Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Irregular past participles are the 'V3' forms used in perfect tenses and passive voice that don't end in -ed.
- Use the participle form after 'have' or 'has' for the Present Perfect (e.g., 'I have eaten').
- Use it after 'be' for the Passive Voice (e.g., 'The glass was broken').
- Memorize patterns like i-a-u (sing-sang-sung) or those ending in -en (speak-spoke-spoken).
Overview
go 같은 동사를 하나 건드리는 순간 타워 전체가 흔들리기 시작하거든요. 아마 여러분도 대부분의 영어 동사들이 꽤 게으르다는 걸 이미 알고 있을 거예요.-ed만 붙이면 되니까요. Walk는 walked가 되고, Play는 played가 되죠. 정말 쉽죠?irregular past participles)들은 이 파티에 끼길 거부한 반항아들이에요. 규칙을 따르지 않거든요. 스펠링을 바꾸거나, 소리를 바꾸거나, 가끔은 여러분을 혼란스럽게 하려고 아예 아무것도 바꾸지 않기도 해요.see 했나요? 아침 식사를 eaten 했나요? 직장에 go 했나요?How This Grammar Works
I have seen that viral TikTok three times. (그 유행하는 틱톡 영상을 세 번이나 봤어.) 이때 도움을 주는 동사인 have나 has 뒤에 우리의 불규칙 친구를 붙여서 사용해요. 둘째, Passive Voice(수동태)에 등장해요. 좀 더 격식을 차려야 하거나 누가 그 일을 했는지 모를 때 쓰기 딱 좋죠.The glass was broken. (유리잔이 깨졌어. 아마 유령이? 아니면 그냥 키우는 고양이가 그랬을 수도 있겠네요.) 마지막으로, 이 분사들은 adjectives(형용사)로 활동하는 걸 아주 좋아해요.written report (작성된 보고서), lost phone (잃어버린 휴대폰), 또는 spoken agreement (구두 합의)처럼요. 동작과 묘사 사이의 간극을 메워주는 역할을 하는 거죠.Top 10 Movies Watched Today라는 문구를 본다면, 여러분은 활동 중인 분사를 보고 있는 거예요. 다만 watch는 규칙 동사죠.seen을 써볼까요? Movies seen by millions. (수백만 명이 본 영화들.) 이게 바로 우리가 이야기하는 불규칙의 힘이에요.
Formation Pattern
Sing (현재) -> sang (과거) -> sung (분사). Begin -> began -> begun. 보통 세 번째 형태에는 u가 들어간다는 걸 기억하세요.
-en이나 -n을 붙이는 걸 좋아해요. Eat -> eaten, Write -> written, See -> seen, Fall -> fallen. 만약 불규칙 형태를 찍어야 한다면, -en을 붙이는 게 확률이 꽤 높답니다.
Put -> put -> put. Cut -> cut -> cut. Read가 가장 까다로운데, 형태는 다 read로 똑같지만 발음이 «리드»에서 «레드»로 변해요. 스펠링을 이용한 장난 같죠.
o 발음으로 변하는 동사들이에요. Speak -> spoken, Break -> broken, Choose -> chosen.
Go -> gone이나 Be -> been 같은 동사들이에요. 원래 모습이랑은 전혀 딴판이죠. 그야말로 궁극의 반항아들이라고 할 수 있어요.
When To Use It
I ate lunch라고 하면, 그냥 점심을 먹었다는 오후의 사실을 말하는 거예요.I have eaten lunch라고 하면, 지금 왜 배가 고프지 않은지를 말해주는 게 돼요. 과거를 현재와 연결해 주는 거죠. 또한 인생 경험을 말할 때도 사용해요.Have you ever flown in a helicopter? (헬리콥터 타본 적 있어?) I have known her since high school. (고등학교 때부터 그녀를 알고 지냈어.) 또 다른 큰 사용처는 소셜 미디어나 게임이에요. 누군가 여러분에게 메시지를 sent(보냈다)거나 레벨을 won(이겼다)했다는 알림을 본다면, 과거 분사를 보고 있는 거예요. 어떤 동작이 완료되었고 그 결과가 여러분이 볼 준비가 되었다는 상태 업데이트를 보여주기 때문이죠.The flight has taken off. (비행기가 이륙했어.) The train has left. (기차가 떠났어.) 공항이나 기차역에서 길을 찾고 싶다면 이 단어들이 여러분의 가장 친한 친구가 되어줄 거예요. *방금 전*에 일어난 일을 바탕으로 *지금* 무슨 일이 일어나고 있는지 알려주거든요.
