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C1 verb 9분 분량

καταστέλλω

예시 καταστέλλω 30초 만에
설명 καταστέλλω in your Level:
At the A1 level, 'καταστέλλω' is a very difficult word that you probably won't use. It means 'to stop something bad with force.' Imagine a big fire or a group of people making trouble. The police or firefighters come and stop it. That is what this word describes. It is much easier to use the word 'σταματάω' (stop) for now. For example, 'Η αστυνομία σταματάει τη φωτιά' is simple. 'Καταστέλλω' is the 'grown-up' version of that. You might hear it on the news, but you don't need to say it yet. Just remember it means 'to stop something big and difficult.'
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For A2 learners, you can start to recognize 'καταστέλλω' as a formal way to say 'to put down' or 'to suppress.' It is often used for things like riots (ταραχές) or big fires (πυρκαγιές). While you will still use 'σταματάω' or 'σβήνω' in your daily life, you will see 'καταστέλλω' in newspaper headlines. It is a verb that shows someone in power is taking control. For example, if you read 'Η αστυνομία κατέστειλε την πορεία,' it means the police stopped the protest. Notice how the word changes in the past: 'κατέστειλε.' This is the part you should start to recognize.
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At the B1 level, you should understand that 'καταστέλλω' is used for more than just physical fighting. It can also be used for medical symptoms. If you have a cough, a medicine might 'καταστέλλει τον βήχα' (suppress the cough). This is a useful word to know if you go to a pharmacy in Greece. You should also be aware of the noun 'καταστολή' (suppression). You will hear this on the news very often. It is a 'strong' word. Using it makes your Greek sound more formal and precise. Try to use it when talking about official actions rather than personal ones.
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At the B2 level, you are expected to use 'καταστέλλω' in your writing and formal speech. You should know its full conjugation, especially the aorist 'κατέστειλα' and the future 'θα καταστείλω.' You should also understand its use in psychological contexts, like suppressing emotions (καταστέλλω τα συναισθήματα). At this level, you should be able to distinguish it from 'περιορίζω' (to limit). 'Καταστέλλω' is much stronger—it means to stop something completely by using force or authority. It is a key word for discussing social issues, politics, and health in a sophisticated way.
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As a C1 learner, you should have a nuanced understanding of 'καταστέλλω.' You should recognize its historical roots and how it differs from synonyms like 'καταπνίγω' or 'αναχαιτίζω.' You should be comfortable using it in academic essays or professional reports. You should also understand the passive voice forms like 'κατεστάλη' and the adjective 'κατασταλτικός.' For example, you can discuss 'κατασταλτικά μέτρα' (repressive measures) in a political debate. Your usage should reflect the word's high register, avoiding it in casual contexts where it might sound too heavy or out of place. You understand that it implies a power dynamic.
At the C2 level, 'καταστέλλω' is a tool for precise philosophical, political, and scientific discourse. You understand its etymological depth and can use it to describe complex systems, such as 'ανοσοκαταστολή' (immunosuppression) in medicine or the 'καταστολή της επιθυμίας' (suppression of desire) in psychoanalysis. You can use the word and its derivatives with perfect grammatical accuracy, including the most formal archaic forms. You are sensitive to its rhetorical weight and use it to convey authority, gravity, or critical analysis of power structures. You can effortlessly switch between 'καταστέλλω', 'καταπνίγω', and 'εκμηδενίζω' to hit the exact note of suppression you intend.
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예시

καταστέλλω 30초 만에

  • A formal verb meaning to suppress or quell disturbances, uprisings, or intense physical and emotional states using force or authority.
  • Commonly used in news reporting, medical contexts (suppressing symptoms), and psychology (suppressing unwanted feelings or memories).
  • Requires a stem change in the past tense (κατέστειλα) and follows a high-register grammatical pattern with internal augments.
  • Differentiated from 'σταματάω' by its emphasis on force, conflict, and the authoritative nature of the suppression.

The Greek verb καταστέλλω is a sophisticated and powerful term used to describe the act of suppressing, quelling, or forcibly putting an end to something that is typically perceived as a disturbance, a rebellion, or an intense physical or emotional state. It originates from the ancient Greek components κατά (down) and στέλλω (to send or to place), literally suggesting the action of 'sending something down' or 'putting something in its place' by force. In modern usage, it is most frequently encountered in political, social, and medical contexts. When a government uses the police to stop a riot, they are said to καταστέλλουν the uprising. When a doctor prescribes medication to lower a high fever or stop an inflammation, the medicine acts to καταστείλει the symptoms. The word carries a heavy connotation of authority and control, implying that the thing being suppressed would otherwise continue to grow or cause chaos if not met with a decisive counter-force.

