このページをあなたの言語で

English

فارسی

العربية

Deutsch

Español

Français

한국어

Português

中文

हिन्दी

A2 verb #1,500 よく出る 9分で読める

incluir

上位1,500

At the A1 level, 'incluir' is used in its most literal and physical sense. Learners focus on basic lists and simple transactions. You might use it to say 'I include the apple in the bag' or to ask if a price includes a specific item. The focus is on the present tense and the most common irregular form 'incluyo'. It's about 'putting things together' in a very basic way. You learn it alongside vocabulary for food, shopping, and family, often in the context of 'who is in the group'.

At A2, the usage expands to services and social arrangements. You start to use 'incluir' to talk about travel packages ('El viaje incluye hotel'), restaurant menus ('El menú incluye postre'), and social invitations ('Voy a incluir a mi primo'). You become aware of the 'i' to 'y' spelling change in the present tense and start using the past participle 'incluido' as an adjective. This level is where you master the 'personal a' when including people.

At B1, you move into more abstract and professional territory. You use 'incluir' to talk about including ideas in a discussion, including clauses in a contract, or including attachments in an email. You start using the gerund 'incluyendo' (including) as a way to provide examples. You also begin to use the preterite ('incluyó') and the future tense. The concept of 'social inclusion' (inclusión) starts to appear in reading materials.

At B2, you use 'incluir' with nuance and precision. You can distinguish it from synonyms like 'incorporar', 'abarcar', or 'contener'. You use it in the subjunctive to express desires or requirements ('Es necesario que incluyas...'). You can discuss complex topics like 'inclusive language' (lenguaje inclusivo) or 'inclusive growth' in an economy. Your grammar is solid, and you use the verb naturally in both formal and informal registers.

At C1, 'incluir' becomes a tool for sophisticated analysis. You use it to define the scope of academic research or legal arguments. You understand its philosophical implications in terms of belonging and exclusion. You can use it in complex passive structures and are comfortable with its use in literary contexts. You might use it to describe how a certain style 'includes' elements of another, or how a theory 'includes' various variables.

At C2, you have a native-like command of 'incluir'. You use it with total flexibility, often in idiomatic or highly specialized ways. You can play with the word's etymology or use it to create subtle rhetorical effects. You are aware of the most obscure uses of the word and can navigate legal, medical, or technical texts where 'incluir' defines strict boundaries of responsibility or definition. It is no longer a 'vocabulary word' but a precise instrument in your linguistic toolkit.

練習する例文メモとヒント

incluir 30秒で

Incluir is a versatile Spanish verb meaning 'to include' or 'to incorporate' something into a group, list, or total amount.
It is irregular in the present tense, with the 'i' changing to 'y' (e.g., yo incluyo, tú incluyes, él incluye).
Commonly used in commerce (prices), hospitality (menus), and social settings (inviting people to groups or events).
It requires the 'personal a' when the object being included is a specific person or pet.

The Spanish verb incluir is a fundamental pillar of the language, primarily used to describe the action of making someone or something part of a larger group, set, or total. At its core, it represents the concept of 'bringing inside' or 'containing as a component.' In the context of CEFR A2 learners, it is most frequently encountered in daily scenarios such as checking what is included in a restaurant menu, a travel package, or a simple list of items.

Core Concept: To incorporate an element into a pre-existing structure or a newly formed group.

Understanding 'incluir' requires recognizing its active nature. Unlike 'contener' (to contain), which describes a state, 'incluir' often implies an intentional act of adding or the factual existence of a component within a whole. For example, when a hotel says 'el desayuno está incluido,' they are defining the boundaries of their service. This verb is also essential for social interaction, as it forms the basis of 'inclusión' (inclusion), a key social value in modern Spanish-speaking cultures.

El precio del hotel debe incluir el desayuno y el transporte al aeropuerto.

Etymologically, it derives from the Latin includere, where 'in-' means 'in' and 'claudere' means 'to shut' or 'to close.' Thus, to include is literally to 'shut something inside.' This helps learners visualize the word: you are closing the circle around an object to make it part of the interior. In modern usage, this 'circle' can be a physical box, a digital folder, a social group, or a legal document.

Grammar Note: It is an irregular verb. In the present tense, the 'i' changes to 'y' before 'o', 'e', and 'a' (e.g., yo incluyo, tú incluyes).

¿Podemos incluir a Juan en la lista de invitados para la fiesta?

