A1 Advanced Verbs 8 min read 中等

阿拉伯语被动语态:“被做了”(Al-Mabni lil-Majhul)

阿拉伯语的被动语态(Al-Majhul)通过改变元音来强调动作本身,而不是执行者。就像变魔术一样! «被动语态»

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

The passive voice shifts focus from the doer to the action by changing the verb's internal vowel pattern.

  • For past tense, change the first vowel to 'u' and the second-to-last to 'i' (e.g., 'kataba' becomes 'kutiba').
  • The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence (Na'ib al-Fa'il).
  • The original doer is omitted or mentioned using a preposition like 'min qibal' (by).
Active: [Doer] + [Verb] + [Object] ➔ Passive: [Object] + [Verb-u-i]

Overview

### Overview
在学习阿拉伯语的过程中,我们会接触到一个非常重要的语法概念,叫做“被动语态”,在阿拉伯语中称为 المبني للمجهول (al-mabni lil-majhul)。这个词组字面上的意思是“为未知而建”。简单来说,当我们想把句子的重点从“谁做了这件事”转移到“这件事发生了”或者“谁/什么被影响了”时,就会用到被动语态。这在中文里其实非常常见,比如我们说“饭被吃了”,而不是“小明吃了饭”。
对于中文母语者来说,理解被动语态的关键在于对比。在中文(普通话)中,我们通常使用“被”字句来表达被动,例如“手机被偷了”。而在阿拉伯语中,我们不需要像中文那样增加一个额外的“被”字,而是通过改变动词本身的元音(حركات)来直接传达被动含义。这就像是在动词内部进行了一次“变身”。对于初学者来说,记住一点非常重要:只有及物动词(即后面可以接宾语的动词)才能变为被动语态。如果你想说“我去了”,因为“去”这个动作没有作用于某个物体,所以它无法变成被动语态。这种语法结构非常严谨且有规律,一旦掌握了其中的元音变化规律,你就能像拼积木一样轻松转换句子了。
### How This Grammar Works
阿拉伯语的被动语态本质上是对句子结构的重组。在主动句中,我们有“施事者”(فاعل,即主语),比如“男孩喝了水”中的“男孩”。但在被动句中,“男孩”消失了,原本的宾语“水”被提升到了主语的位置,我们称之为 نائب الفاعل(意为“副主语”或“代理主语”)。
这里有一个非常关键的语法点:نائب الفاعل 必须处于主格(مرفوع)。在中文里,无论名词在句中做什么成分,它的形式都不会变,比如“水”无论是做主语还是宾语,都叫“水”。但在阿拉伯语中,名词的结尾会根据它在句中的语法功能而改变。当宾语变成 نائب الفاعل 后,它的结尾标记必须从宾格变为 nominative(主格)。
对比表:
| 语法概念 | 中文 (Chinese) | 阿拉伯语 (Arabic) |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| 施事者 | 主语 (Subject) | فاعل (fa'il) |
| 受事者 | 宾语 (Object) | مفعول به (maf'ul bihi) |
| 被动主语 | 被动句的主语 | نائب الفاعل (na'ib al-fa'il) |
| 表达方式 | 加“被”字 | 动词内部元音变化 |
中文里我们没有动词词形变化,所以必须依赖“被”字。而阿拉伯语通过改变动词内部的 حركات(元音符号),直接告诉听者:“这个动词是被动状态的”。这对于习惯了孤立语(中文)的我们来说,可能一开始会觉得不习惯,但只要记住“U-I”和“U-A”这两个口诀,就会发现它非常系统且简单!
### Formation Pattern
在阿拉伯语中,改变动词形式主要靠元音的调整。我们以最基础的“第一式动词”为例,分为过去式和现在式两种情况。
1. 过去式被动变化 (U-I 规律):
把动词第一个字母加上 ضمّة (u),倒数第二个字母加上 كسرة (i)。
例如:فَتَحَ (他打开) -> فُتِحَ (它被打开了)。