Political Context
The state uses various mechanisms to maintain order, and the verb is often used to describe the suppression of civil unrest or illegal activities.

Οι αρχές κατάφεραν να καταστείλουν την εξέγερση πριν επεκταθεί σε άλλες πόλεις.

Beyond the physical and political, καταστέλλω finds its way into the psychological and biological realms. In psychology, it refers to the conscious or unconscious effort to push down feelings, desires, or memories that are painful or socially unacceptable. While similar to 'repression' (απώθηση), καταστολή (the noun form) often implies a more deliberate or systemic control. In biology, particularly immunology, we talk about immunosuppression, where the immune system's response is lowered, often to prevent the rejection of a transplanted organ. This versatility makes it a C1-level word because it requires the speaker to understand subtle shifts in meaning across different domains of human knowledge.

Medical Context
Used when referring to the reduction of biological functions, such as suppressing a cough or the nervous system.

Το φάρμακο αυτό βοηθά στην καταστολή του έντονου βήχα.

Furthermore, the word is used in environmental and safety contexts, such as fire suppression. Firefighters work to καταστείλουν a blaze before it consumes a forest. In this sense, the word is synonymous with 'extinguish' but emphasizes the struggle and the organized effort required to dominate a destructive force. It is a word of high register, meaning you will see it in newspapers, academic papers, and official reports more often than in casual coffee-shop conversations.

Emotional Context
Applying to the internal struggle to hide or control strong emotions like anger, grief, or excitement.

Προσπάθησε να καταστείλει την οργή του για να μην πει λόγια που θα μετάνιωνε.

Using καταστέλλω correctly requires attention to its transitive nature; it always acts upon an object. You suppress *something*. Grammatically, it follows the pattern of verbs ending in -έλλω, which means its aorist (past simple) form changes the stem to -στειλ-. For example, 'I suppress' is καταστέλλω, but 'I suppressed' is κατέστειλα. Understanding these morphological shifts is crucial for advanced learners. In a sentence, the subject is usually an authority figure, a chemical agent, or a conscious mind, while the object is the unruly force being neutralized.

Subject: Authority
The government (η κυβέρνηση) or the police (η αστυνομία) often serve as the subject in news reporting.

Ο στρατός κλήθηκε να καταστείλει το πραξικόπημα.

When using the word in medical or scientific contexts, the subject is often a substance or a biological process. For instance, 'The vaccine suppresses the virus' would use καταστέλλει. It is important to note that the passive voice, καταστέλλομαι, is also common, especially when describing the state of being suppressed. 'The rebellion was suppressed' becomes Η εξέγερση κατεστάλη. This passive form uses the ancient third-person singular aorist passive ending, which is very common in high-level Greek journalism.

Subject: Abstract Force
Abstract nouns like 'fear' or 'reason' can also suppress other emotions or actions.

Η λογική πρέπει να καταστέλλει τα ένστικτα σε κρίσιμες στιγμές.

In formal writing, you might see the participle κατασταλτικός (repressive/suppressive). This is frequently paired with nouns like 'measures' (μέτρα). 'Suppressive measures' are κατασταλτικά μέτρα. This adjective is essential for discussing legal or political strategies aimed at preventing crime or dissent. Using the verb and its derivatives correctly allows a speaker to move from basic descriptions of 'stopping' things to precise descriptions of 'suppressing' them within a structured framework.

The Passive Voice
Using the passive 'κατεστάλη' gives an objective, news-like tone to your speech.

Κάθε προσπάθεια διαλόγου κατεστάλη βίαια από το καθεστώς.

You are unlikely to hear καταστέλλω while ordering a souvlaki or chatting about the weather, but it is a staple of the Greek evening news (τα νέα των οκτώ). News anchors use it constantly when reporting on international conflicts, domestic protests, or police operations. For instance, a headline might read: 'Η αστυνομία κατέστειλε τις ταραχές στο κέντρο της Αθήνας' (The police suppressed the riots in central Athens). It provides a sense of gravity and officialdom that simpler verbs like 'σταματάω' (stop) lack.

News Media
Used in reports regarding law enforcement, military actions, and geopolitical stability.

Οι δυνάμεις ασφαλείας κατέστειλαν την απόπειρα πραξικοπήματος.

In the medical world, you will hear this word in hospitals or read it on medication leaflets. Doctors discuss 'immunosuppression' (ανοσοκαταστολή) and drugs that 'suppress the central nervous system' (καταστέλλουν το κεντρικό νευρικό σύστημα). If you are watching a medical drama in Greek, or if you are visiting a specialist, this term will appear when discussing treatments for allergies, autoimmune diseases, or the side effects of anesthesia.

