laborer
A laborer is a person who does physical work with their hands or body.
They often work in places like farms, factories, or building sites.
They get paid money for their work.
Think of someone who helps build a house or picks fruit in a field.
They don't usually need special training for their job.
A laborer is a person who does hard physical work for money.
Think of people building houses or working on farms; these are often called laborers.
They usually do not have special school degrees for their jobs.
Their work is important in many businesses like building things or making products.
A laborer is a person who does physical work to earn money. This often involves using their hands and strength.
For example, someone who builds houses or works on a farm might be called a laborer.
They usually do not have special professional training or degrees for their job.
This word is often used when talking about different types of jobs and workers in the economy.
A laborer is a worker who primarily does physical jobs. These jobs often involve manual tasks, such as those found in construction or agriculture. They typically earn wages for their work, and the term highlights that they usually don't have specialized professional qualifications. It's a term frequently used in discussions about economics and different industries.
At the C2 CEFR level, understanding the term "laborer" goes beyond a basic definition. It involves a nuanced comprehension of its socio-economic implications and historical context. A C2 learner would grasp that the term often denotes individuals engaged in physically demanding, often unskilled or semi-skilled, work, typically for wages. Furthermore, they would recognize its frequent use in academic and economic discourse to categorize workers in sectors like construction, agriculture, or manufacturing, distinguishing them from those with specialized professional certifications. The term encapsulates a specific segment of the workforce, highlighting aspects of their employment, economic contribution, and societal positioning.
laborer 30초 만에
- Performs physical work.
- Often manual tasks.
- Receives wages.
§ How to use it in a sentence — grammar, prepositions
- Definition
- A laborer is an individual who performs physical work, typically manual tasks, in exchange for wages. This term is often used in economic and academic contexts to describe workers in industries such as construction, agriculture, or manufacturing who do not possess specialized professional certifications.
The word "laborer" is a noun and refers to a person. It can be used in both singular and plural forms. When used in a sentence, it typically follows articles (a, an, the) or possessive determiners (my, your, their). It can also be modified by adjectives to provide more specific details about the type of work they do or their characteristics.
Here are some common grammatical structures and prepositions used with "laborer":
- As the subject of a sentence: The laborer worked tirelessly in the fields.
- As the object of a verb: The company hired many laborers for the new project.
- With prepositions indicating location: A laborer in the construction industry.
- With prepositions indicating purpose or type of work: A laborer for a landscaping company.
The laborer carefully laid each brick, ensuring the wall was sturdy.
In this sentence, "laborer" is the subject and performs the action of laying bricks. The adverb "carefully" modifies the verb "laid," describing how the action was performed.
Many seasonal laborers migrate to the region during harvest season.
Here, "laborers" is in its plural form and is modified by the adjective "seasonal," indicating the temporary nature of their work. The phrase "to the region" uses the preposition "to" to show direction, and "during harvest season" uses "during" to indicate a time frame.
The factory relies on skilled laborers for its intricate assembly line.
In this example, "skilled" is an adjective describing the laborers, highlighting their expertise. The preposition "for" indicates the purpose or reliance on the laborers for the assembly line.
When using "laborer" in academic or formal contexts, it’s often used in discussions about labor markets, economic classifications, or social stratification. In such contexts, precision in language is crucial to avoid misinterpretations. For instance, when discussing historical periods, the term might be used to differentiate from artisans, craftsmen, or professionals.
Historians study the living conditions of agricultural laborers in the 19th century.
Here, "agricultural" specifies the type of laborer. The preposition "in" indicates a time period.
Consider the subtle differences when pairing "laborer" with different prepositions:
- Laborer *on* a farm: This emphasizes the location of their work.
- Laborer *for* a company: This highlights their employment relationship.
- Laborer *with* strength: This describes a characteristic of the laborer.
Understanding these nuances will help you use "laborer" accurately and effectively in your writing and speech, especially in contexts where precise terminology is valued. Paying attention to adjectives that modify "laborer" and the prepositions that connect it to other parts of the sentence will enhance clarity and meaning.
§ Where you actually hear this word — work, school, news
The term "laborer" is quite versatile and appears in various contexts, from formal academic discussions to everyday news reports. Understanding these different environments can significantly enhance your grasp of its nuances. It's a word that bridges the gap between historical discussions of work and contemporary economic analysis.
§ In Academic and Economic Contexts
In academic circles, particularly within economics, sociology, and history, "laborer" is a fundamental term. It's used to categorize a specific segment of the workforce, often in contrast to skilled professionals, managers, or entrepreneurs. Economic theories, such as those by classical economists like Adam Smith and Karl Marx, frequently discuss the role and conditions of laborers in the production process.