2. 现在式被动变化 (U-A 规律):
把动词开头的字母加上 ضمّة (u),倒数第二个字母加上 فتحة (a)。
例如:يَكْتُبُ (他写) -> يُكْتَبُ (它被写)。
| 时态 | 主动形式 | 被动形式 | 变化规律 |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| 过去式 | فَتَحَ | فُتِحَ | 首字母 u, 倒数第二 i |
| 现在式 | يَكْتُبُ | يُكْتَبُ | 首字母 u, 倒数第二 a |
记住这个口诀:过去式是“U-I”,现在式是“U-A”。就像我们背乘法口诀一样,多读几遍,肌肉记忆就会形成。
### When To Use It
被动语态的使用场景在阿拉伯语中非常广泛,主要有以下几种:
  1. 1施事者未知或不重要: 当你不知道谁做了某事,或者觉得“谁做的”不重要时,用被动语态。例如:سُرِقَ الهاتف (手机被偷了)。我们不需要知道是谁偷的,重点是手机丢了。
  2. 2强调动作的结果: 在新闻报道或正式场合,为了强调事件本身。例如:اُفْتُتِحَ مطار جديد (一个新机场被启用了)。
  3. 3礼貌与委婉: 有时候为了避免直接指责某人,可以使用被动语态。比如 كَسُرَ الكوب (杯子被打破了),这比直接说“你打破了杯子”要委婉得多,减少了冲突感。
  4. 4通用规则: 在法律或公共告示中,强调规则本身,例如 يُمنَعُ التدخين (禁止吸烟,字面意:吸烟被禁止)。
### Common Mistakes
作为中文母语者,我们常犯以下错误:
  1. 1强行对不及物动词使用被动: 中文里我们说“他被离开了”,但在阿拉伯语中,ذَهَبَ (离开/去) 是不及物动词,没有宾语,所以不能变成被动。这是因为中文语法对及物/不及物区分不严,导致我们习惯性地想给所有动词加“被”。
  2. 2混淆过去式和现在式的元音: 我们容易把过去式的 فُتِحَ 记成 فَتِحَ,或者把现在式的 يُكْتَبُ 记成 يُكْتِبُ。这是因为中文没有动词变位,我们对元音的微小变化不够敏感。解决办法是多做听写练习,强化对 حركات 的记忆。
  3. 3尝试在被动句中保留“施事者”: 有些同学会尝试用介词翻译“被……做”,但在标准阿拉伯语中,被动语态通常是不出现施事者的。如果必须提到施事者,应该改回主动语态。这是典型的英语或中文思维的负迁移。
### Contrast With Similar Patterns
| 特性 | 主动语态 (المبني للمعلوم) | 被动语态 (المبني للمجهول) |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| 焦点 | 强调执行者 | 强调受事者或动作本身 |
| 动词元音 | 原生元音 | 必须使用 U-I 或 U-A 模式 |
| 宾语 | 存在 (مفعول به) | 消失,转变为 نائب الفاعل |
### Quick FAQ
问:所有的动词都能变被动吗?
答:不是的,只有及物动词可以。如果动词后面不能直接跟宾语,就不能变被动。
问:被动语态里,那个做动作的人能说出来吗?
答:在标准阿拉伯语中,被动语态的核心就是“隐藏”执行者。如果你想强调是谁做的,请直接使用主动语态。
问:为什么要学这个?平时说话用得上吗?
答:非常有用!在看新闻、读文章或者表达客观事实(如“这道菜被做好了”)时,被动语态是非常地道的表达方式,能让你的阿拉伯语听起来更有逻辑和专业感。

Passive Voice Past Tense (Form I)

Pronoun Active Passive
Huwa
kataba
kutiba
Hiya
katabat
kutibat
Anta
katabta
kutibta
Anti
katabti
kutibti
Ana
katabtu
kutibtu
Nahnu
katabna
kutibna

Meanings

The passive voice is used when the actor is unknown, irrelevant, or when you want to emphasize the action itself.

1

Focus on Action

Emphasizing the result of an action.

“أُكِلَ الطَّعامُ (The food was eaten).”

“فُتِحَ البابُ (The door was opened).”

