Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Irregular past participles are the 'V3' forms used in perfect tenses and passive voice that don't end in -ed.
- Use the participle form after 'have' or 'has' for the Present Perfect (e.g., 'I have eaten').
- Use it after 'be' for the Passive Voice (e.g., 'The glass was broken').
- Memorize patterns like i-a-u (sing-sang-sung) or those ending in -en (speak-spoke-spoken).
Overview
go のような動詞にぶつかった瞬間、タワー全体がぐらつき始めるんだ。たぶんもう知っていると思うけど、ほとんどの英語の動詞はかなり怠け者だ。過去について話すとき、彼らはただ語尾に -ed をつけるだけ。Walk は walked になるし、Play は played になる。簡単でしょ？でも、不規則な過去分詞（Irregular past participles）は、そのパーティーに参加するのを拒否した反逆者たちなんだ。彼らはルールに従わない。スペルを変えたり、音を変えたり、時には混乱させるためだけに「全く変化しない」なんてこともある。もし英語が映画だとしたら、規則動詞は背景のエキストラで、不規則な過去分詞は予測不能な主役俳優ってところかな。君はこれらを毎日必ず使っているよ。この24時間を振り返ってみて。映画を観た（see）？朝食を食べた（eaten）？仕事に行った（go）？コーヒーを注文するだけでも、これらの奇妙な単語に出くわさずに済ませることはできないんだ。彼らは言語の背骨みたいなもの。でも、これらを学ぶことは暗記の悪夢である必要はないよ。それはカオスの中にパターンを見つけることに近いんだ。キャッチーな歌の歌詞を覚えるようなものだと思って。十分に聴き込めば、自然と「正しい」響きがわかってくるから。How This Grammar Works
seen）よ」という感じ。助っ人動詞の have か has に、僕らの不規則な友達をプラスして使うんだ。2つ目は、Passive Voice（受動態）で現れる。これは、少しフォーマルに聞こえさせたい時や、誰がその行動をしたのかわからない時に最適だ。「グラスが割られた（broken）。」（お化けのせい？それとも飼い猫かな？）。最後に、これらの分詞は adjectives（形容詞）として振る舞うのが大好きだ。何かの状態を説明するんだ。書かれた（written）レポート、なくした（lost）スマホ、あるいは口頭での（spoken）合意とかね。これらは行動と描写の橋渡しをしてくれる。過去の物語を語るためだけじゃなく、今の君の世界を説明するのにも役立つんだ。もしNetflixをスクロールしていて「今日見られた（Watched）映画トップ10」という表示を見たら、それは分詞が活躍しているところだ。ただ watch は規則動詞だけどね。代わりに seen を見てみよう。「何百万人に見られた（seen）映画」。これが僕らの話している不規則動詞の力だ。
Formation Pattern
Sing（現在）-> sang（過去）-> sung（分詞）。Begin -> began -> begun。「u」がつくと大体「3番目の形」だと覚えておけばいい。
-en や -n で終わるのが好きだ。Eat -> eaten、Write -> written、See -> seen、Fall -> fallen。もし不規則形を推測しなきゃいけないなら、-en をつけるのはかなり勝率の高い賭けだよ。
Put -> put -> put。Cut -> cut -> cut。Read は一番やっかいなやつで、スペルは全部 read なんだけど、発音は「リード」から「レッド」に変わるんだ。基本的にはスペルのイタズラだね。
Speak -> spoken、Break -> broken、Choose -> chosen。
Go -> gone や Be -> been のような動詞。こいつらは元の姿とは似ても似つかない。究極の反逆者たちだ。
When To Use It
ate）」と言えば、午後の事実を伝えているだけ。でも「昼ごはんを食べてしまった（have eaten）」と言えば、なぜ今お腹が空いていないのかを伝えていることになる。過去と現在をつなぐんだ。人生経験についても使うよ。「ヘリコプターで飛んだ（flown）ことある？」「高校時代から彼女を知っている（known）」とかね。もう一つの大きな使用例はソーシャルメディアやゲームだ。誰かがメッセージを送った（sent）、あるいはレベルをクリアした（won）という通知を見る時、君は過去分詞を見ていることになる。行動が完了し、その結果を見る準備ができていることを示すから、ステータス更新に使われるんだ。あと、旅行の言葉でもある。「飛行機が離陸した（taken off）」。「電車が行ってしまった（left）」。英語で空港や駅をうまく移動したいなら、これらの単語は最高の親友になるよ。「たった今」起きたことに基づいて、「今」何が起きているかを教えてくれるからね。