In professional contexts, 'incluir' is used to refer to attachments in emails or clauses in contracts. It is a high-frequency verb because it defines the scope of things. Whether you are talking about ingredients in a recipe or members of a team, 'incluir' is the bridge that connects the part to the whole. As you progress from A2 to higher levels, you will see it used more abstractly, such as including ideas in a debate or including diverse perspectives in a conversation.

Es importante incluir todos los gastos en el presupuesto final.

La nueva ley va a incluir protecciones para los trabajadores autónomos.

No olvides incluir tu número de teléfono en el formulario.

Usage Tip: When including people, remember to use the 'personal a' (e.g., Incluir a María).

Using incluir correctly involves mastering its irregular conjugation and understanding its common syntactic patterns. Because it belongs to the group of verbs ending in -uir (like construir or destruir), it undergoes a spelling change where a 'y' is inserted in several forms of the present indicative, present subjunctive, and imperative.

Present Tense Conjugation: Yo incluyo, tú incluyes, él/ella incluye, nosotros incluimos, vosotros incluís, ellos/ellas incluyen.

The most common construction is incluir + [something/someone] + en + [a group/place]. For example, 'Incluyo la leche en la lista de la compra.' If you are including a person, the 'personal a' is mandatory: 'Incluyo a mis amigos en el plan.' This distinction is vital for A2 learners to move toward B1 proficiency.

Siempre incluyo una ensalada en mi cena para comer más sano.

In passive contexts, you will often see the past participle 'incluido' used as an adjective. This is extremely common in commerce. 'Todo incluido' (all-inclusive) is a phrase every traveler should know. When used as an adjective, it must agree in gender and number with the noun it modifies: 'Las bebidas están incluidas.'

Common Prepositions: Usually followed by 'en' (in/into) or 'dentro de' (inside of).

¿Has incluido las llaves en la maleta?

Another advanced use is the gerund 'incluyendo'. It functions like the English 'including' to introduce examples or additional items. 'Vinieron todos, incluyendo a mi jefe.' This is a great way to add detail to your sentences without starting a new clause.

El paquete turístico incluye visitas guiadas por la ciudad.

Debes incluir una foto reciente en tu currículum.

No me incluyas en tus problemas personales, por favor.

Reflexive Use: 'Incluirse' is less common but used when someone places themselves in a group: 'Me incluyo entre los optimistas.'

You will encounter incluir in a variety of real-world settings, ranging from the very practical to the highly formal. One of the most common places is in the world of travel and hospitality. When booking a hotel or a tour, the list of services 'incluidos' is the most important part of the contract. You will see it on websites, brochures, and receipts.

In Restaurants: '¿El menú incluye la bebida?' (Does the set menu include the drink?). This is a standard question for any diner.

In professional and academic environments, 'incluir' is used constantly. Teachers will tell you to 'incluir las fuentes' (include the sources) in your essay. In an office, a boss might ask you to 'incluir a Recursos Humanos en el correo' (copy/include HR in the email). It is the language of logistics and organization.

La entrada al museo incluye una audioguía gratuita.

On social media and digital platforms, you will see 'incluir' when managing settings. 'Incluir ubicación' (include location) or 'Incluir subtítulos' (include subtitles) are common interface commands. It is also a buzzword in social activism. Phrases like 'educación inclusiva' (inclusive education) or 'incluir a las minorías' (including minorities) are frequent in news and political discourse.

In Legal Documents: Contracts often start with 'Este contrato incluye las siguientes cláusulas...'

¿Podrías incluir mi nombre en los agradecimientos del libro?

El informe debe incluir un análisis de los riesgos potenciales.

La suscripción incluye acceso ilimitado a todos los contenidos.

Daily Conversation: 'No me incluyas en tus planes, estoy muy cansado' (Don't include me in your plans, I'm very tired).

One of the most frequent errors learners make with incluir is related to its irregular conjugation. Many students try to conjugate it as a regular -ir verb, saying *'incluo'* instead of the correct 'incluyo'. This 'y' is essential for the phonetic flow of the word and is a hallmark of all -uir verbs.

The 'Y' Mistake: Incorrect: *Yo incluo. Correct: Yo incluyo. Incorrect: *Él inclue. Correct: Él incluye.

Another common pitfall is the confusion between 'incluir' and 'meter'. While 'meter' means to physically put something inside a container (like putting clothes in a suitcase), 'incluir' is more about membership or logical containment. You 'metes' your keys in your pocket, but you 'incluyes' a key item on a list.