Common Mistakes
I have gone 대신 I have went라고 하거나, She has seen it 대신 She has saw it이라고 말하곤 해요. 꼭 기억하세요. 분사(세 번째 형태)는 항상 have, has, had, 또는 be 같은 도우미가 필요해요. 혼자 문장에 서 있을 만큼 힘이 세지 않거든요. 또 다른 흔한 실수는 불규칙 동사를 «규칙 동사화» 시키는 거예요. bought 대신 buyed라고 하거나, thought 대신 thinked라고 말하고 싶은 유혹이 들 수 있죠. 우리 뇌는 효율적인 걸 좋아해서 -ed 규칙을 따르고 싶어 하지만, 영어는 항상 효율적인 건 아니거든요. 좀 별나죠. 또한 done과 did를 혼동하는 것도 주의하세요. I did my homework가 맞아요. I done my homework라고 하면 마치 옛날 서부 영화 속 캐릭터처럼 들릴 수 있어요 (별로 멋지지도 않고요). 줌(Zoom) 면접 같은 전문적인 자리에서 분사를 잘못 쓰면 준비가 덜 된 것처럼 보일 수 있어요. 마치 결혼식에 짝짝이 신발을 신고 가는 것과 비슷하죠. 사람들이 무슨 말을 하는지 이해는 하겠지만, 분명히 눈치챌 거예요.Contrast With Similar Patterns
Talk / Talked / Talked.Buy / Bought / Bought 처럼요.Go / Went / Gone 이나 Fly / Flew / Flown 같은 것들이죠.-ing 형태)와도 비교해 보세요. -ing는 지금 일어나고 있는 일(I am eating, 먹는 중이야)을 설명하는 반면, 과거 분사는 완료된 동작의 결과(I have eaten, 다 먹었어)를 설명해요. 또한 Infinitive(to + 동사원형)와도 달라요.I want to eat, 먹고 싶어)에 관한 것이라면, 분사는 완료에 관한 것이에요. 이렇게 생각하면 쉬워요. 부정사는 계획, 진행형은 과정, 그리고 분사는 결과예요.to order는 여러분이 원하는 것, ordering은 기다리는 동안 일어나고 있는 일, 그리고 ordered는 맛있는 피자가 주문 완료되었다는 상태를 말해주는 거죠.Quick FAQ
영어에는 왜 이렇게 불규칙 동사가 많나요?
대부분 고대 영어에서 왔기 때문이에요. 언어에서 가장 오래되고 가장 흔한 단어들이거든요. 우리가 워낙 많이 사용하다 보니, 수백 년 동안 -ed 규칙으로 바뀌는 것에 저항하며 살아남은 거예요.
get의 분사는 got인가요, gotten인가요?
어디에 있느냐에 따라 달라요! 영국에서는 "I've got a cold«라고 하고, 미국에서는 보통 »I've gotten a cold"라고 해요. 둘 다 맞지만 gotten은 매우 미국적인 표현이에요.
불규칙 형태가 생각 안 나면 그냥 -ed를 붙여도 될까요?
사람들이 이해는 하겠지만, 원어민 귀에는 «틀리게» 들릴 거예요. 잠시 멈추고 진짜 형태를 생각해보는 게 좋아요. 정 생각이 안 난다면 규칙 동사를 사용해서 문장을 다시 만들어 보세요!
I have forgotten 대신 "I don't remember"라고 말할 수 있겠죠.
기억하기 쉬운 요령이 있나요?
소리로 묶어보세요! Drink-Drank-Drunk, Shrink-Shrank-Shrunk, Sink-Sank-Sunk 처럼요. 라임이 맞으면 뇌에 훨씬 더 잘 남거든요. 음악과 리듬은 문법의 비밀 병기랍니다.
이걸 다 외워야 하나요?
전혀요! 200개 정도가 있지만, 일상생활의 90%를 소화하는 데는 상위 50개면 충분해요. go, see, eat, take, buy 같이 실제로 자주 쓰는 단어들에 먼저 집중해 보세요.
