B1 · 中級 チャプター 32

The Past Perfect

4 トータルルール
48 例文
1 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of looking back from a point in the past.

  • Form the pluskvamperfekt using 'hade' and the supine.
  • Sequence events to show which action finished first.
  • Narrate complex stories with clarity and precision.
Master the past of the past.

学べること

Narrating events before other past events. This chapter covers the pluskvamperfekt tense.

  • Pluskvamperfekt
    It's the 'past-past' tense used to say what had already happened before something else did.
  • Past Perfect Usage
    Think of it as a 'time jump' backwards from a story already set in the past.
  • Narrating Past Events
    Main events get the Preterite, while background context gets the Pluperfect.
  • Sequence of Tenses
    When the main verb is in the past, shift your subordinate verbs to the past too.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: correctly identify and construct sentences in the pluskvamperfekt.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: narrate a multi-layered story using correct tense sequencing.

重要な例文 (8)

1

Han sa att han hade glömt sina pengar.

He said that he had forgotten his money.

Pluskvamperfekt
2

Efter att vi hade pratat kändes allt bättre.

After we had talked, everything felt better.

Pluskvamperfekt
3

Han sa att han hade tappat sin plånbok.

He said that he had lost his wallet.

Past Perfect Usage
4

Om jag hade haft pengar, hade jag köpt bilen.

If I had had money, I would have bought the car.

Past Perfect Usage
5

Jag hade redan bestämt mig när han ringde.

I had already decided when he called.

Narrating Past Events
6

Efter att vi hade ätit gick vi på bio.

After we had eaten, we went to the cinema.

Narrating Past Events
7

Han sa att han skulle köpa en bil nästa år.

He said that he would buy a car next year.

Sequence of Tenses
8

Jag trodde att du hade läst boken.

I thought that you had read the book.

Sequence of Tenses

ヒントとコツ (4)

💡

The 'Already' Test

If you can naturally insert the word 'redan' (already) into your English thought, you definitely need Pluskvamperfekt in Swedish.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pluskvamperfekt
💡

The 'Already' Trick

If you can naturally add the word 'redan' (already) to the sentence, you probably need the Past Perfect.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Past Perfect Usage
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Use 'redan'

Adding 'redan' (already) often helps clarify that you need the Pluperfect.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Narrating Past Events
💡

Check the Main Verb

Always look at the first verb. If it's in the past, your subordinate verb probably needs to be too.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Sequence of Tenses

重要な語彙 (5)

hade had (past of ha) redan already innan before eftersom because tills until

Real-World Preview

train

Explaining a missed train

Review Summary

  • hade + supine

よくある間違い

You used the present perfect instead of the past perfect. Since the event happened in the past, use 'hade'.

Wrong: Jag har ätit när han kom.
正解: Jag hade ätit när han kom.

You used the infinitive instead of the supine. The auxiliary 'hade' always requires the supine form.

Wrong: Jag hade gå till jobbet.
正解: Jag hade gått till jobbet.

You don't need pluskvamperfekt if the 'innan' clause clearly establishes the order. Keep it simple.

Wrong: Innan jag hade ätit, gick jag.
正解: Innan jag åt, gick jag.

Next Steps

You have mastered the timeline of the past. Keep practicing and your Swedish will sound more natural every day!

Write a diary entry about your worst day ever using 5 pluskvamperfekt sentences.

Continue to: Conditionals

クイック練習 (10)

Fill in the correct form of 'hade' and the verb in brackets.

När jag vaknade ___ solen redan ___ (gå upp).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: hade / gått upp
We need the past perfect because the sun rose before I woke up.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Past Perfect Usage

Correct the error in the sentence.

Find and fix the mistake:

Jag trodde att det är måndag.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jag trodde att det var måndag.
Past main verb requires past subordinate.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Sequence of Tenses

Choose the correct sentence.

Which sentence is grammatically correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Han sa att han inte hade sett henne.
In a subordinate clause (starting with 'att'), the adverb 'inte' comes before the verb 'hade'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Past Perfect Usage

Correct the error in the sentence.

Find and fix the mistake:

Jag var ätit innan de kom.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jag hade ätit innan de kom.
Swedish uses 'hade' as the auxiliary, never 'var'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Past Perfect Usage

Fill in the missing word.

Vi ___ precis börjat äta när telefonen ringde.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: hade
Standard pluskvamperfekt formation.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pluskvamperfekt

Fill in the correct past tense form.

Han sa att han ___ (vara) trött.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: var
Past main verb requires past subordinate.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Sequence of Tenses

Which sentence is a hypothetical past?

Select the correct conditional sentence.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Om jag hade haft tid, hade jag kommit.
This uses pluskvamperfekt to express an unrealized past condition.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pluskvamperfekt

Correct the word order in this sub-clause.

Find and fix the mistake:

Han sa att han hade inte ätit.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Han sa att han inte hade ätit.
In a sub-clause, 'inte' comes before 'hade'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pluskvamperfekt

Fill in the correct form of 'ha'.

Jag ___ ätit när han kom.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: hade
Past story requires 'hade'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Narrating Past Events

Choose the correct sentence.

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jag hade gått hem.
Correct auxiliary and supine.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Narrating Past Events

Score: /10

よくある質問 (6)

Yes! If the main verb is 'att ha' (to have), the supinum is 'haft'. So you can say: Jag hade haft en hund (I had had a dog).
In casual speech, people sometimes do, but it can make the sequence of events confusing. For B1 exams, you must use Pluskvamperfekt for the earlier action.
Yes, but then it's just the simple past of 'to have' (e.g., Jag hade en bil - I had a car). For Past Perfect, you need a second verb in the supine form.
Har is for the present perfect (connected to now), while hade is for the past perfect (connected to another time in the past).
Only if the event is still relevant to the present. If the story is finished, use 'hade'.
It is the verb form used with 'ha'. It often ends in -t.
次のチャプター
Conditionals
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