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A2 conjunction #400 सबसे आम 13 मिनट पढ़ने का समय

~그러나

~geureona शीर्ष 400

At the A1 level, you are just beginning to connect sentences. '그러나' (geureona) is a word that means 'but' or 'however.' You use it when you want to say something that is different from the sentence before. For example, if you say 'The food is good,' and then you want to say 'It is expensive,' you can use '그러나' to connect them: '음식이 맛있습니다. 그러나 비쌉니다.' (The food is delicious. However, it is expensive.) At this stage, you should focus on remembering that '그러나' always comes at the start of a new sentence. It is a bit formal, so you will see it a lot in your Korean textbooks. Think of it as a sign that says 'something different is coming next!' It helps you make your thoughts clearer by showing the relationship between two ideas. Even if you usually use '하지만' (hajiman) in class, learning '그러나' will help you understand the stories and dialogues in your book better. Just remember: Sentence 1. 그러나 Sentence 2.

At the A2 level, you are starting to write longer paragraphs and have more structured conversations. '그러나' is an important tool for this. It is a formal conjunctive adverb used to show contrast. While you might use '하지만' or '그런데' when talking to friends, you should use '그러나' when writing an email to a teacher or a short essay. It makes your writing sound more organized and serious. For example, '저는 한국 드라마를 좋아합니다. 그러나 한국어는 아직 잘 못합니다.' (I like Korean dramas. However, I am not good at Korean yet.) Notice how '그러나' starts the second sentence. It is a contraction of '그러하나,' which means 'it is so, but...' This gives it a slightly more logical feel than the simple 'but.' As an A2 learner, you should practice using '그러나' to link sentences about your daily life, your hobbies, and your plans, especially when there is a contrast between what you want and what is happening.

As a B1 learner, you are moving into intermediate Korean, where nuance and register become more important. '그러나' is the standard word for 'however' in formal written Korean (문어체). You will encounter it constantly in news articles, intermediate reading passages, and formal speeches. At this level, you should be able to distinguish between '그러나' and its more casual counterparts like '그런데' and '하지만.' While '하지만' is neutral, '그러나' is strictly formal. You should use it in academic essays, business reports, and formal presentations. It provides a clear logical break between two independent thoughts. For example, in a discussion about technology: '인터넷은 편리합니다. 그러나 개인 정보 유출의 위험이 있습니다.' (The internet is convenient. However, there is a risk of personal information leakage.) You should also be careful not to confuse '그러나' with the suffix '-지만,' which connects clauses within a single sentence. '그러나' requires a full stop before it, emphasizing the contrast more strongly by making it a separate statement.

At the B2 level, you are expected to handle complex texts and express detailed opinions. '그러나' is essential for structuring arguments. It is used to pivot between different viewpoints or to introduce counter-evidence. In the context of the TOPIK II exam, using '그러나' correctly in the writing section is crucial for achieving a high score in 'cohesion and coherence.' It signals a high level of literacy. You should also be aware of how '그러나' functions in discourse analysis—it often marks the transition from a general statement to a specific problem or exception. For instance, in a social commentary: '경제는 성장하고 있습니다. 그러나 빈부 격차는 더욱 심해지고 있습니다.' (The economy is growing. However, the gap between rich and poor is becoming even more severe.) At this stage, you should also compare '그러나' with more advanced alternatives like '반면' (on the other hand) or '그럼에도 불구하고' (nevertheless) to add variety and precision to your formal writing.

For C1 learners, '그러나' is a basic but indispensable building block of sophisticated discourse. At this advanced level, you should focus on the stylistic impact of '그러나' within a paragraph. It is often used to set up a 'thesis-antithesis' structure. A writer might present a widely accepted fact or theory in several sentences, then use '그러나' to introduce a groundbreaking new perspective or a critical flaw. This creates a powerful rhetorical effect. You should also understand the historical and etymological roots of the word (그러하다 + -나) to appreciate its formal weight. In high-level academic or legal texts, '그러나' maintains the logical integrity of the argument. You should also be able to recognize its more literary or archaic variants like '허나' in classical literature. At C1, your goal is to use '그러나' not just for simple contrast, but as a strategic tool to guide the reader's logic and emphasize your most important points in a complex argument.

At the C2 level, you have a near-native command of Korean, and '그러나' is a word you use with complete stylistic control. You understand that '그러나' is not just a conjunction but a marker of formal logic that can define the tone of an entire piece of writing. You can use it to create dramatic irony in literature or to meticulously delineate complex legal exceptions. You are also aware of the subtle prosodic differences when '그러나' is used in formal oratory—the slight pause that follows it can be used for emphasis. You can contrast its use with other high-level markers like '다만' (only/provided that), '단' (with the proviso that), or '비록 ~일지라도' (even though). In a C2 level essay, '그러나' might be used to transition between entire thematic sections, acting as a structural pivot for the whole work. Your mastery of '그러나' reflects a deep understanding of the conventions of formal Korean rhetoric and the ability to navigate the most demanding linguistic environments with ease and precision.

इसका अभ्यास करें उदाहरण नोट्स और सुझाव

~그러나 30 सेकंड में

그러나 is a formal Korean conjunction meaning 'however' or 'but,' used primarily at the start of a sentence to introduce a contrasting idea or exception.
It is a contraction of '그러하나' and is most common in written materials like books, news, and academic papers rather than casual spoken Korean.
Grammatically, it must follow a full stop and cannot be used as a suffix to connect clauses within a single sentence like '-지만' does.
Using 그러나 in everyday conversation can sound overly stiff; '하지만' or '근데' are preferred alternatives for polite or casual speech with friends.

The Korean word 그러나 (geureona) is a fundamental conjunctive adverb used to introduce a statement that contrasts with or contradicts what was previously mentioned. In the landscape of Korean linguistics, it serves as a bridge between two independent sentences, signaling to the reader or listener that a shift in perspective, an exception, or an opposing fact is about to be presented. It is the direct equivalent of the English word 'however' or 'but' when used at the beginning of a sentence. Understanding '그러나' is essential for moving beyond basic sentence structures into more cohesive and complex discourse. It is primarily categorized as a written or formal term, making it a staple in literature, academic writing, news reporting, and formal speeches. While you might hear it in a professional presentation, it is rarely used in casual, everyday conversations among friends, where more colloquial alternatives like '근데' (geunde) or '하지만' (hajiman) are preferred.

