B1 · 中級 チャプター 40

Verbal Nouns & Adjectives (Participles)

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このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master Bulgarian participles to describe actions and states with elegance and precision.

  • Form active past participles to show who performed an action.
  • Identify passive past participles to focus on the result of an action.
  • Use these forms as adjectives to enrich your descriptive vocabulary.
Transform your verbs into powerful descriptions.

学べること

Understand how to form and use verbal nouns and participles (active and passive). This chapter allows for more concise and sophisticated sentence construction.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Use active and passive participles to write descriptive paragraphs about past events.

ヒントとコツ (2)

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The Gender Rule

If you are a woman, always use the -ла ending when talking about yourself (Аз съм била, Аз съм учила).
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Active Past Participles (Деятелни причастия)
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The 'Done' Test

If you can put 'is' or 'was' before the word in English (is written, was taken), it's likely a passive participle in Bulgarian.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Passive Past Participles (Страдателни причастия)

重要な語彙 (5)

писал having written (active) написан written (passive) четящ reading (active) забравен forgotten (passive) причастие participle

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Describing a Lost Item

Review Summary

  • Verb stem + -л
  • Verb stem + -н / -т

よくある間違い

You mixed up the active and passive voice. Use 'написан' for the object.

Wrong: Той е писал докладът.
正解: Той е написал доклада.

Ensure the participle agrees with the gender of the noun (Масата is feminine).

Wrong: Масата е счупил.
正解: Масата е счупена.

Active past participles must end in -л.

Wrong: Аз съм ходи.
正解: Аз съм ходил.

Next Steps

You've done an incredible job today. Keep practicing these forms, and your Bulgarian will sound more professional than ever!

Read a news article and highlight all passive participles.

Continue to: Advanced Conditional Sentences (Types 2 & 3)

クイック練習 (6)

Choose the correct form of the participle.

Книгата е _______ (напиша).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: написана
'Книга' is feminine, so we need the -а ending.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Passive Past Participles (Страдателни причастия)

Fill in the correct participle for 'чета'.

Ти ___ ли си тази книга?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: чел
The masculine singular form of 'чета' is 'чел'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Active Past Participles (Деятелни причастия)

Choose the correct form for a woman speaking.

Аз никога не съм ___ в Лондон.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: била
A woman must use the feminine ending -ла.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Active Past Participles (Деятелни причастия)

Fill in the correct suffix (-н or -т).

Прозорецът е счупе___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: н
The verb 'счупя' takes the -н suffix.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Passive Past Participles (Страдателни причастия)

Correct the mistake in the sentence.

Find and fix the mistake:

Обядът е сготвена.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: сготвен
'Обяд' is masculine, so the participle should be 'сготвен'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Passive Past Participles (Страдателни причастия)

Correct the mistake in the sentence.

Find and fix the mistake:

Те е дошли вчера.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Те са дошли
The subject 'Те' (They) requires the auxiliary 'са' and the plural participle 'дошли'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Active Past Participles (Деятелни причастия)

Score: /6

よくある質問 (4)

Use четох (Aorist) for finished actions at a specific time. Use чел съм (Perfect) for general experiences or when the result matters now.
This is the renarrative mood. It means the speaker is reporting what they heard from someone else, not what they saw.
Most verbs use -н or -ен. Use -т for verbs ending in -на (like взема/взе) or short verbs ending in a vowel (like мия/мит).
Yes! You can say счупена чаша (a broken glass) just like you would say синя чаша (a blue glass).
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Complex Sentences: Subordinate Clauses
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Advanced Conditional Sentences (Types 2 & 3)
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