Incorrecto: Voy a incluir la ropa en el armario. (Use 'meter' for physical placement).

Learners also often forget the 'personal a' when including people. Because 'incluir' is a transitive verb, if the direct object is a specific person, you must use 'a'. Saying *'Incluyo mis padres'* is grammatically incorrect; it must be 'Incluyo a mis padres'.

Preposition Errors: Avoid using 'con' when you mean 'en'. You include something 'in' a group, not 'with' a group in Spanish (Incluir en el grupo).

Correcto: He incluido a todos los estudiantes en el correo.

¿Por qué no me incluiste en la invitación?

Es un error incluir datos falsos en el informe.

Agreement of 'Incluido': Remember: 'Las tasas están incluidas' vs 'El servicio está incluido'.

While incluir is the most versatile word for 'to include', Spanish offers several synonyms that carry specific nuances. Understanding these differences will help you sound more natural and precise.

Incluir vs. Incorporar: 'Incorporar' suggests a more seamless integration, like adding an ingredient to a mix so it becomes one with it, or adding a new member to a professional team.

Another close relative is 'contener'. While 'incluir' is often an action (adding something), 'contener' is a state. A bottle 'contiene' water. A book 'contiene' chapters. Use 'incluir' when you want to emphasize the components that make up the whole, especially if they were added or are being listed.

La caja contiene libros, pero la lista no los incluye.

In formal writing, you might see 'abarcar'. This means 'to encompass' or 'to cover'. It is used for broad topics or physical spans. 'Este libro abarca toda la historia de España.' It is more expansive than 'incluir'. Then there is 'adjuntar', which is strictly for 'attaching' files to an email or physical documents to a folder.

Comparison Table: Incluir: General use. Adjuntar: Digital/Physical attachments. Incorporar: Integration. Contener: Passive capacity.

Queremos incorporar nuevas tecnologías en la empresa.

El examen abarca desde el tema 1 hasta el tema 10.

Te adjunto el archivo con la información necesaria.

Contextual Choice: If you are talking about people joining a group, 'incluir' or 'integrar' are your best bets.

How Formal Is It?

フォーマル

カジュアル

難易度

知っておくべき文法

レベル別の例文

Yo incluyo una manzana en mi mochila.

I include an apple in my backpack.

Present tense, 1st person singular.

La lista incluye pan y leche.

The list includes bread and milk.

Present tense, 3rd person singular.

¿Incluyes a tu hermano?

Do you include your brother?

Personal 'a' used for people.

Nosotros incluimos fotos en el álbum.

We include photos in the album.

Regular -ir ending for 'nosotros'.

El grupo incluye cinco personas.

The group includes five people.

Describing a total.

Ellos incluyen música en la fiesta.

They include music in the party.

Present tense, 3rd person plural.

¿Qué incluye la caja?

What does the box include?

Interrogative sentence.

Incluyo mi nombre aquí.

I include my name here.

Focus on 'incluyo' spelling.

El menú incluye el postre y el café.

The menu includes dessert and coffee.

Common restaurant usage.

El precio incluye el IVA.

The price includes VAT (tax).

Commercial context.

Voy a incluir a María en el grupo de WhatsApp.

I am going to include Maria in the WhatsApp group.

Future with 'ir a'.

¿Están las bebidas incluidas?

Are the drinks included?

Adjective agreement (feminine plural).

El hotel incluye wifi gratis.

The hotel includes free wifi.

Service description.

No incluyas mucha sal en la comida.

Don't include much salt in the food.

Negative imperative.

La entrada incluye el transporte.

The ticket includes transportation.

Event logistics.

Incluimos a todos los niños en el juego.

We included all the children in the game.

Preterite (same as present for nosotros).

He incluido un archivo adjunto en el correo.

I have included an attachment in the email.

Present perfect tense.

Es importante incluir ejemplos en tu presentación.

It is important to include examples in your presentation.

Infinitive after 'es importante'.

La película es para todos, incluyendo a los niños.

The movie is for everyone, including children.

Use of gerund 'incluyendo'.

¿Incluyó el jefe tu propuesta en el informe?

Did the boss include your proposal in the report?

Preterite 3rd person singular (y change).

Queremos incluir más actividades al aire libre.

We want to include more outdoor activities.

Verb 'querer' + infinitive.

El contrato debe incluir una cláusula de rescisión.

