي فِي هَذا الأَمرِ
It is recommended to be patient in this matter.
تُؤوَّلُ النُّصُوصُ بِطُرُقٍ مُختَلِفَةٍ
The texts are interpreted in different ways.
يُستَشفُّ مِن كَلامِهِ التَّردُّدُ
Hesitation is inferred from his words.
تُصاغُ القَوانِينُ بِدِقَّةٍ
Laws are drafted with precision.
容易混淆
Learners confuse passive (done by unknown) with reflexive (done to self).
Learners use active voice when passive is required.
Learners think 'tam' is the only way to make passive.
常见错误
kataba al-darsu
kutiba al-darsu
kutiba al-darsa
kutiba al-darsu
kutiba al-bintu
kutibat al-bintu
kutiba-hu
kutiba
yuktaba al-darsu
yuktabu al-darsu
tam kutiba
tam katb
yuktabu al-darsa
yuktabu al-darsu
yaktubu al-darsu
yuktabu al-darsu
kutib al-darsu
kutiba al-darsu
kutibat al-darsu
kutiba al-darsu
yustahsan al-tarawee
yustahsan al-tarawee
yutawaqqa'a
yutawaqqa'u
tunaqash al-qadiyya
tunaqashu al-qadiyya
句型
___ (Verb) ___ (Subject).
هل ___ (Verb) ___ (Subject)?
يُتَوَقَّعُ أَن ___ (Verb) ___ (Subject).
تُناقَشُ ___ (Subject) بِـ ___ (Adverb).
Real World Usage
أُعلِنَ عَنِ الفائِزِ
تُتَّخَذُ الإِجراءاتُ
يُشارُ إِلَى هَذِهِ النُّقطَةِ
تَمَّ نَشرُ الصُّورَةِ
خَلَّصنا الشُّغل
يُتَوَقَّعُ مِنِّي الكَثِيرُ
“乌”字诀
别说“被谁”
委婉的艺术
Smart Tips
Use internal passive to sound objective.
Use passive to avoid guessing.
Use passive to focus on steps.
Use passive to stay neutral.
发音
Vowel length
Ensure the 'u' and 'i' are short unless the root dictates otherwise.
Declarative
kutiba al-darsu ↘
Neutral statement of fact.
记住它
记忆技巧
Think of the 'U' as 'Under' the spotlight, and the 'I' as the 'Internal' change.
视觉联想
Imagine a letter being written by an invisible hand. The focus is only on the pen and the paper, never the person.
Rhyme
For the past, make the first a 'u', and the second-to-last an 'i' too.
Story
The king ordered a decree. He didn't care who wrote it, just that it was written. So, the scribe became invisible, and the decree became the focus.
Word Web
挑战
Find 5 verbs in your textbook and convert them to the passive voice in 5 minutes.
文化笔记
Used heavily in news and formal media to maintain neutrality.
Often avoids the internal passive in favor of 'tam' + masdar.
Similar to Egyptian, prefers 'tam' for passive constructions.
The passive voice in Arabic is a Proto-Semitic feature, relying on internal vowel modification.
对话开场白
هل كُتِبَ التَّقرِيرُ؟
ماذا يُؤكَلُ في بَلَدِكَ؟
هَل يُتَوَقَّعُ المَطَرُ غَداً؟
كَيْفَ تُصاغُ القَوانِينُ؟
日记主题
常见错误
Test Yourself
____ الدَّرْسُ. (这节课被写了。)
选出“门被打开了”的正确被动语态句子:
كُتِبَ الرِّسالَةُ. (这封信被写了。)
Score: /3
练习题
8 exercises___ al-darsu.
___ al-bab.
Find and fix the mistake:
kutiba al-darsa
daraba al-rajulu al-walada
Passive voice uses 'to be'.
A: Did they find the key? B: Yes, ___.
al-darsu / kutiba
Passive of 'saraqa' (he stole).
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercisesThe apple was eaten.
Can you use 'Dahaba' in the passive voice?
____ الماءُ. (The water is being drunk.)
Order these: [البَيْتُ] [بُنِيَ]
يُكْتِبُ الكِتابُ. (Trying to say: The book is being written.)
Match these:
____ الرِّسالَةُ.
Look at the first letter of 'Yuktabu'. What is the vowel?
Translate to Arabic.
كُتُبَ الوَلَدُ الرِّسالَةَ. (Trying to say: The letter was written.)
Score: /10
常见问题 (8)
To focus on the action or when the actor is unknown.
Change vowels to u-i for past.
Yes, but 'tam' is more common.
The deputy subject.
It takes practice but is logical.
Check your case markers.
No, no auxiliary verbs.
Always, especially in writing.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Se passive
Arabic is morphological; Spanish is syntactic.
Être passive
Arabic doesn't use an auxiliary verb.
Werden passive
Arabic is much more compact.
Reru/rareru passive
Arabic is internal; Japanese is suffixal.
Al-Mabni lil-Majhul
N/A
Bei construction
Arabic doesn't need a marker word.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Learn These First
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