- Economic Analysis
- Economists use "laborer" to analyze labor markets, wage structures, and the impact of automation on employment. Studies might focus on the productivity of manual labor or the economic contributions of the blue-collar workforce.
The industrial revolution led to a massive migration of rural laborers to urban factories, transforming societal structures.
- Historical Studies
- Historians employ the term to describe workers in various historical periods, from ancient agrarian societies to the industrial age. They examine the living and working conditions of these individuals, their social status, and their role in historical events.
Records from the 19th century reveal the arduous daily lives of coal mine laborers.
§ In News and Media
News reports often use "laborer" when discussing employment figures, industrial disputes, or the impact of economic policies on different segments of the population. It's a convenient shorthand to refer to workers engaged in physical, often less-skilled, occupations.
- Reporting on Industry
- When news outlets report on sectors like manufacturing, construction, or agriculture, they frequently use "laborer" to describe the on-the-ground workforce. This can be in reports about new job creation, factory closures, or working conditions.
The new infrastructure project is expected to create thousands of jobs for local laborers.
- Social Issues and Rights
- The term also appears in discussions about labor rights, immigration, and social welfare programs. News stories might highlight the challenges faced by migrant laborers or advocate for better protections for manual workers.
Advocacy groups are calling for improved safety standards for agricultural laborers.
§ In Everyday Conversation and Literature
While less common in casual everyday conversation than more specific job titles (e.g., "construction worker," "factory worker"), "laborer" can still be heard, especially when speaking generally about manual work. In literature, it often serves to evoke a certain historical period or social class.
- In a historical novel, a character might be described as a "sturdy laborer" working in the fields.
- In a documentary about industrialization, the narrator might refer to the "unsung laborers" who built the railroads.
Understanding where you typically encounter "laborer" helps in discerning its precise meaning and connotations. Whether it's in a scholarly text, a news report, or a piece of literature, the context will often provide clues about the specific type of manual work being discussed and the social or economic implications associated with it.
§ Understanding 'Laborer' in Context
The term 'laborer' is a highly specific noun used to describe an individual engaged in physical, often strenuous, work for a wage. It carries a certain connotation of work that is typically manual and may not require extensive specialized training or academic qualifications, setting it apart from professions that demand advanced degrees or certifications. Understanding its nuances is crucial for precise communication, especially in academic, economic, or historical contexts.
When using 'laborer', it's important to consider the context. It's frequently applied to workers in sectors like construction, agriculture, manufacturing, and often implies a direct, hands-on involvement with physical tasks. The word emphasizes the physical aspect of the work over intellectual or managerial contributions. It's a term that has evolved, and while historically it might have been used more broadly, its modern usage often highlights a contrast with skilled tradespeople or white-collar professionals.
§ Similar Words and Their Distinctions
While 'laborer' might seem straightforward, several synonyms and related terms exist, each with its own subtle differences in meaning and usage. Choosing the right word depends on the specific context and the precise nuance you wish to convey.
Worker: This is a much broader term than 'laborer'. A 'worker' can be anyone engaged in any form of employment, whether manual, intellectual, or administrative. It doesn't specify the type of work performed. While all laborers are workers, not all workers are laborers.
The company hired new workers for their marketing department.
Manual worker: This term is very close to 'laborer' but can sometimes be slightly broader. 'Manual worker' explicitly states that the work involves physical effort, but it doesn't always carry the same connotation of being unskilled or having less specialized training as 'laborer' might. For example, a skilled artisan might be considered a manual worker, but 'laborer' might not be the most appropriate term for them.
The factory employs many manual workers on the assembly line.
Blue-collar worker: This is a socio-economic term that refers to workers who perform manual labor, often in industrial settings. It's more about a social classification and type of employment rather than solely the nature of the work. While laborers are typically blue-collar workers, the term 'blue-collar' encompasses a wider range of occupations, including skilled trades.
The union represents a large number of blue-collar workers.
Toiler: This word is more literary and emphasizes hard, continuous, and often exhausting work. It can apply to anyone who toils, regardless of whether their work is physical or intellectual. It carries a stronger sense of effort and struggle than 'laborer'.
The farmer was a dedicated toiler in his fields.
Workman/Workwoman: These terms are somewhat older and can be used to refer to a person employed for manual labor, often in construction or manufacturing. They carry a similar meaning to 'laborer' but are less common in modern formal writing. 'Workman' can sometimes imply a certain skill level within a trade, distinguishing it slightly from the more general 'laborer'.
The skilled workman quickly repaired the broken pipe.