Grammatical Category: Conjunctive Adverb (접속 부사)
Register: Formal, Written (문어체)
Primary Function: To provide a logical contrast between two separate sentences.

한국어 공부는 어렵습니다. 그러나 재미있습니다. (Studying Korean is difficult. However, it is fun.)

The word itself is a contraction of '그러하나' (geureohana), which is derived from the descriptive verb '그러하다' (to be so) combined with the contrastive ending '-나' (but). This etymological root explains why '그러나' feels more substantial and formal than other conjunctions. When you use '그러나', you are essentially saying, 'It is so, but...' or 'Even though it is as previously stated...'. This nuance adds a layer of intellectual weight to your arguments. In academic contexts, '그러나' is used to pivot from a literature review to a new hypothesis, or to acknowledge a common belief before debunking it with empirical evidence. In literature, authors use it to create dramatic tension or to reveal a character's internal conflict. For example, a character might be described as wealthy and successful, followed by a '그러나' that reveals their deep-seated loneliness.

그는 부자입니다. 그러나 행복하지 않습니다. (He is rich. However, he is not happy.)

Furthermore, '그러나' is a 'sentence-initial' conjunction. This means it almost always appears at the very beginning of a sentence, following a period. It cannot be used to join two clauses within a single sentence like the suffix '-지만' can. For instance, you cannot say '날씨가 좋으나 그러나 비가 온다' (incorrect). Instead, you must say '날씨가 좋습니다. 그러나 비가 옵니다.' This structural requirement makes it a powerful tool for controlling the rhythm and flow of a paragraph. By starting a new sentence with '그러나', the writer forces the reader to pause and prepare for a change in direction, emphasizing the contrast more strongly than a mid-sentence conjunction would.

Synonym Comparison: 하지만 (Hajiman): Neutral, used in both speech and writing. 그러나 (Geureona): Formal, primarily used in writing.

기술은 발전했습니다. 그러나 환경 문제는 심각해졌습니다. (Technology has advanced. However, environmental problems have become serious.)

In summary, '그러나' is more than just a word for 'but'; it is a marker of formal logic and structural clarity. It signals a sophisticated level of language proficiency and is indispensable for anyone aiming to master formal Korean communication. Whether you are reading a newspaper editorial, a classic novel, or a government report, '그러나' will be your constant companion in navigating the nuances of Korean thought and expression.

Using 그러나 correctly involves understanding its placement and the logical relationship it establishes between sentences. As a conjunctive adverb, its primary role is to start a new sentence that provides a contrast to the sentence immediately preceding it. This structure is vital for maintaining the logical flow of a text. Unlike English, where 'but' can often start a sentence in informal writing, '그러나' is the standard, grammatically correct way to start a sentence of contrast in formal Korean. It acts as a signpost, telling the reader, 'Hold on, here is a different side to the story.'

Rule 1: Sentence Placement: Always place '그러나' at the beginning of the second sentence. It is usually followed by a comma in English translations, but in Korean, a comma is optional and often omitted in modern writing unless a specific pause is intended.

그는 열심히 공부했습니다. 그러나 시험에 떨어졌습니다. (He studied hard. However, he failed the exam.)

One of the most important aspects of using '그러나' is ensuring that the contrast is meaningful. It is not just for any change in topic, but specifically for an 'adversative' relationship—where the second sentence presents an obstacle, a contradiction, or an unexpected result. For example, if you say 'I like apples. However, I also like oranges,' the use of '그러나' would be incorrect because there is no real contrast; '그리고' (and) would be better. But if you say 'I like apples. However, I am allergic to them,' then '그러나' is perfectly appropriate.

그 영화는 매우 유명합니다. 그러나 저는 보지 않았습니다. (That movie is very famous. However, I haven't seen it.)

In more advanced usage, '그러나' can be used to introduce a counter-argument in a persuasive essay. You might start by acknowledging a popular opinion: '많은 사람들은 이 계획이 좋다고 생각합니다.' (Many people think this plan is good.) Then, you use '그러나' to pivot to your critique: '그러나 이 계획에는 몇 가지 심각한 문제가 있습니다.' (However, there are several serious problems with this plan.) This use of '그러나' helps to build a structured, logical argument that is easy for the reader to follow. It provides a clear transition that signals the writer's critical stance.

Rule 2: Formality Matching: Since '그러나' is formal, the sentences it connects should also use formal endings like '-습니다/-습니까' or the plain '해라체' style used in books. Using '그러나' with very casual endings like '-어/아' can sound jarringly inconsistent.

경제 상황이 나아지고 있습니다. 그러나 물가는 여전히 높습니다. (The economic situation is improving. However, prices are still high.)

Finally, consider the rhythm of your writing. If every sentence starts with a conjunction, the text can feel repetitive. '그러나' should be used strategically when the contrast is significant enough to warrant a new sentence. If the contrast is minor, you might choose to use the '-지만' suffix to keep the thoughts contained within a single sentence. Mastering '그러나' is about knowing when to create that sharp break and when to let the ideas flow together. It is a tool for precision, allowing you to delineate the boundaries of your thoughts with clarity and authority.

그는 사과했습니다. 그러나 그녀는 용서하지 않았습니다. (He apologized. However, she did not forgive him.)

While 그러나 is a high-frequency word in the Korean language, its 'habitat' is quite specific. If you are walking down the streets of Seoul or hanging out in a cafe, you are unlikely to hear people using '그러나' in their casual banter. Instead, you will hear '근데' (geunde) or '하지만' (hajiman). However, as soon as you turn on the news, open a newspaper, or step into a university lecture hall, '그러나' becomes ubiquitous. It is the language of authority, intellect, and formal reporting. Understanding where you will encounter this word helps you adjust your listening expectations and recognize the tone of the communication.

1. News Broadcasts and Journalism: News anchors use '그러나' to transition between a report on a government policy and the public's reaction to it. It provides a neutral but firm transition that maintains the professional tone of the broadcast. In print journalism, editorials are filled with '그러나' as columnists weigh different sides of an issue.