Reference Table

Reference table for 阿拉伯语被动语态:“被做了”(Al-Mabni lil-Majhul)
时态 主动语态例子 被动语态例子 元音模式
过去时 (Madi)
Kataba (他写了)
Kutiba (被写了)
乌-伊-啊 (Damma - Kasra - Fatha)
现在时 (Mudari')
Yaktubu (他写)
Yuktabu (被写)
乌-啊-乌 (Damma - Fatha - Damma)
过去时 (Madi)
Akala (他吃了)
Ukila (被吃了)
乌-伊-啊 (Damma - Kasra - Fatha)
现在时 (Mudari')
Ya'kulu (他吃)
Yu'kalu (被吃)
乌-啊-乌 (Damma - Fatha - Damma)
过去时 (Madi)
Fataha (他开了)
Futiha (被开了)
乌-伊-啊 (Damma - Kasra - Fatha)
现在时 (Mudari')
Yaftahu (他开)
Yuftahu (被开)
乌-啊-乌 (Damma - Fatha - Damma)

正式程度

正式
أُنجِزَ التَّقرِيرُ

أُنجِزَ التَّقرِيرُ (Work)

中性
تَمَّ إنجازُ التَّقرِيرِ

تَمَّ إنجازُ التَّقرِيرِ (Work)

非正式
خَلَّصنا التَّقرِير

خَلَّصنا التَّقرِير (Work)

俚语
خَلَّصنا التَّقرِير

خَلَّصنا التَّقرِير (Work)

按水平分级的例句

1

كُتِبَ الدَّرسُ

The lesson was written.

2

أُكِلَ التُّفاحُ

The apple was eaten.

3

فُتِحَ البابُ

The door was opened.

4

سُرِقَ المالُ

The money was stolen.

1

يُكتَبُ الدَّرسُ

The lesson is being written.

2

يُؤكَلُ الطَّعامُ

The food is being eaten.

3

يُفتَحُ البابُ

The door is being opened.

4

يُسأَلُ الطَّالِبُ

The student is being asked.

1

قُرِئَ الكِتابُ بِعِنايَةٍ

The book was read carefully.

2

تَمَّ بَناءُ المَنزِلِ

The house was built.

3

عُرِفَ الحَقُّ

The truth was known.

4

وُجِدَ المِفتاحُ

The key was found.

1

يُعَدُّ هَذا القَرارُ مُهِمّاً

This decision is considered important.

2

تُناقَشُ القَضِيَّةُ الآنَ

The case is being discussed now.

3

أُعلِنَ عَنِ النَّتائِجِ

The results were announced.

4

يُتَوَقَّعُ حُضُورُ الجَميعِ

Everyone's attendance is expected.

1

يُشارُ إِلَى هَذِهِ النُّقطَةِ بِكَثرَةٍ

This point is frequently referred to.

2

تُتَّخَذُ الإِجراءاتُ القانُونِيَّةُ

Legal measures are being taken.

3

يُعْتَقَدُ أَنَّهُ مُذْنِبٌ

It is believed that he is guilty.

4

تُقَدَّرُ الجُهُودُ المَبذُولَةُ

The efforts made are appreciated.

1

يُستَحسَنُ التَّرَوِّي فِي هَذا الأَمرِ

It is recommended to be patient in this matter.

2

تُؤوَّلُ النُّصُوصُ بِطُرُقٍ مُختَلِفَةٍ

The texts are interpreted in different ways.

3

يُستَشفُّ مِن كَلامِهِ التَّردُّدُ

Hesitation is inferred from his words.

4

تُصاغُ القَوانِينُ بِدِقَّةٍ

Laws are drafted with precision.

容易混淆

Arabic Passive Voice: 'It Was Done' (Al-Mabni lil-Majhul) 对比 Reflexive Verbs (Form V/VI)

Learners confuse passive (done by unknown) with reflexive (done to self).

Arabic Passive Voice: 'It Was Done' (Al-Mabni lil-Majhul) 对比 Active Voice

Learners use active voice when passive is required.