Common Mistakes
went」と言ってしまう人がいるけれど、正しくは「I have gone」だ。あるいは「She has saw it」ではなく「She has seen it」。覚えておいて：分詞（3番目の形）は、文の中で自立するには弱すぎるから、常に have、has、had、あるいは be みたいな助っ人が必要なんだ。もう一つのよくあるつまずきは、不規則動詞の「規則化」だ。bought の代わりに buyed、thought の代わりに thinked と言いたくなるかもしれない。脳は効率的だから -ed のルールに従いたがるけど、英語は常に効率的とは限らない。ひねくれてるんだ。あと、done と did の混乱にも気をつけて。「I did my homework」は正しい。「I done my homework」と言うと、昔のカウボーイ映画の登場人物みたいに聞こえちゃうよ（カッコいい意味じゃなくてね）。Zoom面接のようなプロフェッショナルな場面で間違った分詞を使うと、準備不足に見えてしまうことがある。結婚式に左右ちぐはぐな靴を履いていくようなもんだね――意味は通じるけど、間違いなく気づかれるよ。Contrast With Similar Patterns
Talk / Talked / Talked。2番目と3番目の形は同じだね。多くの不規則動詞でも、実は同じだったりする：Buy / Bought / Bought。これらは味方だ。本当の試練は、3つの形が全部違う動詞だ：Go / Went / Gone や Fly / Flew / Flown。これを Present Continuous（現在進行形、-ing 形）と比べてみよう。-ing は今起きていること（「I am eating」）を表すのに対し、過去分詞は完了した行動の結果（「I have eaten」）を表す。Infinitve（不定詞、to + 動詞）とも違うよ。不定詞は可能性や目的（「I want to eat」）についてだけど、分詞は「完了」についてなんだ。こう考えてみて：不定詞は「計画」、進行形は「プロセス」、そして分詞は「結果」だ。Uber Eats で注文する場合、to order は君がしたいこと（願望）、ordering は待っている間のプロセス、そして ordered は美味しいピザのステータスってわけ。Quick FAQ
なんで英語にはこんなに不規則動詞が多いの？
ほとんどは古英語（Old English）から来ているんだ。これらは言語の中で最も古く、最も一般的な単語たちだ。あまりにも頻繁に使われるから、何百年もの間 -ed ルールへの変化に抵抗し続けたんだね。
get の分詞は got？それとも gotten？
どこにいるかによるね！イギリスでは「I've got a cold.」と言うけど、アメリカでは普通「I've gotten a cold.」と言う。どっちも正しいけど、gotten はとてもアメリカ的だね。
不規則形を忘れたら、ただ -ed をつけてもいい？
通じはするけど、ネイティブの耳には「間違い」に聞こえるね。一呼吸おいて、正しい形を思い出すほうがいい。もしどうしても思い出せないなら、規則動詞を使って言い換えてみて！「I have forgotten」の代わりに、「I don't remember」と言うとかね。
覚えるコツはある？
音でグループ分けしよう！Drink-Drank-Drunk、Shrink-Shrank-Shrunk、Sink-Sank-Sunk。韻を踏んでいると、ずっと頭に残りやすいよ。音楽とリズムは文法の秘密兵器だね。
全部覚える必要ある？
全然そんなことないよ。200語くらいあるけど、日常生活の90%をカバーするにはトップ50だけで十分だ。go、see、eat、take、buy のような、実際に使う単語に集中しよう。
Common Irregular Verb Patterns (V1-V2-V3)
| Base (V1) | Past Simple (V2) | Past Participle (V3) | Pattern |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Sing
|
Sang
|
Sung
|
i-a-u shift
|
|
Drink
|
Drank
|
Drunk
|
i-a-u shift
|
|
Speak
|
Spoke
|
Spoken
|
o-en ending
|
|
Write
|
Wrote
|
Written
|
i-o-en ending
|
|
Buy
|
Bought
|
Bought
|
A-B-B (Same V2/V3)
|
|
Find
|
Found
|
Found
|
A-B-B (Same V2/V3)
|
|
Go
|
Went
|
Gone
|
Totally Irregular
|
|
Eat
|
Ate
|
Eaten