정부는 대책을 발표했습니다. 그러나 실효성에 대한 의문이 제기되고 있습니다. (The government announced measures. However, doubts are being raised about their effectiveness.)

Another common place to find '그러나' is in literature, ranging from classic novels to modern thrillers. Authors use it to pivot the narrative or to highlight a character's internal contradictions. In descriptive prose, it can be used to contrast the beauty of a landscape with the tragedy occurring within it. For a Korean learner, reading novels is one of the best ways to see '그러나' used in a variety of emotional and descriptive contexts. It helps you understand how the word functions to build narrative tension.

2. Academic and Professional Settings: In university lectures, professors use '그러나' to introduce exceptions to scientific laws or historical trends. In business meetings, a manager might use it to acknowledge a team's hard work before pointing out that the quarterly targets were still missed. It is a word that demands attention and signals a logical pivot.

실험 결과는 긍정적이었습니다. 그러나 추가 연구가 필요합니다. (The experimental results were positive. However, further research is needed.)

You will also encounter '그러나' in official documents, legal texts, and public announcements. When a subway station makes an announcement about a delay, or when a government website explains a new regulation, '그러나' is used to clarify conditions and exceptions. Its presence ensures that the information is presented clearly and without ambiguity. For example, a notice might say, 'The park is open to everyone. However, smoking is strictly prohibited.' Here, '그러나' sets a clear boundary.

입장은 무료입니다. 그러나 예약이 필요합니다. (Entry is free. However, a reservation is required.)

In summary, '그러나' is the hallmark of 'standard' and 'formal' Korean. While it might not be the word you use to order coffee, it is the word you need to understand the world of Korean ideas, news, and literature. Recognizing its usage patterns will help you distinguish between casual conversation and formal discourse, a key skill for any advanced learner of the language.

Even though 그러나 is a relatively straightforward conjunction, learners often make specific errors in its application, mostly related to register, placement, and confusion with similar-sounding words. Because it is one of the first 'contrast' words taught in textbooks, there is a tendency to over-rely on it or use it in contexts where it sounds unnatural. Avoiding these common pitfalls will help your Korean sound more authentic and context-appropriate.

Mistake 1: Using '그러나' in Casual Speech: This is perhaps the most common mistake. Using '그러나' while chatting with friends or family sounds overly stiff and robotic, almost like you are reading from a textbook. In these situations, '근데' (geunde) or '하지만' (hajiman) are much more natural. Imagine saying 'I want to go to the movies. However, I have no money' to a close friend—it sounds a bit too formal, right? The same applies in Korean.

❌ 친구야, 밥 먹었어? 그러나 나는 배고파. (Too formal for a friend)
✅ 친구야, 밥 먹었어? 근데 나는 배고파. (Natural)

Another frequent error involves confusing '그러나' with the conjunctive suffix '-(으)나'. While they share the same root and meaning, their grammatical function is different. '그러나' is an adverb that starts a new sentence. '-(으)나' is a suffix that attaches to the stem of a verb or adjective to connect two clauses within a single sentence. You cannot use '그러나' as a suffix. For example, '가거나' (going or...) is correct, but '가그러나' is nonsensical. Similarly, you cannot put '그러나' in the middle of a sentence without a full stop before it.

❌ 비가 온다 그러나 산책을 간다. (Incorrect structure)
✅ 비가 온다. 그러나 산책을 간다. (Correct)
✅ 비가 오지만 산책을 간다. (Correct - using suffix)

Learners also sometimes confuse '그러나' with '그러니까' (geureonikka). While they look similar, their meanings are opposites. '그러나' means 'however' (contrast), while '그러니까' means 'therefore' or 'so' (cause and effect). Using the wrong one can completely flip the meaning of your sentence. For instance, 'It rained. However, I went out' vs. 'It rained. Therefore, I went out.' Always double-check which logical relationship you are trying to express.

Mistake 2: Redundant Usage: Sometimes learners use '그러나' and then follow it with another contrastive word like '하지만' in the same sentence. This is redundant. One contrastive marker is enough to convey the meaning. '그러나 하지만...' is a common error that should be avoided.

❌ 그러나 하지만 그는 오지 않았습니다. (Redundant)
✅ 그러나 그는 오지 않았습니다. (Correct)

Finally, be careful with the tone. Using '그러나' in a very informal setting can sometimes come across as sarcastic or overly dramatic, as if you are making a grand announcement about something trivial. To keep your Korean sounding natural, match the formality of your conjunctions to the overall context of your conversation or writing. Mastery of '그러나' involves knowing not just what it means, but when it is socially appropriate to use it.

Korean is rich with conjunctions that express contrast, and choosing the right one depends heavily on the context, the level of formality, and the specific nuance you want to convey. While 그러나 is the standard formal choice, several other words can take its place or offer a slightly different shade of meaning. Understanding these alternatives is key to achieving a natural and varied Korean style.

하지만 (Hajiman): This is the most versatile alternative. It is neutral in tone and can be used in both formal writing and polite conversation. If you are unsure which word to use, '하지만' is almost always a safe bet. It is slightly less stiff than '그러나' but still perfectly respectful.
그런데 (Geurende): Often shortened to '근데' in speech, this word is the go-to for casual conversation. It can mean 'but' or 'however,' but it can also be used to simply change the subject or provide background information. It is much softer than '그러나'.
그렇지만 (Geureochiman): This word is more emphatic than '하지만'. It literally means 'It is so, but...' and is used when you want to strongly acknowledge the previous point before presenting a counter-argument. It is common in both speech and writing.

Comparison:
1. 그러나: Formal/Written. (The gold standard for essays).
2. 하지만: Neutral/Versatile. (Good for all-around use).
3. 그런데: Casual/Conversational. (Best for speaking with friends).

For even more formal or literary contexts, you might encounter '허나' (heona) or '다만' (daman). '허나' is an archaic or poetic version of '그러나', often found in historical dramas or older literature. It sounds very grand and traditional. '다만', on the other hand, is closer to 'only' or 'except that'. It is used to introduce a specific limitation or condition rather than a general contrast. For example, 'The plan is perfect. Only (다만), we don't have enough money.'