The contract must include a termination clause.

Modal verb 'deber'.

No me incluyeron en la decisión final.

They didn't include me in the final decision.

Preterite 3rd person plural (y change).

Incluiremos tu nombre en los créditos.

We will include your name in the credits.

Future tense.

El plan de estudios incluye asignaturas optativas.

The curriculum includes elective subjects.

Academic context.

Dudo que incluyan esa opción en el nuevo modelo.

I doubt they will include that option in the new model.

Present subjunctive after 'dudo que'.

Es fundamental incluir la perspectiva de género.

It is fundamental to include the gender perspective.

Abstract concept.

El autor incluyó varias metáforas en el poema.

The author included several metaphors in the poem.

Literary context.

La suscripción se renovará e incluirá nuevos servicios.

The subscription will renew and include new services.

Future tense with reflexive verb.

Había incluido todos los gastos, pero olvidé el taxi.

I had included all expenses, but I forgot the taxi.

Past perfect (pluscuamperfecto).

Incluyendo este factor, el resultado cambia.

Including this factor, the result changes.

Gerund as a conditional phrase.

No es justo que no nos incluyas en el proyecto.

It's not fair that you don't include us in the project.

Present subjunctive after 'no es justo que'.

La investigación debe incluir un marco teórico sólido.

The research must include a solid theoretical framework.

Formal academic usage.

Se incluyeron diversas variables en el análisis estadístico.

Various variables were included in the statistical analysis.

Passive 'se' construction.

La política busca incluir a los sectores más vulnerables.

The policy seeks to include the most vulnerable sectors.

Socio-political context.

Su discurso incluyó alusiones a la literatura clásica.

His speech included allusions to classical literature.

Sophisticated vocabulary.

Es imperativo que el informe incluya datos actualizados.

It is imperative that the report includes updated data.

Subjunctive with 'es imperativo que'.

La muestra incluyó a participantes de diez países.

The sample included participants from ten countries.

Scientific/research context.

No podemos obviar la necesidad de incluir voces disidentes.

We cannot ignore the need to include dissenting voices.

Complex sentence structure.

El tratado incluyó acuerdos sobre el comercio bilateral.

The treaty included agreements on bilateral trade.

Diplomatic context.

La ontología del ser debe incluir la nada.

The ontology of being must include nothingness.

Philosophical usage.

El canon literario ha tardado en incluir a estas autoras.

The literary canon has been slow to include these female authors.

Critical discourse.

La resolución incluyó términos de una ambigüedad calculada.

The resolution included terms of a calculated ambiguity.

High-level political/legal nuance.

Cualquier teoría del todo debe incluir la gravedad.

Any theory of everything must include gravity.

Scientific theory.

Su legado incluyó una vasta colección de arte precolombino.

His legacy included a vast collection of pre-Columbian art.

Historical/formal context.

La reforma incluyó una reestructuración orgánica profunda.

The reform included a deep organic restructuring.

Institutional language.

Resulta paradójico incluir el silencio en una sinfonía.

It is paradoxical to include silence in a symphony.

Aesthetic/artistic analysis.

El contrato incluyó cláusulas de confidencialidad leoninas.

The contract included one-sided confidentiality clauses.

Idiomatic legal expression ('leoninas').

よく使う組み合わせ

incluir el IVA

incluir el desayuno

incluir a alguien

incluir en la lista

incluir un archivo

incluir una cláusula

incluir datos

incluir ejemplos

incluir gastos

incluir transporte

よく使うフレーズ

Todo incluido

IVA incluido

Incluido en el precio

No me incluyas

Incluir por error

Incluir a última hora

Incluir de serie

Incluir en el presupuesto

Incluir en el acta

Incluir en el programa

よく混同される語

incluir vs meter

Meter is for physical placement; incluir is for membership or logical sets.

incluir vs adjuntar

Adjuntar is specifically for email attachments or physical clips.

incluir vs contener

Contener is a passive state of holding; incluir is often an active act of membership.

慣用句と表現

間違えやすい

incluir vs

文型パターン

使い方

social

Used for social dynamics and invitations.

digital

Used for UI elements like 'Include attachments'.

commercial

Crucial for understanding what you are paying for.

よくある間違い

Verbs ending in -uir need a 'y' in the present tense.
The personal 'a' is required for people.
Incluir is a direct transitive verb; it doesn't need 'con'.
The adjective must agree in gender and number with the noun.
In the preterite 3rd person, the 'i' changes to 'y' and takes an accent.