|
A-B-C pattern
|
|
Put
|
Put
|
Put
|
No Change
|
|
Cut
|
Cut
|
Cut
|
No Change
|
Present Perfect Contractions
| Full Form | Contraction | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
I have eaten
|
I've eaten
|
I've eaten already.
|
|
You have seen
|
You've seen
|
You've seen this before.
|
|
He has gone
|
He's gone
|
He's gone home.
|
|
She has done
|
She's done
|
She's done a great job.
|
|
It has broken
|
It's broken
|
It's broken again.
|
|
We have known
|
We've known
|
We've known them for years.
|
|
They have taken
|
They've taken
|
They've taken the car.
|
Meanings
The past participle is a non-finite verb form used to create perfect tenses, the passive voice, and to act as an adjective describing a state resulting from an action.
Perfect Tenses
Used with the auxiliary verb 'have' to indicate completed actions with relevance to the present or another point in time.
“I have known him for years.”
“They had already gone when I arrived.”
Passive Voice
Used with the verb 'be' to shift focus from the doer to the receiver of the action.
“The letter was sent yesterday.”
“The cake was eaten by the kids.”
Adjectival Use
Used as an adjective to describe a noun, often indicating a state or condition.
“A broken window.”
“A hidden treasure.”
Reference Table
| 基本形 | 過去形 | 過去分詞形 | 例文（現在完了形） |
|---|---|---|---|
|
`go`
|
`went`
|
`gone`
|
I `have gone` to the gym.
|
|
`see`
|
`saw`
|
`seen`
|
She `has seen` that film.
|
|
`eat`
|
`ate`
|
`eaten`
|
We `have eaten` breakfast.
|
|
`write`
|
`wrote`
|
`written`
|
He `has written` an email.
|
|
`speak`
|
`spoke`
|
`spoken`
|
They `have spoken` about it.
|
|
`make`
|
`made`
|
`made`
|
You `have made` a great choice.
|
|
`take`
|
`took`
|
`taken`
|
I `have taken` a break.
|
|
`do`
|
`did`
|
`done`
|
She `has done` her best.
|
|
`begin`
|
`began`
|
`begun`
|
The meeting `has begun`.
|
フォーマル度スペクトル
The assignment has been completed and submitted. (Work/Task completion)
I have finished the work. (Work/Task completion)
I'm done with it. (Work/Task completion)
I've crushed it. (Work/Task completion)
過去分詞の世界
主な使い方
- 現在完了形 I have eaten.
- 受動態 It was done.
- 形容詞 A broken cup.
種類
- 規則動詞（-ed） walked, played
- 不規則動詞（-edなし） gone, seen, made
重要なルール
- 助動詞が必要 Must use with 'have' or 'be'.