그는 모든 것을 가졌습니다. 다만 시간이 없을 뿐입니다. (He has everything. Only, he just doesn't have time.)

In academic writing, you might also see '반면' (banmyeon) or '반면에' (banmyeone), which mean 'on the other hand.' These are used specifically for comparing two different subjects or situations. While '그러나' focuses on the contradiction, '반면' focuses on the comparison. For example, 'The city is busy. On the other hand (반면), the countryside is quiet.' Understanding these subtle differences allows you to choose the most precise word for your intended meaning, making your Korean more nuanced and professional.

Summary Table

그러나: Formal contrast (However)
하지만: General contrast (But)
그런데: Casual contrast/Topic shift (By the way/But)
그렇지만: Emphatic contrast (Even so)
다만: Limitation (Only/Except)

By mastering these alternatives, you can tailor your speech and writing to any situation, from a casual chat with a friend to a formal presentation in a boardroom. Each word carries its own weight and social implication, and choosing correctly is a sign of true linguistic competence.

How Formal Is It?

औपचारिक

तटस्थ

अनौपचारिक

Child friendly

बोलचाल

रोचक तथ्य

Because it contains the root '그러' (so/that way), it belongs to a large family of Korean 'pro-forms' (words that stand in for other ideas) that all start with '그', such as '그것' (that thing), '그곳' (that place), and '그때' (that time).

उच्चारण मार्गदर्शिका

UK /ɡɯ.ɾʌ.na/

US /ɡɯ.ɾʌ.na/

In Korean, syllables generally have equal length and stress, but there is a slight natural rise on the first syllable '그' (geu) when starting a sentence.

तुकबंदी

어머니 (eomeoni - partially) 바구니 (baguni - partially) 주머니 (jumeoni - partially) 떠나 (tteona) 만나 (manna) 일어나 (ireona) 어긋나 (eogeutna) 어긋나 (eogeutna)

आम गलतियाँ

Pronouncing the 'r' like an English 'r' (curling the tongue). It should be a light tap.
Pronouncing 'eo' (ʌ) like 'oh'. It is more open, like 'uh'.
Rounding the lips for 'eu' (ɯ). The lips should be flat.
Adding too much stress to the final syllable.
Pronouncing the 'g' too strongly like a 'k' at the start of the sentence.

कठिनाई स्तर

पठन 2/5

Very easy to recognize in text as it almost always starts a sentence.

लिखना 3/5

Requires understanding of register to use it in the right context (formal vs. informal).

बोलना 4/5

Hard to use naturally in speech because it often sounds too formal for daily life.

श्रवण 2/5

Easy to hear and identify the logical pivot in a speech or news report.

आगे क्या सीखें

पूर्वापेक्षाएँ

그리고 (and) 그래서 (so) 하지만 (but) 그러하다 (to be so)

आगे सीखें

그러므로 (therefore) 그럼에도 불구하고 (nevertheless) 반면에 (on the other hand) 그렇지만 (but/even so)

उन्नत

비록 ~일지라도 (even though) ~건만 (but/although - literary) ~되 (but - formal/legal)

ज़रूरी व्याकरण

Sentence-initial conjunctions (접속 부사)

그리고, 그래서, 그러나, 그러면

Contrastive conjunctive suffix -지만

날씨는 춥지만 마음은 따뜻합니다.

Contrastive conjunctive suffix -(으)나

산은 높으나 나무가 없다.

Formal vs. Informal sentence endings

-습니다 vs. -어/아

The descriptive verb 그러하다

정말 그러합니까?

स्तर के अनुसार उदाहरण

사과가 비쌉니다. 그러나 맛있습니다.

Apples are expensive. However, they are delicious.

'그러나' starts the second sentence to show contrast.

날씨가 춥습니다. 그러나 눈은 안 옵니다.

The weather is cold. However, it is not snowing.

Contrasts the cold temperature with the lack of snow.

학교에 갑니다. 그러나 공부는 안 합니다.

I go to school. However, I don't study.

Shows an unexpected action after going to school.

이 가방은 큽니다. 그러나 가볍습니다.

This bag is big. However, it is light.

Contrasts the size of the bag with its weight.

우유를 마십니다. 그러나 빵은 안 먹습니다.

I drink milk. However, I don't eat bread.

Shows a contrast between two food items.

한국어는 어렵습니다. 그러나 재미있습니다.

Korean is difficult. However, it is fun.

Contrasts the difficulty of a language with the enjoyment of learning it.

그는 키가 큽니다. 그러나 동생은 작습니다.

He is tall. However, his younger sibling is short.

Contrasts the heights of two different people.

영화가 깁니다. 그러나 지루하지 않습니다.

The movie is long. However, it is not boring.

Contrasts the length of a movie with the level of interest.

어제는 비가 왔습니다. 그러나 오늘은 맑습니다.

Yesterday it rained. However, today it is clear.

Contrasts the weather of two different days.

컴퓨터가 고장 났습니다. 그러나 고칠 수 있습니다.

The computer is broken. However, it can be fixed.

Contrasts a negative situation with a positive possibility.

그 식당은 멀리 있습니다. 그러나 아주 유명합니다.

That restaurant is far away. However, it is very famous.

Contrasts the distance with the popularity of the place.

돈이 많이 없습니다. 그러나 여행을 가고 싶습니다.

I don't have much money. However, I want to go on a trip.

Contrasts a lack of resources with a strong desire.

운동은 힘듭니다. 그러나 건강에 좋습니다.

Exercise is hard. However, it is good for health.

Contrasts the effort of exercise with its benefits.

그는 영어를 잘합니다. 그러나 한국어는 모릅니다.

He speaks English well. However, he doesn't know Korean.

Contrasts proficiency in two different languages.

백화점은 비쌉니다. 그러나 물건이 좋습니다.

Department stores are expensive. However, the goods are good.

Contrasts the cost with the quality of products.

일이 많습니다. 그러나 포기하지 않겠습니다.

There is a lot of work. However, I will not give up.

Contrasts a difficult situation with a strong resolve.

정부는 새로운 법을 만들었습니다. 그러나 반대하는 사람들도 많습니다.

The government made a new law. However, there are many people who oppose it.

Uses '그러나' to introduce a conflicting social reaction.