Academic Lectures
Scholars use it to describe the historical neutralization of revolutionary movements.

Η αυτοκρατορία χρησιμοποίησε κάθε μέσο για να καταστείλει τις τοπικές εξεγέρσεις.

Literature and high-brow cinema also employ καταστέλλω to describe internal psychological states. A character might be described as struggling to suppress their true identity or their forbidden love. In these contexts, the word adds a layer of tragic intensity, suggesting that the suppression is painful and perhaps unsustainable. If you read a Greek translation of Freud or other psychoanalytic texts, the concept of suppression (καταστολή) as a defense mechanism is central. Understanding this word opens up a vast world of intellectual discourse in the Greek language.

Psychological Literature
Discussing the conscious effort to inhibit impulses or thoughts.

Δεν μπορείς να καταστέλλεις τα συναισθήματά σου για πάντα.

One of the most frequent mistakes learners make with καταστέλλω is confusing it with simpler verbs like σταματάω (to stop) or σβήνω (to turn off/extinguish). While you can 'stop' a car or 'extinguish' a light, you cannot 'καταστέλλω' them. Καταστέλλω requires an element of conflict or an active force that needs to be subdued. Using it for mundane tasks sounds unnaturally dramatic or simply incorrect. For example, saying 'κατέστειλα την τηλεόραση' instead of 'έκλεισα την τηλεόραση' would make people laugh or look at you with confusion.

Mistake: Over-dramatization
Avoid using the word for simple, non-confrontational actions like closing a door or stopping a conversation.

Λάθος: Κατέστειλα τη μουσική γιατί ήταν δυνατή. (Σωστό: Χαμήλωσα ή έκλεισα τη μουσική).

Another common pitfall is the conjugation. Many learners forget the stem change in the aorist tense. They might try to say 'καταστέλλησα' (incorrectly applying the -ησα ending) instead of the correct κατέστειλα. Because the verb looks like it might follow a regular pattern, it is easy to slip up. Additionally, the augment (the 'ε' added at the beginning of past tenses) can be tricky. In κατέστειλα, the 'ε' is placed between the prefix 'κατα-' and the root '-στειλα', causing the 'α' of 'κατα' to drop. This internal augment is a hallmark of formal Greek verbs and requires practice to master.

Mistake: Conjugation errors
Learners often fail to use the internal augment 'ε' correctly in the past tense.

Λάθος: Η αστυνομία καταστέλλισε την πορεία. (Σωστό: Η αστυνομία κατέστειλε την πορεία).

Finally, there is the confusion between καταστέλλω and καταπνίγω (to stifle/drown out). While they are synonyms, καταπνίγω is more often used for sounds or the very beginning of an emotion, suggesting 'strangling' it before it can breathe. Καταστέλλω is broader and more 'official'. You would καταπνίγω a yawn or a sob, but you would καταστέλλω a full-scale rebellion. Using the wrong one doesn't always make the sentence 'wrong', but it misses the specific nuance that a C1 speaker should possess.

Mistake: Synonym Confusion
Using καταστέλλω for minor physical actions like stifling a cough (though possible, καταπνίγω or σταματάω is more common).

Λάθος: Προσπάθησε να καταστείλει ένα χασμουρητό. (Καλύτερο: Προσπάθησε να καταπνίξει ένα χασμουρητό).

To truly master the semantic field of 'suppression' in Greek, one must compare καταστέλλω with its close relatives. Each word offers a different flavor of how something is stopped or controlled. Understanding these differences allows for much more precise communication, especially in written Greek where variety is highly valued. The most common alternatives are καταπνίγω, καταβάλλω, περιορίζω, and αναχαιτίζω.

καταπνίγω (to stifle/drown)
Focuses on the immediate 'suffocation' of an action, sound, or feeling before it gains momentum.

Η κυβέρνηση προσπάθησε να καταπνίξει κάθε φωνή αντίρρησης.

Καταβάλλω means to overcome or defeat, often through effort or struggle. While καταστέλλω is about stopping an ongoing process, καταβάλλω is about winning a fight or exhausting an opponent. You might say 'η κούραση με κατέβαλε' (exhaustion overcame me). Περιορίζω (to limit/restrict) is a milder alternative. It doesn't necessarily mean stopping something entirely, but rather keeping it within certain bounds. It is often used in economic or social contexts, like 'limiting spending'.

αναχαιτίζω (to intercept/check)
A more technical or military term for stopping something that is moving toward a target.

Τα νέα μέτρα στοχεύουν στο να αναχαιτίσουν την εξάπλωση της πανδημίας.