Common Irregular Verb Patterns (V1-V2-V3)
| Base (V1) | Past Simple (V2) | Past Participle (V3) | Pattern |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Sing
|
Sang
|
Sung
|
i-a-u shift
|
|
Drink
|
Drank
|
Drunk
|
i-a-u shift
|
|
Speak
|
Spoke
|
Spoken
|
o-en ending
|
|
Write
|
Wrote
|
Written
|
i-o-en ending
|
|
Buy
|
Bought
|
Bought
|
A-B-B (Same V2/V3)
|
|
Find
|
Found
|
Found
|
A-B-B (Same V2/V3)
|
|
Go
|
Went
|
Gone
|
Totally Irregular
|
|
Eat
|
Ate
|
Eaten
|
A-B-C pattern
|
|
Put
|
Put
|
Put
|
No Change
|
|
Cut
|
Cut
|
Cut
|
No Change
|
Present Perfect Contractions
| Full Form | Contraction | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
I have eaten
|
I've eaten
|
I've eaten already.
|
|
You have seen
|
You've seen
|
You've seen this before.
|
|
He has gone
|
He's gone
|
He's gone home.
|
|
She has done
|
She's done
|
She's done a great job.
|
|
It has broken
|
It's broken
|
It's broken again.
|
|
We have known
|
We've known
|
We've known them for years.
|
|
They have taken
|
They've taken
|
They've taken the car.
|
Meanings
The past participle is a non-finite verb form used to create perfect tenses, the passive voice, and to act as an adjective describing a state resulting from an action.
Perfect Tenses
Used with the auxiliary verb 'have' to indicate completed actions with relevance to the present or another point in time.
“I have known him for years.”
“They had already gone when I arrived.”
Passive Voice
Used with the verb 'be' to shift focus from the doer to the receiver of the action.
“The letter was sent yesterday.”
“The cake was eaten by the kids.”
Adjectival Use
Used as an adjective to describe a noun, often indicating a state or condition.
“A broken window.”
“A hidden treasure.”
Reference Table
| 기본형 | 단순 과거형 | 과거분사 | 예문 (현재완료) |
|---|---|---|---|
|
`go`
|
`went`
|
`gone`
|
I `have gone` to the gym.
|
|
`see`
|
`saw`
|
`seen`
|
She `has seen` that film.
|
|
`eat`
|
`ate`
|
`eaten`
|
We `have eaten` breakfast.
|
|
`write`
|
`wrote`
|
`written`
|
He `has written` an email.
|
|
`speak`
|
`spoke`
|
`spoken`
|
They `has spoken` about it.
|
|
`make`
|
`made`
|
`made`
|
You `have made` a great choice.
|
|
`take`
|
`took`
|
`taken`
|
I `have taken` a break.
|
|
`do`
|
`did`
|
`done`
|
She `has done` her best.
|
|
`begin`
|
`began`
|
`begun`
|
The meeting `has begun`.
|
격식 수준 스펙트럼
The assignment has been completed and submitted. (Work/Task completion)
I have finished the work. (Work/Task completion)
I'm done with it. (Work/Task completion)
I've crushed it. (Work/Task completion)
과거분사의 세계
주요 사용처
- 현재완료 I have eaten.
- 수동태 It was done.
- 형용사 A broken cup.
종류
- 규칙 (+ed) walked, played
- 불규칙 (No -ed) gone, seen, made
핵심 규칙
- 조동사 필요 Must use with 'have' or 'be'.
단순 과거형 vs. 과거분사
과거 시제 형태 선택하기
과거의 행동을 현재와 연결하거나, 'have/has'를 사용하고 싶나요?
특정 과거 시점에 끝난 행동에 대해 말하고 있고, 'have/has'를 사용하지 않나요?
기억해야 할 불규칙 동사 그룹
모음 변화 (i-a-u)
- • sing, sang, sung
- • drink, drank, drunk
- • begin, began, begun
-en으로 끝나는 형태
- • break, broke, broken
- • speak, spoke, spoken
- • write, wrote, written
모든 형태가 같은 동사
- • cut, cut, cut
- • put, put, put
- • hit, hit, hit
독특한 형태의 동사
- • go, went, gone
- • be, was/were, been
- • do, did, done
수준별 예문
I have seen that movie.