기술이 발전하여 생활이 편리해졌습니다. 그러나 환경 오염이 심각합니다.

Life has become convenient due to technological advancement. However, environmental pollution is serious.

Contrasts the benefits of technology with its negative side effects.

그는 성격이 급합니다. 그러나 일 처리는 매우 정확합니다.

He has a hasty personality. However, his work processing is very accurate.

Contrasts a personality trait with a professional skill.

많은 사람들이 그 계획에 찬성했습니다. 그러나 몇몇 전문가들은 우려를 표했습니다.

Many people agreed with the plan. However, some experts expressed concern.

Contrasts general public opinion with expert opinion.

이 약은 효과가 빠릅니다. 그러나 부작용이 있을 수 있으니 주의해야 합니다.

This medicine is fast-acting. However, there may be side effects, so you must be careful.

Contrasts the effectiveness of a medicine with its risks.

그녀는 가수가 되고 싶었습니다. 그러나 부모님의 반대로 꿈을 포기했습니다.

She wanted to become a singer. However, she gave up her dream due to her parents' opposition.

Contrasts a personal desire with external obstacles.

도시 생활은 활기찹니다. 그러나 소음과 공해가 심해 스트레스를 받기도 합니다.

City life is vibrant. However, the noise and pollution are severe, so it can be stressful.

Contrasts the positive and negative aspects of urban living.

그는 부유한 가정에서 태어났습니다. 그러나 어린 시절은 그리 행복하지 않았습니다.

He was born into a wealthy family. However, his childhood was not that happy.

Contrasts material wealth with emotional well-being.

현대 사회에서 정보의 양은 폭발적으로 증가했습니다. 그러나 질 높은 정보를 선별하는 것은 더욱 어려워졌습니다.

In modern society, the amount of information has increased explosively. However, selecting high-quality information has become more difficult.

Uses '그러나' to highlight a paradox in the information age.

그 작가의 초기 작품들은 큰 호평을 받았습니다. 그러나 최근작들은 비평가들로부터 외면당하고 있습니다.

The author's early works received great acclaim. However, their recent works are being ignored by critics.

Contrasts past success with current failure in a professional career.

외국어 학습은 뇌 건강에 긍정적인 영향을 미칩니다. 그러나 꾸준한 연습 없이는 그 효과를 기대하기 어렵습니다.

Learning a foreign language has a positive effect on brain health. However, it is difficult to expect that effect without steady practice.

Contrasts a general benefit with a necessary condition.

그 기업은 매출액 면에서 큰 성장을 이루었습니다. 그러나 내부적으로는 노사 갈등이 심화되고 있습니다.

The company achieved significant growth in terms of sales. However, internally, labor-management conflict is deepening.

Contrasts external success with internal problems.

인공지능은 인간의 삶을 혁신적으로 변화시킬 것입니다. 그러나 일자리 감소와 같은 윤리적 문제도 함께 가져올 것입니다.

Artificial intelligence will innovatively change human life. However, it will also bring ethical issues such as job loss.

Contrasts technological promise with social risks.

그는 훌륭한 지도자로서의 자질을 갖추고 있습니다. 그러나 독단적인 태도가 때때로 문제가 되기도 합니다.

He possesses the qualities of a great leader. However, his dogmatic attitude sometimes becomes a problem.

Contrasts leadership potential with a specific personality flaw.

전통문화의 보존은 국가적 정체성을 유지하는 데 필수적입니다. 그러나 현대적 감각에 맞게 재해석하려는 노력도 병행되어야 합니다.

The preservation of traditional culture is essential for maintaining national identity. However, efforts to reinterpret it to fit modern sensibilities must also be carried out simultaneously.

Contrasts the need for preservation with the need for adaptation.

대중 매체는 여론 형성에 막대한 영향력을 행사합니다. 그러나 때로는 사실을 왜곡하여 사회적 혼란을 야기하기도 합니다.

Mass media exerts enormous influence on the formation of public opinion. However, it sometimes distorts facts and causes social confusion.

Contrasts the power of media with its potential for misuse.

자본주의 체제는 효율적인 자원 배분을 가능하게 합니다. 그러나 부의 편중으로 인한 사회적 불평등을 완전히 해소하지는 못했습니다.

The capitalist system enables efficient resource allocation. However, it has not completely resolved social inequality caused by the concentration of wealth.

Uses '그러나' for a high-level economic critique.

과학적 발견은 객관적인 사실에 근거해야 합니다. 그러나 과학자의 주관적인 가치관이 연구 과정에 개입될 가능성을 배제할 수 없습니다.

Scientific discoveries must be based on objective facts. However, the possibility that a scientist's subjective values intervene in the research process cannot be excluded.

Contrasts scientific ideals with human reality.

민주주의는 다수의 의사를 존중하는 제도입니다. 그러나 소수자의 권리가 다수의 횡포로부터 보호받아야 한다는 원칙 또한 중요합니다.

Democracy is a system that respects the will of the majority. However, the principle that the rights of minorities must be protected from the tyranny of the majority is also important.

Contrasts two fundamental principles of democracy.

예술은 시대의 정신을 반영하는 거울과 같습니다. 그러나 시대를 앞서가는 예술가들의 실험 정신은 종종 당대 대중에게 이해받지 못합니다.

Art is like a mirror reflecting the spirit of the times. However, the experimental spirit of artists who are ahead of their time is often not understood by the public of that era.

Contrasts art's reflective nature with its progressive nature.

법치주의는 모든 국민이 법 앞에 평등함을 전제로 합니다. 그러나 현실에서는 법의 집행이 권력 관계에 의해 왜곡되는 사례가 빈번히 발생합니다.

The rule of law is based on the premise that all citizens are equal before the law. However, in reality, cases where the enforcement of the law is distorted by power relations occur frequently.

Contrasts legal theory with practical reality.

인간은 이성적인 존재로서 합리적인 판단을 내릴 수 있습니다. 그러나 감정의 소용돌이 속에서 비이성적인 선택을 하는 경우도 적지 않습니다.

Humans, as rational beings, can make reasonable judgments. However, there are many cases where they make irrational choices in a whirlwind of emotions.

Contrasts human rationality with emotionality.