In formal legal or administrative Greek, you might encounter καταργώ (to abolish) or αναστέλλω (to suspend). While αναστέλλω sounds similar to καταστέλλω, it means to temporarily stop or delay something (like a law or a license) rather than forcibly suppressing it. Confusing these two can lead to significant misunderstandings in a professional setting. Finally, εκμηδενίζω (to annihilate/neutralize) is the most extreme version, implying that the thing being suppressed has been reduced to zero.

Comparison Table
  • Καταστέλλω: Official, forceful suppression of an active disturbance.
  • Καταπνίγω: Sudden, stifling suppression, often of sounds or early-stage emotions.
  • Αναστέλλω: Temporary suspension or delay of a process or right.
  • Περιορίζω: Keeping something within limits without necessarily ending it.

Πρέπει να περιορίσουμε τις απώλειες πριν χρειαστεί να καταστείλουμε την κρίση.

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수준별 예문

1

Η αστυνομία καταστέλλει τη φασαρία.

The police suppress the noise.

Present tense, 3rd person singular.

2

Ο γιατρός καταστέλλει τον πόνο.

The doctor suppresses the pain.

The verb acts on the object 'πόνο'.

3

Πρέπει να καταστείλουμε τη φωτιά.

We must suppress the fire.

Subjunctive mood after 'πρέπει να'.

4

Το νερό καταστέλλει τη φωτιά.

The water suppresses the fire.

Simple subject-verb-object structure.

5

Ο φόβος καταστέλλει τη χαρά.

Fear suppresses joy.

Abstract nouns as subject and object.

6

Καταστέλλω τον θόρυβο.

I suppress the noise.

1st person singular.

7

Η μαμά καταστέλλει τον θυμό της.

Mom suppresses her anger.

Possessive pronoun 'της' follows the object.

8

Το φάρμακο καταστέλλει τον βήχα.

The medicine suppresses the cough.

Common medical usage.

1

Η αστυνομία κατέστειλε την εξέγερση γρήγορα.

The police suppressed the uprising quickly.

Aorist tense (past simple).

2

Δεν μπορούσαν να καταστείλουν το πλήθος.

They could not suppress the crowd.

Infinitive-like use with 'μπορώ να'.

3

Το κράτος πήρε μέτρα για να καταστείλει το έγκλημα.

The state took measures to suppress crime.

Purpose clause with 'για να'.

4

Ο στρατός κατέστειλε την επανάσταση.

The army suppressed the revolution.

Aorist tense showing completed action.

5

Προσπάθησε να καταστείλει τα δάκρυά της.

She tried to suppress her tears.

Emotional context.

6

Το φάρμακο θα καταστείλει τα συμπτώματα.

The medicine will suppress the symptoms.

Future tense.

7

Κατέστειλαν τη φωτιά πριν καεί το δάσος.

They suppressed the fire before the forest burned.

Aorist plural.

8

Η ησυχία κατέστειλε την ένταση.

The silence suppressed the tension.

Metaphorical use.

1

Η αστυνομία χρησιμοποίησε βία για να καταστείλει τη διαδήλωση.

The police used violence to suppress the demonstration.

Use of 'για να' with aorist subjunctive.

2

Αυτό το σιρόπι καταστέλλει αποτελεσματικά τον βήχα.

This syrup effectively suppresses the cough.

Adverb 'αποτελεσματικά' modifying the verb.

3

Είναι δύσκολο να καταστέλλεις πάντα τα συναισθήματά σου.

It is difficult to always suppress your feelings.

Present subjunctive expressing a continuous habit.

4

Η κυβέρνηση κατέστειλε την ελευθερία του τύπου.

The government suppressed the freedom of the press.

Abstract political object.

5

Οι πυροσβέστες κατέστειλαν την εστία της φωτιάς.

The firefighters suppressed the source of the fire.

Specific terminology: 'εστία φωτιάς'.

6

Η ανοσοκαταστολή είναι απαραίτητη μετά από μεταμόσχευση.

Immunosuppression is necessary after a transplant.

Noun derivative 'ανοσοκαταστολή'.

7

Κατέστειλε την επιθυμία του να φάει γλυκό.

He suppressed his desire to eat a sweet.

Internal psychological struggle.

8

Το καθεστώς κατέστειλε κάθε μορφή αντιπολίτευσης.

The regime suppressed every form of opposition.

Strong political verb.

1

Τα κατασταλτικά μέτρα της αστυνομίας προκάλεσαν αντιδράσεις.

The police's repressive measures caused reactions.

Adjective derivative 'κατασταλτικός'.

2

Η οργή του δεν μπορούσε πλέον να κατασταλεί.