She has gone to the shop.
We have eaten dinner.
Have you done your homework?
I have broken my glasses.
He has already bought the tickets.
They have known each other for a week.
The window was broken by the ball.
I've never flown in a private jet before.
The report was written by the manager.
By the time I arrived, they had already begun.
She has hidden the keys somewhere.
The stolen goods were recovered by the police.
I've been forbidden from entering the building.
Having undergone surgery, he needed rest.
The project will have been completed by Friday.
The document was smitten with errors.
Forsaken by his friends, he felt truly alone.
The truth, though long hidden, eventually emerged.
He had his pride stung by the criticism.
The sunken ship lay at the bottom of the ocean.
Woven into the fabric of society is a sense of duty.
The candidate has outswum his rivals in the polls.
The law was overridden by the supreme court.
혼동하기 쉬운
Learners use the V2 form (e.g., 'went') when they need the V3 form (e.g., 'gone') because they look the same for regular verbs.
These two verbs are notoriously difficult because the past simple of 'lie' is 'lay', and the participle is 'lain'.
Learners try to add -ed to irregular verbs because it's the most common rule in English.
자주 하는 실수
I have go.
I have gone.
I have eated.
I have eaten.
He has saw it.
He has seen it.
I seen him.
I saw him. / I have seen him.
The glass was broke.
The glass was broken.
I have drank the water.
I have drunk the water.
She has forgot.
She has forgotten.
I have putted it there.
I have put it there.
I have swam today.
I have swum today.
The book was wrote by him.
The book was written by him.
I had went before him.
I had gone before him.
He has bit me.
He has bitten me.
The sun has rose.
The sun has risen.
He was strucked by lightning.
He was struck by lightning.
I have strove to succeed.
I have striven to succeed.
The bell has rang.
The bell has rung.
문장 패턴
I have never ___ in my life.
The window was ___ by the wind.
By the time we arrived, the food had already been ___.
Having ___ the truth, she felt much better.
Real World Usage
I have **led** several successful projects.
I've already **eaten**, but I'll come for a drink!
Have you ever **been** to Japan?
The missing child has been **found**.
Look at this amazing photo I've **taken**!
Your order has been **picked** up.
비슷한 그룹끼리 묶어서 외워요!
과거분사만 단독으로 쓰지 마세요!
I gone처럼 조동사 없이 쓰면 마치 파티에 옷을 반만 입고 간 것 같답니다! Remember, a past participle almost always needs a helper verb (have, has, be) to function as a main verb.
능동적으로 기억해내기
Instead of just reading lists, actively test yourself. Use flashcards, quiz apps, or try to recall the forms under pressure.
원어민이 어떻게 쓰는지 들어봐요
Pay close attention to how native speakers use these verbs in movies, podcasts, and casual chats.
자주 쓰는 동사부터 집중!
Start with the 50-100 most common irregular verbs. These will cover the vast majority of your daily conversations and writing.
Smart Tips
Check if the verb is irregular. If it is, make sure you aren't using the past simple form by mistake.
Use the participle as an adjective to sound more natural.
It is almost certainly a past participle. Use it with 'have' or 'be'.
Remember the 'i-a-u' rule. The 'u' is for the participle.
발음
The 'U' sound
In i-a-u verbs, the 'u' in the participle is usually a short /ʌ/ sound, like in 'cup'.
Reduced 'Have'
In natural speech, 'have' is often reduced to /v/ after a pronoun, making the participle the most prominent sound.
Emphasis on the Participle
I have SEEN it. ↗
Conveys strong confirmation or experience.
암기하기
기억법
Remember the 'U' in 'Sung' and 'Drunk' stands for 'Used with Have'.
시각적 연상
Imagine a bridge. On one side is the past, on the other is the present. The Past Participle is the bridge that connects them, always supported by two pillars: 'Have' and 'Be'.
Rhyme
I see, I saw, I have seen; my English skills are sharp and keen!
Story
A man named V3 went to a party. He was very shy and never went anywhere without his best friends, 'Have' or 'Be'. One day, he 'had gone' to the store and 'was seen' by everyone.
Word Web
챌린지
Look around your room and find 5 things that are in a certain state. Describe them using participles (e.g., 'The light is switched on', 'The book is closed', 'The window is shut').