세계화는 국가 간의 상호 의존성을 높여 평화 유지에 기여할 수 있습니다. 그러나 자국 우선주의의 확산은 이러한 협력 체계를 위협하고 있습니다.

Globalization can contribute to maintaining peace by increasing interdependence between countries. However, the spread of nationalism is threatening this cooperation system.

Contrasts global cooperation with nationalistic trends.

교육은 계층 이동의 사다리 역할을 해야 합니다. 그러나 교육 기회의 불균형이 오히려 계층 고착화를 심화시키고 있다는 비판이 제기됩니다.

Education should serve as a ladder for social mobility. However, criticism is being raised that the imbalance of educational opportunities is instead deepening class solidification.

Contrasts the ideal function of education with its perceived failure.

존재의 본질에 대한 탐구는 철학의 궁극적인 지향점입니다. 그러나 언어라는 불완전한 도구로 그 심연을 온전히 드러내기란 불가능에 가깝습니다.

The exploration of the essence of existence is the ultimate goal of philosophy. However, it is nearly impossible to fully reveal that abyss with the imperfect tool of language.

Uses '그러나' for a profound philosophical reflection.

역사는 승자의 기록이라는 냉소적인 시각이 존재합니다. 그러나 묻혀 있던 진실을 발굴하려는 사학자들의 노력은 역사의 객관성을 담보하는 최후의 보루입니다.

There is a cynical view that history is a record of the winners. However, the efforts of historians to excavate buried truths are the last bastion for ensuring the objectivity of history.

Contrasts a cynical view of history with the academic ideal.

포스트모더니즘은 절대적 진리의 해체를 주장하며 다양성의 가치를 옹호했습니다. 그러나 극단적인 상대주의는 보편적 가치마저 부정하는 결과를 초래하기도 했습니다.

Postmodernism advocated the value of diversity by asserting the deconstruction of absolute truth. However, extreme relativism has also resulted in the denial of even universal values.

Contrasts a philosophical movement's goal with its unintended consequence.

문학적 텍스트는 독자의 해석에 따라 무한한 의미를 생성해 냅니다. 그러나 텍스트 내부에 존재하는 논리적 일관성을 무시한 자의적인 해석은 경계해야 합니다.

Literary texts generate infinite meanings according to the reader's interpretation. However, arbitrary interpretations that ignore the logical consistency existing within the text must be guarded against.

Contrasts interpretative freedom with textual integrity.

생명 공학의 비약적인 발전은 질병 정복이라는 인류의 오랜 숙원을 해결해 줄 것으로 기대됩니다. 그러나 생명 윤리에 대한 성찰 없는 기술 만능주의는 재앙이 될 수 있습니다.

The rapid development of biotechnology is expected to solve humanity's long-standing desire to conquer diseases. However, technological omnipotence without reflection on bioethics can be a disaster.

Contrasts scientific hope with ethical warnings.

국가 권력은 공공의 이익을 위해 행사되어야 한다는 정당성을 가집니다. 그러나 권력의 속성상 끊임없이 사익을 추구하고 비대해지려는 경향을 보입니다.

State power has the legitimacy of being exercised for the public interest. However, due to the nature of power, it tends to constantly seek private interests and become bloated.

Contrasts the ideal of state power with its inherent dangers.

인간의 의식은 뇌의 물리적 작용에 불과하다는 유물론적 견해가 득세하고 있습니다. 그러나 주관적 체험의 신비로움은 여전히 과학적 설명의 범주를 넘어서 있습니다.

The materialistic view that human consciousness is nothing more than the physical action of the brain is prevailing. However, the mystery of subjective experience still lies beyond the scope of scientific explanation.

Contrasts scientific materialism with the mystery of consciousness.

예술적 창의성은 무에서 유를 창조하는 것이 아니라 기존의 것들을 새롭게 조합하는 과정에서 발현됩니다. 그러나 그 조합의 방식이 지극히 독창적일 때 비로소 예술적 가치를 획득합니다.

Artistic creativity is not about creating something from nothing, but is manifested in the process of newly combining existing things. However, it only acquires artistic value when the method of that combination is extremely original.

Contrasts the process of creativity with the requirement for originality.

सामान्य शब्द संयोजन

그러나 현실은

그러나 불행히도

그러나 반대로

그러나 다행히

그러나 사실은

그러나 한편으로는

그러나 여전히

그러나 결과는

그러나 예상과 달리

그러나 문제는

सामान्य वाक्यांश

그러나 말입니다

그러나 어쩌겠습니까

그러나 저러나

그러나 한 가지

그러나 정작

그러나 비록

그러나 만약

그러나 이미

그러나 결국

그러나 결코

अक्सर इससे भ्रम होता है

~그러나 vs 그러니까

Means 'therefore' or 'so' (cause/effect), whereas '그러나' means 'however' (contrast).

~그러나 vs 그래서

Also means 'so' or 'therefore.' It shows a logical continuation, not a contrast.

~그러나 vs 그러면

Means 'if so' or 'then.' It introduces a conditional result, not a contrast.

मुहावरे और अभिव्यक्तियाँ

"그러나 저러나"

Anyway; in any case; be that as it may. Used to move past a point or change the topic.

비가 오네요. 그러나 저러나 우리는 가야 합니다.

Neutral

"말은 쉽다 그러나"

Easier said than done. Used to point out the difficulty of a task despite simple words.

성공하고 싶다고요? 말은 쉽지요. 그러나 실천은 어렵습니다.

General

"꿈은 크다 그러나"

Having big dreams but facing a harsh reality.

꿈은 큽니다. 그러나 현실은 녹록지 않습니다.

Literary

"사랑은 달콤하다 그러나"

Love is sweet but often accompanied by pain or hardship.

사랑은 달콤합니다. 그러나 그 뒤에는 아픔이 따르기 마련입니다.

Poetic

"시작은 미약하다 그러나"

Starting small but having a great or different ending (often referencing a biblical phrase).

시작은 미약했습니다. 그러나 끝은 창대하리라.

Formal/Religious

"돈은 있다 그러나"

Having money but lacking something more important like health or happiness.

그는 돈은 많습니다. 그러나 건강을 잃었습니다.