ヒント

The 'Y' Rule

Remember that for all verbs ending in -uir, you must add a 'y' before any vowel except 'i'. This makes 'incluyo' and 'incluye' correct. It's a common pattern in Spanish that you'll see in 'construir' and 'destruir' as well.

Commercial Spanish

In Spain, 'IVA incluido' is the law for consumer prices. If you see 'IVA no incluido', be prepared to pay 21% more at the register. This is a very practical use of the word.

Be Inclusive

Using 'incluir' is a great way to show hospitality. Asking '¿Quieres que te incluya en el grupo?' is a polite way to invite someone to join an activity or a digital chat.

Email Etiquette

When sending an email with a file, you can say 'Incluyo el archivo' or 'Adjunto el archivo'. 'Adjunto' is slightly more professional, but 'incluyo' is perfectly acceptable.

Stress the End

In the infinitive 'incluir', the stress is on the 'ir'. Make sure you don't stress the 'u'. It should sound like een-kloo-EER, not een-KLOO-eer.

Opposites Help

Learn 'incluir' and 'excluir' together. They follow the exact same conjugation patterns. If you know how to conjugate 'incluyo', you already know 'excluyo'.

Tourism Terms

If you are traveling to a Spanish-speaking country, look for 'paquetes que incluyen...'. This will help you compare prices and services effectively.

Personal A

This is the most common mistake for A2 learners. Always say 'Incluir a [Nombre]'. Without the 'a', the sentence sounds broken to a native speaker.

Lists

When writing a list in Spanish, you can start with 'La lista incluye:' followed by your items. It's a clear and professional way to organize information.

Visual Association

Imagine a circle closing around an object. The word 'claudere' (to close) is hidden inside 'incluir'. You are closing the circle to include the item.

暗記しよう

記憶術

Think of 'Include' but replace the 'de' with 'ir'. To remember the 'y' in 'incluyo', imagine a 'y' shaped hook pulling things into the group.

語源

Latin

文化的な背景

VAT (IVA) is almost always included in the displayed price for consumers.

The term 'inclusivo' is increasingly used to refer to gender-neutral language (e.g., using 'e' instead of 'o/a').

In some countries, a service charge (propina) might be included automatically in the bill.

実生活で練習する

実際の使用場面

会話のきっかけ

"¿Qué incluye el precio del alquiler?"

"¿Vas a incluir a tu familia en el viaje?"

"¿Crees que el menú debería incluir más opciones veganas?"

"¿Has incluido todos los documentos en la carpeta?"

"¿A quién más deberíamos incluir en la reunión?"

日記のテーマ

Escribe una lista de cosas que incluyes en tu maleta cuando vas de vacaciones.

¿Qué servicios debería incluir tu hotel ideal?

Describe un momento en el que te sentiste incluido en un grupo.

Escribe sobre la importancia de incluir diferentes opiniones en un debate.

Haz una lista de los gastos que incluyes en tu presupuesto mensual.

よくある質問

10 問

No, it is irregular. In the present tense, it adds a 'y' (incluyo, incluyes). This happens in the present indicative, present subjunctive, and imperative. However, the 'nosotros' and 'vosotros' forms in the present indicative remain regular.

You use 'incluido' for masculine nouns (el postre incluido) and 'incluida' for feminine nouns (la bebida incluida). If there are multiple items, use the plural forms 'incluidos' or 'incluidas'.

Only when the object is a specific person or a personified animal. For example: 'Incluyo a mi perro en el viaje' or 'Incluyo a mi madre'. For objects, use 'en': 'Incluyo el libro en la caja'.

'Añadir' simply means to add more of something or to put something extra. 'Incluir' means to make that thing a part of the group's definition or identity.

The standard phrase is 'todo incluido'. It is used for resorts, tours, and packages where all costs are covered by the initial price.

Yes, 'incluyo' is the first-person singular present form. It is very common in speech and writing.

Yes, 'incluirse' means to include oneself. For example: 'Me incluyo en la lista' (I include myself in the list).

The gerund is 'incluyendo'. It is used like the English word 'including' to introduce a list or an example.

The past participle is 'incluido'. It is used in compound tenses (he incluido) and as an adjective (IVA incluido).

Yes, in the third person singular (él incluyó) and plural (ellos incluyeron), the 'i' changes to 'y'.