문화 노트
Americans frequently use 'gotten' as the past participle of 'get', whereas British speakers almost exclusively use 'got'.
In AAVE, the past simple form is sometimes used where standard English requires the participle, or vice versa, which is a systematic grammatical feature of the dialect.
Irish English often uses the 'after + -ing' structure instead of the present perfect with a participle to show a recently completed action.
Most irregular participles come from 'Strong Verbs' in Old English, which changed their vowels to show tense.
대화 시작하기
Have you ever broken a bone?
What is the most beautiful place you have ever seen?
Have you ever flown in a hot air balloon?
What has been the most difficult thing you've ever done?
일기 주제
자주 하는 실수
Test Yourself
She has never ___ to New York.
gone은 go의 과거분사로, 현재완료 시제에서 has 뒤에 필요해요.Find and fix the mistake:
I have saw that movie already.
see의 과거분사는 seen이지 saw가 아니에요. saw는 단순 과거형이에요.올바른 문장을 고르세요:
broken이 break의 올바른 과거분사예요. broke는 단순 과거형이라 have와 함께 쓸 수 없어요.Arrange the words in the correct order:
All words placed
Click words above to build the sentence
We've (We have의 줄임말) 뒤에 eaten 과거분사를 사용했어요.Score: /4
연습 문제
8 exercisesI have ___ my keys again!
She has ___ to the manager about the problem.
Find and fix the mistake:
I have went to that restaurant many times.
broken / has / the / window / been
Identify the V3 form of 'swim'.
A: Have you ___ the new movie? B: Yes, I saw it last night.
The past participle of 'cut' is 'cutted'.
Match 'Fly'
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesThe concert has already ___.
She has wrote three emails this morning.
어떤 문장이 올바른가요?
Translate into English: 'Él ha comido todo el chocolate.'
이 단어들을 문장으로 배열하세요:
기본 동사와 그 과거분사 형태를 짝지으세요:
The letter was ___ a week ago.
Many mistakes have been made by the team.
문장을 영어로 번역하세요:
She hasn't ___ her new car yet.
이 단어들을 질문으로 배열하세요:
동사 형태를 짝지으세요:
Score: /12
자주 묻는 질문 (8)
V2 is the Past Simple (e.g., `ate`), used for finished actions. V3 is the Past Participle (e.g., `eaten`), used with 'have' or 'be'.
Because they don't follow the standard rule of adding `-ed` to the end of the verb.
Usually yes for tenses, but you can also use them with 'be' for the passive voice or alone as an adjective (e.g., `a broken heart`).
Yes, it is the standard past participle of 'get' in American English. In British English, 'got' is preferred.
There are about 200 common ones, but you only need to know about 50-70 for daily conversation.
No, that is usually a gerund (the -ing form). Participles act as verbs or adjectives.
Words like `been`, `done`, `seen`, and `gone` are among the most frequently used in English.
It's both! You can say 'I have drunk the juice' (verb) or 'He is drunk' (adjective).
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
El participio
English participles don't change for gender or number, while Spanish ones sometimes do in passive forms.
Le participe passé
French participles must agree with the subject or object in certain conditions, which never happens in English.
Partizip II
German participles usually add a 'ge-' prefix, which English lost centuries ago.
Te-form / Ta-form
Japanese verbs don't have a distinct 'third form' used specifically for perfect tenses like English does.
Ism al-Maf'ul (Passive Participle)
Arabic perfective aspect is usually shown through verb stems rather than a helper verb + participle construction.
Aspect particles (le, guo)
There is no conjugation or 'third form' to memorize in Chinese.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Continue With
관련 동영상
20:17 TOP 1% WOMAN ROUTINE: how to stay productive, healthy + disciplined
05:41 Underwater volcanoes and strange animals
07:47 'Real possibility' elections could lead to break up of UK, says Wales' first minister
헷갈리는 불규칙 동사, 이 영상 하나로 끝! (현재완료/과거분사)
하루5분영어
[영문법] 헷갈리는 불규칙 동사 외우는 법!
정우식 TV
현재완료에서 꼭 필요한 불규칙 동사 외우는 꿀팁! #불규칙동사 #현재완료 #과거분사
스텔라티쳐
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