General

"겉은 화려하다 그러나"

Looking good on the outside but being empty or troubled on the inside.

이 건물은 겉은 화려합니다. 그러나 내부는 낡았습니다.

General

"아는 것은 많다 그러나"

Having knowledge but lacking the ability to apply it.

그는 아는 것은 많습니다. 그러나 지혜가 부족합니다.

Philosophical

"세상은 넓다 그러나"

The world is big, but finding a true friend or a specific thing is hard.

세상은 넓습니다. 그러나 내 마음을 알아주는 사람은 없습니다.

Poetic

"기회는 온다 그러나"

Opportunities come, but only for those who are prepared.

기회는 누구에게나 옵니다. 그러나 준비된 자만이 잡을 수 있습니다.

Formal

आसानी से भ्रमित होने वाले

~그러나 vs 하지만

Both mean 'but' or 'however.'

하지만 is neutral and used in speech and writing. 그러나 is formal and primarily used in writing.

친구와 말할 때는 '하지만'을 쓰고, 논술문을 쓸 때는 '그러나'를 씁니다.

~그러나 vs 그런데

Both can show contrast.

그런데 is much more casual and can also be used to change the topic without a strong contrast. 그러나 is strictly for contrast.

그런데, 밥은 먹었니? (By the way, did you eat?) - Here '그러나' cannot be used.

~그러나 vs 그렇지만

Both show contrast.

그렇지만 is more emphatic and acknowledges the previous point more strongly. 그러나 is a more neutral logical pivot.

그렇지만 그건 제 잘못이 아니에요! (But that's not my fault!)

~그러나 vs -(으)나

They share the same root and meaning.

-(으)나 is a suffix that connects two clauses in one sentence. 그러나 is an adverb that starts a new sentence.

비가 오나 눈이 오나 (Whether it rains or snows) vs. 비가 온다. 그러나 간다.

~그러나 vs 다만

Both can mean 'but.'

다만 is used for specific exceptions or limitations ('only'). 그러나 is for general contrast.

다 좋습니다. 다만 가격이 비쌉니다. (Everything is good. Only, the price is high.)

वाक्य संरचनाएँ

[Adjective]. 그러나 [Adjective].

큽니다. 그러나 가볍습니다.

[Sentence with Past Tense]. 그러나 [Sentence with Present Tense].

어제는 비가 왔습니다. 그러나 오늘은 맑습니다.

[Statement of Fact]. 그러나 [Statement of Opposition].

정부는 발표했습니다. 그러나 사람들은 반대합니다.

[Positive Aspect]. 그러나 [Negative Side Effect].

기술은 편리합니다. 그러나 환경 오염이 심각합니다.

[Theoretical Ideal]. 그러나 [Practical Reality].

법은 평등합니다. 그러나 현실은 다릅니다.

[Philosophical Proposition]. 그러나 [Inherent Limitation].

진리는 존재합니다. 그러나 언어로는 표현할 수 없습니다.

Intermediate

[Expectation]. 그러나 [Unexpected Result].

열심히 공부했습니다. 그러나 시험에 떨어졌습니다.

Advanced

[General Consensus]. 그러나 [Specific Critique].

많은 이들이 찬성합니다. 그러나 몇몇은 우려합니다.

शब्द परिवार

क्रिया

इसे कैसे इस्तेमाल करें

frequency

Very high in written Korean; moderate in formal spoken Korean.

सामान्य गलतियाँ

Using '그러나' in casual conversation with friends. → Using '하지만' or '근데'.
'그러나' is a formal, written-style word. Using it in casual speech sounds overly stiff and unnatural, like reading a textbook aloud.
Using '그러나' as a suffix attached to a verb (e.g., 가그러나). → 가지만 (but go) or 가나 (but go).
'그러나' is a standalone adverb that starts a sentence. It cannot be attached to the end of a verb or adjective stem.
Confusing '그러나' (however) with '그러니까' (therefore). → Use '그러나' for contrast and '그러니까' for cause/effect.
These words look similar but have opposite logical functions. '그러나' shows a contradiction, while '그러니까' shows a result.
Putting '그러나' in the middle of a sentence without a period (e.g., 비가 온다 그러나...). → 비가 온다. 그러나... or 비가 오지만...
'그러나' must start a new sentence. It cannot connect two clauses within a single sentence without proper punctuation.
Using '그러나' with very informal sentence endings like '-어/아'. → Use formal endings like '-습니다' or neutral endings like '-다'.
Since '그러나' is a formal word, using it with informal endings creates a 'clash' in register that sounds awkward to native speakers.

सुझाव

Use for Logical Flow

In formal essays, use '그러나' to clearly mark the transition from a supporting point to a counter-point. It helps the reader follow your logic easily.

Save it for Formal Occasions

Keep '그러나' for your writing, presentations, and formal speeches. In casual chats, stick to '하지만' or '근데' to avoid sounding like a robot.

Always Start a New Sentence

Remember that '그러나' is an adverb, not a suffix. It always needs a period before it. Don't try to attach it to a verb!

Contrast with '반면'

If you are comparing two different things (like apples and oranges), '반면' (on the other hand) might be more precise than '그러나'.

Look for the Twist

When you see '그러나' in a text, pay close attention to the sentence that follows. It usually contains the most important or surprising information.

Pause for Effect

In a formal speech, a tiny pause after saying '그러나' can make your contrast sound more powerful and dramatic.

Identify the Main Idea

In TOPIK reading questions, the sentence after '그러나' often reveals the author's true opinion or the main point of the passage.

The 'N' for 'No'

Associate the 'N' in 'Geureona' with 'No' or 'Not what you expected' to remember its contrastive meaning.

News Anchor Style

Listen to Korean news anchors. They use '그러나' frequently to transition between facts and public reactions. It's a great way to hear perfect pronunciation.

Vary Your Conjunctions

To make your writing more sophisticated, don't use '그러나' in every paragraph. Mix it up with '그렇지만', '다만', or '반면에'.

याद करें

स्मृति सहायक

Think of 'GEU-REO-NA' as 'Go-Run-Ah!'. You were going one way (the first sentence), but then you had to 'Go Run' in a different direction (the second sentence). 'Ah!' is the surprise of the contrast.