過去形 vs 過去分詞
適切な過去形を選ぶ
過去の行動を現在と関連付けたいですか、それとも「have/has」を使いますか？
特定の過去の時点での完了した行動について話していて、「have/has」を使っていませんか？
覚えるべき不規則動詞のグループ
母音変化（i-a-u）
- • sing, sang, sung
- • drink, drank, drunk
- • begin, began, begun
-enで終わる形
- • break, broke, broken
- • speak, spoke, spoken
- • write, wrote, written
全て同じ形
- • cut, cut, cut
- • put, put, put
- • hit, hit, hit
ユニークな形
- • go, went, gone
- • be, was/were, been
- • do, did, done
レベル別の例文
I have seen that movie.
She has gone to the shop.
We have eaten dinner.
Have you done your homework?
I have broken my glasses.
He has already bought the tickets.
They have known each other for a week.
The window was broken by the ball.
I've never flown in a private jet before.
The report was written by the manager.
By the time I arrived, they had already begun.
She has hidden the keys somewhere.
The stolen goods were recovered by the police.
I've been forbidden from entering the building.
Having undergone surgery, he needed rest.
The project will have been completed by Friday.
The document was smitten with errors.
Forsaken by his friends, he felt truly alone.
The truth, though long hidden, eventually emerged.
He had his pride stung by the criticism.
The sunken ship lay at the bottom of the ocean.
Woven into the fabric of society is a sense of duty.
The candidate has outswum his rivals in the polls.
The law was overridden by the supreme court.
間違えやすい
Learners use the V2 form (e.g., 'went') when they need the V3 form (e.g., 'gone') because they look the same for regular verbs.
These two verbs are notoriously difficult because the past simple of 'lie' is 'lay', and the participle is 'lain'.
Learners try to add -ed to irregular verbs because it's the most common rule in English.
よくある間違い
I have go.
I have gone.
I have eated.
I have eaten.
He has saw it.
He has seen it.
I seen him.
I saw him. / I have seen him.
The glass was broke.
The glass was broken.
I have drank the water.
I have drunk the water.
She has forgot.
She has forgotten.
I have putted it there.
I have put it there.
I have swam today.
I have swum today.
The book was wrote by him.
The book was written by him.
I had went before him.
I had gone before him.
He has bit me.
He has bitten me.
The sun has rose.
The sun has risen.
He was strucked by lightning.
He was struck by lightning.
I have strove to succeed.
I have striven to succeed.
The bell has rang.
The bell has rung.
文型パターン
I have never ___ in my life.
The window was ___ by the wind.
By the time we arrived, the food had already been ___.
Having ___ the truth, she felt much better.
Real World Usage
I have **led** several successful projects.
I've already **eaten**, but I'll come for a drink!
Have you ever **been** to Japan?
The missing child has been **found**.
Look at this amazing photo I've **taken**!
Your order has been **picked** up.
グループで覚えよう
単独では使わないで！
積極的に思い出す練習が鍵
ネイティブの英語を聞こう
よく使うものから集中しよう
Smart Tips
Check if the verb is irregular. If it is, make sure you aren't using the past simple form by mistake.
Use the participle as an adjective to sound more natural.
It is almost certainly a past participle. Use it with 'have' or 'be'.
Remember the 'i-a-u' rule. The 'u' is for the participle.
発音
The 'U' sound
In i-a-u verbs, the 'u' in the participle is usually a short /ʌ/ sound, like in 'cup'.
Reduced 'Have'
In natural speech, 'have' is often reduced to /v/ after a pronoun, making the participle the most prominent sound.
Emphasis on the Participle
I have SEEN it. ↗
Conveys strong confirmation or experience.
暗記しよう
記憶術
Remember the 'U' in 'Sung' and 'Drunk' stands for 'Used with Have'.
視覚的連想
Imagine a bridge. On one side is the past, on the other is the present. The Past Participle is the bridge that connects them, always supported by two pillars: 'Have' and 'Be'.
Rhyme
I see, I saw, I have seen; my English skills are sharp and keen!