Arabic Passive Voice: 'It Was Done' (Al-Mabni lil-Majhul) 对比 Tam + Masdar

Learners think 'tam' is the only way to make passive.

常见错误

kataba al-darsu

kutiba al-darsu

Used active instead of passive.

kutiba al-darsa

kutiba al-darsu

Incorrect case for the new subject.

kutiba al-bintu

kutibat al-bintu

Verb-subject gender mismatch.

kutiba-hu

kutiba

Redundant pronoun.

yuktaba al-darsu

yuktabu al-darsu

Wrong vowel in present passive.

tam kutiba

tam katb

Mixing passive structures.

yuktabu al-darsa

yuktabu al-darsu

Case error.

yaktubu al-darsu

yuktabu al-darsu

Failed to passive-ize the verb.

kutib al-darsu

kutiba al-darsu

Incorrect vowel length.

kutibat al-darsu

kutiba al-darsu

Gender mismatch.

yustahsan al-tarawee

yustahsan al-tarawee

Missing case marker.

yutawaqqa'a

yutawaqqa'u

Wrong vowel.

tunaqash al-qadiyya

tunaqashu al-qadiyya

Missing case.

句型

___ (Verb) ___ (Subject).

هل ___ (Verb) ___ (Subject)?

يُتَوَقَّعُ أَن ___ (Verb) ___ (Subject).

تُناقَشُ ___ (Subject) بِـ ___ (Adverb).

Real World Usage

News Headlines constant

أُعلِنَ عَنِ الفائِزِ

Legal Documents very common

تُتَّخَذُ الإِجراءاتُ

Academic Writing common

يُشارُ إِلَى هَذِهِ النُّقطَةِ

Social Media occasional

تَمَّ نَشرُ الصُّورَةِ

Texting occasional

خَلَّصنا الشُّغل

Job Interviews common

يُتَوَقَّعُ مِنِّي الكَثِيرُ

🎯

“乌”字诀

如果一个阿拉伯语动词以“乌”(Damma)音开头,那它很可能是被动语态!记得检查倒数第二个元音来确认哦。 «يُكْتَبُ»
⚠️

别说“被谁”

在被动语态里,尽量别说“被某人”。虽然现代媒体有时会用,但纯正的阿拉伯语语法更喜欢省略动作执行者。 «كُتِبَ الكتاب»
💬

委婉的艺术

阿拉伯人有时用被动语态来避免直接指责。说“杯子被打破了”比“你打破了杯子!”更适合朋友之间。 «انكسر الكوب»

Smart Tips

Use internal passive to sound objective.

I finished the report. Unjiza al-taqrir.

Use passive to avoid guessing.

Someone stole the key. Suriqa al-miftahu.

Use passive to focus on steps.

First, you open the door. Awwalan, yuftahu al-babu.

Use passive to stay neutral.

You broke the glass. Kusira al-ku'su.

发音

ku-ti-ba

Vowel length

Ensure the 'u' and 'i' are short unless the root dictates otherwise.

Declarative

kutiba al-darsu ↘

Neutral statement of fact.

记住它

记忆技巧

Think of the 'U' as 'Under' the spotlight, and the 'I' as the 'Internal' change.

视觉联想

Imagine a letter being written by an invisible hand. The focus is only on the pen and the paper, never the person.

Rhyme

For the past, make the first a 'u', and the second-to-last an 'i' too.

Story

The king ordered a decree. He didn't care who wrote it, just that it was written. So, the scribe became invisible, and the decree became the focus.

Word Web

kutibaduribafutihasuriqaquri'awujida

挑战

Find 5 verbs in your textbook and convert them to the passive voice in 5 minutes.

文化笔记

Used heavily in news and formal media to maintain neutrality.

Often avoids the internal passive in favor of 'tam' + masdar.

Similar to Egyptian, prefers 'tam' for passive constructions.

The passive voice in Arabic is a Proto-Semitic feature, relying on internal vowel modification.