His rage could no longer be suppressed.

Passive voice 'κατασταλεί'.

3

Το φάρμακο καταστέλλει το ανοσοποιητικό σύστημα του ασθενούς.

The medicine suppresses the patient's immune system.

Scientific biological context.

4

Κατέστειλε με δυσκολία την παρόρμησή του να μιλήσει.

He suppressed with difficulty his impulse to speak.

Phrase 'με δυσκολία' (with difficulty).

5

Η εξέγερση κατεστάλη από τις κυβερνητικές δυνάμεις.

The uprising was suppressed by government forces.

Passive aorist 'κατεστάλη'.

6

Πρέπει να καταστείλουμε τη διαφθορά στη ρίζα της.

We must suppress corruption at its root.

Metaphorical use for social issues.

7

Η λογική κατέστειλε τον πανικό που ένιωθε.

Reason suppressed the panic he was feeling.

Abstract subjects.

8

Η αστυνομία κατέστειλε τις ταραχές με τη χρήση δακρυγόνων.

The police suppressed the riots with the use of tear gas.

Describing the means of suppression.

1

Η βίαιη καταστολή των διαδηλώσεων καταδικάστηκε από τον ΟΗΕ.

The violent suppression of the demonstrations was condemned by the UN.

Noun 'καταστολή' in a formal context.

2

Ο ηγεμόνας προσπάθησε να καταστείλει κάθε ίχνος δυσαρέσκειας.

The ruler tried to suppress every trace of dissatisfaction.

High register 'ηγεμόνας'.

3

Η φαρμακευτική αγωγή στοχεύει στην καταστολή της φλεγμονής.

The medical treatment aims at the suppression of inflammation.

Formal medical terminology.

4

Κατέστειλε τις αμφιβολίες του και προχώρησε με το σχέδιο.

He suppressed his doubts and proceeded with the plan.

Psychological nuance.

5

Οι δυνάμεις καταστολής έλαβαν θέσεις γύρω από το κτίριο.

The suppression forces took positions around the building.

Compound-like phrase 'δυνάμεις καταστολής'.

6

Η κοινωνική πίεση συχνά μας αναγκάζει να καταστέλλουμε την ατομικότητά μας.

Social pressure often forces us to suppress our individuality.

Sociological context.

7

Η πυρκαγιά κατεστάλη προτού φτάσει σε κατοικημένη περιοχή.

The fire was suppressed before it reached an inhabited area.

Passive aorist 'κατεστάλη'.

8

Δεν είναι πάντα υγιές να καταστέλλεις τις αναμνήσεις σου.

It is not always healthy to suppress your memories.

Psychological advice context.

1

Η συστηματική καταστολή των μειονοτήτων οδήγησε σε εμφύλιο πόλεμο.

The systematic suppression of minorities led to civil war.

Complex sociopolitical analysis.

2

Το φάρμακο δρά καταστέλλοντας την παραγωγή συγκεκριμένων ενζύμων.

The drug acts by suppressing the production of specific enzymes.

Present participle 'καταστέλλοντας'.

3

Η απόπειρα του κράτους να καταστείλει την ελεύθερη διακίνηση ιδεών απέτυχε.

The state's attempt to suppress the free movement of ideas failed.

Sophisticated abstract object.

4

Η καταστολή της λίμπιντο αποτελεί κεντρικό θέμα στην ψυχαναλυτική θεωρία.

The suppression of libido is a central theme in psychoanalytic theory.

Academic psychological terminology.

5

Κάθε απόπειρα ανταρσίας κατεστάλη εν τη γενέσει της.

Every attempt at mutiny was suppressed in its infancy.

Idiomatic expression 'εν τη γενέσει της' (at its birth).

6

Η αστυνομία διαθέτει πλέον εξελιγμένα μέσα για την καταστολή του εγκλήματος.

The police now possess sophisticated means for the suppression of crime.

High register vocabulary 'εξελιγμένα μέσα'.

7

Η κατασταλτική πολιτική της κυβέρνησης δέχθηκε δριμεία κριτική.

The government's repressive policy received harsh criticism.

Adjective 'κατασταλτική' with 'δριμεία κριτική'.

8

Προσπάθησε να καταστείλει τον κλονισμό που του προκάλεσε η είδηση.

He tried to suppress the shock that the news caused him.

Nuanced psychological object 'κλονισμό'.

자주 쓰는 조합

καταστέλλω την εξέγερση
καταστέλλω τον βήχα
καταστέλλω τα συναισθήματα
καταστέλλω τη φωτιά
καταστέλλω την οργή
κατασταλτικά μέτρα
δυνάμεις καταστολής
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