Story
A man named V3 went to a party. He was very shy and never went anywhere without his best friends, 'Have' or 'Be'. One day, he 'had gone' to the store and 'was seen' by everyone.
Word Web
チャレンジ
Look around your room and find 5 things that are in a certain state. Describe them using participles (e.g., 'The light is switched on', 'The book is closed', 'The window is shut').
文化メモ
Americans frequently use 'gotten' as the past participle of 'get', whereas British speakers almost exclusively use 'got'.
In AAVE, the past simple form is sometimes used where standard English requires the participle, or vice versa, which is a systematic grammatical feature of the dialect.
Irish English often uses the 'after + -ing' structure instead of the present perfect with a participle to show a recently completed action.
Most irregular participles come from 'Strong Verbs' in Old English, which changed their vowels to show tense.
会話のきっかけ
Have you ever broken a bone?
What is the most beautiful place you have ever seen?
Have you ever flown in a hot air balloon?
What has been the most difficult thing you've ever done?
日記のテーマ
よくある間違い
Test Yourself
She has never ___ to New York.
Find and fix the mistake:
I have saw that movie already.
正しい文を選んでください:
Arrange the words in the correct order:
All words placed
Click words above to build the sentence
Score: /4
練習問題
8 exercisesI have ___ my keys again!
She has ___ to the manager about the problem.
Find and fix the mistake:
I have went to that restaurant many times.
broken / has / the / window / been
Identify the V3 form of 'swim'.
A: Have you ___ the new movie? B: Yes, I saw it last night.
The past participle of 'cut' is 'cutted'.
Match 'Fly'
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesThe concert has already ___.
She has wrote three emails this morning.
どちらの文が正しいですか？
「Él ha comido todo el chocolate.」を英語に翻訳してください。
これらの単語を並べ替えて文を作ってください:
基本動詞と過去分詞形を一致させてください:
The letter was ___ a week ago.
Many mistakes have been made by the team.
文章を英語に翻訳してください:
She hasn't ___ her new car yet.
これらの単語を並べ替えて疑問文を作ってください:
動詞の形を一致させてください:
Score: /12
よくある質問 (8)
V2 is the Past Simple (e.g., `ate`), used for finished actions. V3 is the Past Participle (e.g., `eaten`), used with 'have' or 'be'.
Because they don't follow the standard rule of adding `-ed` to the end of the verb.
Usually yes for tenses, but you can also use them with 'be' for the passive voice or alone as an adjective (e.g., `a broken heart`).
Yes, it is the standard past participle of 'get' in American English. In British English, 'got' is preferred.
There are about 200 common ones, but you only need to know about 50-70 for daily conversation.
No, that is usually a gerund (the -ing form). Participles act as verbs or adjectives.
Words like `been`, `done`, `seen`, and `gone` are among the most frequently used in English.
It's both! You can say 'I have drunk the juice' (verb) or 'He is drunk' (adjective).
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
El participio
English participles don't change for gender or number, while Spanish ones sometimes do in passive forms.
Le participe passé
French participles must agree with the subject or object in certain conditions, which never happens in English.
Partizip II
German participles usually add a 'ge-' prefix, which English lost centuries ago.
Te-form / Ta-form
Japanese verbs don't have a distinct 'third form' used specifically for perfect tenses like English does.
Ism al-Maf'ul (Passive Participle)
Arabic perfective aspect is usually shown through verb stems rather than a helper verb + participle construction.
Aspect particles (le, guo)
There is no conjugation or 'third form' to memorize in Chinese.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Continue With
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05:04 Rheanyra Meets Daemon At Harrenhal Full Scene- House Of The Dragon Season 2 Episode 8
03:39 Last Call for Mr. Paul
【英語学習】不規則動詞の覚え方！過去形と過去分詞形をマスターしよう！
Atsueigo
【英語学習】不規則動詞を覚えるコツ！
Hapa Eikaiwa
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