对话开场白

هل كُتِبَ التَّقرِيرُ؟

ماذا يُؤكَلُ في بَلَدِكَ؟

هَل يُتَوَقَّعُ المَطَرُ غَداً؟

كَيْفَ تُصاغُ القَوانِينُ؟

日记主题

Write about a meal you had, using passive voice to describe how it was prepared.
Describe a news event using passive voice to maintain objectivity.
Discuss a scientific process using passive voice.
Reflect on a historical event using passive voice to describe the outcomes.

常见错误

Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确

Test Yourself

把“Kataba”(他写了)变成过去被动语态。

____ الدَّرْسُ. (这节课被写了。)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: كُتِبَ
“Kutiba”遵循过去被动语态模式:第一个字母是Damma,第二个字母是Kasra。
哪个句子被动语态形式正确?

选出“门被打开了”的正确被动语态句子:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: يُفْتَحُ البابُ
“Yuftahu”是现在时被动语态(乌-啊模式),并且“al-babu”变成了Damma结尾的主语。
修正被动语态的性别错误。

كُتِبَ الرِّسالَةُ. (这封信被写了。)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: كُتِبَت الرِّسالَةُ
因为“al-risalah”(信)是阴性,所以动词也必须是阴性:“kutibat”。

Score: /3

练习题

8 exercises
Convert 'kataba' to passive.

___ al-darsu.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: kutiba
Past passive is kutiba.
Which is the correct passive? 多项选择

___ al-bab.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: futiha
Past passive is futiha.
Fix the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

kutiba al-darsa

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: kutiba al-darsu
Subject must be nominative.
Make passive. Sentence Transformation

daraba al-rajulu al-walada

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: duriba al-waladu
Object becomes subject.
True or false? True False Rule

Passive voice uses 'to be'.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
Arabic uses internal vowels.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: Did they find the key? B: Yes, ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: wujida al-miftahu
Passive is wujida.
Reorder. Sentence Building

al-darsu / kutiba

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: kutiba al-darsu
Verb first.
Conjugate. Conjugation Drill

Passive of 'saraqa' (he stole).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: suriqa
Past passive is suriqa.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

10 exercises
用被动语态翻译成阿拉伯语。 填空

The apple was eaten.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: أُكِلَت التُّفاحَةُ
这个动词是及物还是不及物? 填空

Can you use 'Dahaba' in the passive voice?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: No, it's intransitive.
填入“Sharaba”(喝)的现在被动语态形式,表示“水”。 填空

____ الماءُ. (The water is being drunk.)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: يُشْرَبُ
把单词按顺序排列:‘房子被建造了’。 填空

Order these: [البَيْتُ] [بُنِيَ]

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: بُنِيَ البَيْتُ
找出这个现在被动语态句子中的错误。 填空

يُكْتِبُ الكِتابُ. (Trying to say: The book is being written.)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: يُكْتَبُ الكِتابُ
匹配主动动词和它对应的被动形式。 填空

Match these:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Kataba : Kutiba
填空:这封信____(被发送了)。 填空

____ الرِّسالَةُ.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: أُرْسِلَت
前缀的哪个元音表示被动语态? 填空

Look at the first letter of 'Yuktabu'. What is the vowel?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Damma (u)
翻译:“窗户被打开了。” 填空

Translate to Arabic.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: فُتِحَ الشُّبَّاكُ
修正“Kutuba”中的元音错误。 填空

كُتُبَ الوَلَدُ الرِّسالَةَ. (Trying to say: The letter was written.)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: كُتِبَت الرِّسالَةُ

Score: /10

常见问题 (8)

To focus on the action or when the actor is unknown.

Change vowels to u-i for past.

Yes, but 'tam' is more common.

The deputy subject.

It takes practice but is logical.

Check your case markers.

No, no auxiliary verbs.

Always, especially in writing.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish partial

Se passive

Arabic is morphological; Spanish is syntactic.

French low

Être passive

Arabic doesn't use an auxiliary verb.

German low

Werden passive

Arabic is much more compact.

Japanese partial

Reru/rareru passive

Arabic is internal; Japanese is suffixal.

Arabic high

Al-Mabni lil-Majhul

N/A

Chinese low

Bei construction

Arabic doesn't need a marker word.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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