दृश्य संबंध

Imagine a road with a sharp U-turn sign. The first sentence is the road going straight, and '그러나' is the sign that tells you the direction is about to flip.

Word Web

하지만 (But) 그런데 (By the way/But) 그렇지만 (Even so) 반면 (On the other hand) 다만 (Only/Except) 허나 (Archaic but) 그래도 (Still) 그럼에도 (Nevertheless)

चैलेंज

Try to write three pairs of sentences. In each pair, make the first sentence a positive statement and the second sentence a negative contrast starting with '그러나'.

शब्द की उत्पत्ति

The word '그러나' is a contracted form of '그러하나'. It is composed of the descriptive verb '그러하다' (geureohada), which means 'to be so' or 'to be like that,' and the conjunctive ending '-나' (-na), which expresses contrast or choice. Over time, the middle syllable '하' (ha) was dropped in common usage, resulting in the modern form '그러나'.

मूल अर्थ: The original meaning was literally 'it is so, but...' or 'even though it is that way.'

Koreanic (Native Korean origin).

सांस्कृतिक संदर्भ

There are no specific sensitivities, but be aware that using it in a very intimate setting might make you seem distant or overly formal.

In English, we are often told not to start a sentence with 'But.' However, in Korean, starting a sentence with '그러나' is the standard and most correct way to express contrast in formal writing.

Commonly found in the opening lines of news segments on KBS or MBC. Frequently used in the 'Editorial' (사설) section of major newspapers like Chosun Ilbo. A staple word in the 'Reading' section of the TOPIK (Test of Proficiency in Korean) exam.

असल ज़िंदगी में अभ्यास करें

वास्तविक संदर्भ

Academic Writing

그러나 본 연구에서는
그러나 기존의 이론과는 달리
그러나 이러한 주장은
그러나 결과적으로 볼 때

News Reporting

그러나 현장의 목소리는
그러나 정부의 입장과는 달리
그러나 아직 해결해야 할 과제가
그러나 전문가들은 우려하고 있습니다

Business Meetings

그러나 예산상의 문제로
그러나 일정 조율이 필요합니다
그러나 고객의 반응은
그러나 수익성 면에서는

Literature

그러나 그의 마음속에는
그러나 운명은 가혹했다
그러나 아무도 없었다
그러나 그것은 시작에 불과했다

Daily Formal Situations

그러나 죄송하게도
그러나 확인이 필요합니다
그러나 시간이 부족합니다
그러나 이미 매진되었습니다

बातचीत की शुरुआत

"한국어 공부는 재미있어요. 그러나 가끔 너무 어려워요. 당신은 어때요?"

"서울은 정말 활기찬 도시예요. 그러나 가끔은 조용한 곳에 가고 싶어요. 추천할 만한 곳이 있나요?"

"매운 음식을 좋아해요. 그러나 너무 매운 것은 못 먹어요. 당신은 매운 음식을 잘 먹나요?"

"운동을 매일 하려고 노력해요. 그러나 오늘은 너무 피곤하네요. 당신은 운동을 자주 하나요?"

"여행을 가고 싶어요. 그러나 지금은 돈이 없어요. 당신은 어디로 여행 가고 싶어요?"

डायरी विषय

오늘 정말 기분 좋은 일이 있었어요. 그러나 한편으로는 걱정되는 일도 있어요. 그 두 가지에 대해 써 보세요.

내가 가장 좋아하는 계절은 여름이에요. 그러나 여름의 이런 점은 싫어요. 그 이유를 설명해 보세요.

어렸을 때 나의 꿈은 무엇이었나요? 그러나 지금 나의 모습은 어떤가요? 그 차이에 대해 써 보세요.

외국어를 배우는 것은 정말 보람차요. 그러나 가장 힘든 점은 무엇인가요? 어떻게 극복하고 있나요?

현대 기술은 우리 삶을 편하게 해 줘요. 그러나 기술 때문에 잃어버린 것은 무엇이라고 생각하나요?

अक्सर पूछे जाने वाले सवाल

10 सवाल

It's better not to. Using '그러나' in a text message sounds very stiff and formal, almost like you're writing a business report. Use '근데' or '하지만' instead. For example, '근데 나 오늘 못 가' (But I can't go today) sounds much more natural than '그러나 저는 오늘 갈 수 없습니다.'

'그러나' is the contracted form of '그러하나.' They have the same meaning, but '그러하나' is extremely formal and rarely used in modern daily writing. You might see '그러하나' in very old books or highly formal legal documents. In 99% of cases, '그러나' is the correct choice.

In English, we usually put a comma after 'However,' but in Korean, it's optional. Most modern Korean writers omit the comma unless they want to indicate a significant pause for emphasis. Both '그러나 그는...' and '그러나, 그는...' are grammatically acceptable.

Yes, absolutely! In fact, starting a paragraph with '그러나' is a very effective way to show a major shift in your argument or story. It signals to the reader that the entire following section will contrast with what came before.

'그러나' shows a general contrast or contradiction. '반면에' specifically means 'on the other hand' and is used when comparing two different subjects. For example, '사과는 빨갛다. 그러나 이 사과는 초록색이다' (Contrast) vs. '사과는 빨갛다. 반면에 바나나는 노랗다' (Comparison).

No, that would be redundant. They both serve the same purpose of showing contrast. Choose one based on the level of formality you need. '그러나 하지만' is a common mistake for learners and should be avoided.

No, '그러나' is a sentence-initial conjunction. It must follow a full stop (period, question mark, or exclamation point). If you want to show contrast in the middle of a sentence, use the suffix '-지만' or '-(으)나'.

'허나' is an archaic, literary version of '그러나.' It was more common in the past and is used in historical dramas (Sageuk) to make the characters sound like they are from that era. It sounds very poetic and grand.

Yes, it is extremely common. You will see it in almost every reading passage from Level 3 to Level 6. Understanding '그러나' is essential for identifying the main point of a paragraph in the TOPIK exam.

The 'eu' (ㅡ) sound is made by spreading your lips wide (like you're smiling) and making a sound in the back of your throat. It's similar to the 'u' in 'pull' but without rounding your lips. Practice saying 'geu' (그) while keeping your lips flat.