§ When to Use 'Laborer'
Use 'laborer' when you want to specifically refer to someone who performs physical, often unskilled or semi-skilled, work for wages. It is particularly appropriate in discussions about:
Economic discussions: When analyzing labor markets, employment statistics, or historical working conditions.
Historical contexts: When discussing the workforce of past eras, particularly in industrial or agricultural settings.
Specific industries: Such as construction, agriculture, or manufacturing, where manual tasks are prevalent and a significant portion of the workforce might fit this description.
Distinguishing from other types of workers: When you need to differentiate between those performing physical tasks and those in managerial, professional, or highly skilled technical roles.
- DEFINITION
- A laborer is an individual who performs physical work, typically manual tasks, in exchange for wages. This term is often used in economic and academic contexts to describe workers in industries such as construction, agriculture, or manufacturing who do not possess specialized professional certifications.
It's important to be mindful of the potential for 'laborer' to be perceived as less respectful than 'worker' in some contemporary social contexts, as it can sometimes carry a connotation of lower status or lack of specialized skill. However, in academic and economic discussions, it remains a precise and valuable term.
The construction site was filled with diligent laborers working under the summer sun.
알아야 할 문법
Nouns are words that represent people, places, things, or ideas.
The laborer carried a heavy load.
Common nouns name general categories of people, places, things, or ideas.
A laborer is a type of worker.
Nouns can be subjects of a sentence, performing the action of the verb.
The laborer worked tirelessly.
Nouns can be objects of a verb or preposition, receiving the action or completing the phrase.
The manager hired a new laborer.
Nouns can be modified by adjectives to provide more specific information.
The skilled laborer completed the task efficiently.
수준별 예문
The strong laborer carried heavy bricks.
A strong worker carried heavy bricks.
A simple sentence using a common adjective and past tense verb.
My dad was a laborer in the factory.
My father worked in the factory.
A straightforward sentence using 'was' to describe a past profession.
Many laborers build houses in the city.
Many workers build houses.
A present tense sentence showing a general activity.
She saw a laborer digging a big hole.
She saw a worker digging.
Uses 'saw' (past tense of see) and a present participle ('digging') to describe an ongoing action in the past.
The laborer works hard every day.
The worker works hard.
A simple present tense sentence showing a habitual action.
We need more laborers for the farm.
We need more workers for the farm.
Uses 'need' to express a requirement.
He helped the old laborer carry his tools.
He helped the old worker with his tools.
A past tense sentence using 'helped' and a possessive adjective.
A laborer's job can be very tiring.
A worker's job can be tiring.
Uses the possessive form ('laborer's') and 'can be' to express possibility.
The construction site was bustling with skilled laborers, each contributing to the rapid progress of the new skyscraper.
Construction site: lugar de construcción, bustling: bullicioso, skilled laborers: trabajadores calificados, contributing: contribuyendo, rapid progress: progreso rápido, new skyscraper: nuevo rascacielos.
Here, 'laborers' is used in its plural form, referring to multiple individuals. The adjective 'skilled' modifies 'laborers', indicating a specific type of worker.
In many developing countries, agricultural laborers form the backbone of the economy, working long hours to cultivate essential crops.
Developing countries: países en desarrollo, agricultural laborers: trabajadores agrícolas, backbone of the economy: columna vertebral de la economía, working long hours: trabajando largas horas, cultivate: cultivar, essential crops: cultivos esenciales.
The phrase 'agricultural laborers' specifies the type of work performed. 'Form the backbone' is an idiom meaning they are essential.
Despite their crucial role, many laborers around the world face challenging working conditions and inadequate pay.
Despite their crucial role: a pesar de su papel crucial, challenging working conditions: condiciones de trabajo desafiantes, inadequate pay: pago inadecuado.
'Despite' introduces a contrast. 'Crucial role' highlights their importance, while 'challenging working conditions' and 'inadequate pay' describe negative aspects.
Historically, factory laborers played a pivotal role in the industrial revolution, driving innovation and mass production.
Historically: históricamente, factory laborers: trabajadores de fábrica, pivotal role: papel fundamental, industrial revolution: revolución industrial, driving innovation: impulsando la innovación, mass production: producción en masa.
'Factory laborers' specifies the work environment. 'Pivotal role' emphasizes their critical importance in a historical context.
The government introduced new policies aimed at improving the rights and welfare of migrant laborers, ensuring fair treatment.
Government: gobierno, introduced new policies: introdujo nuevas políticas, aimed at: destinado a, improving the rights: mejorando los derechos, welfare of migrant laborers: bienestar de los trabajadores migrantes, ensuring fair treatment: asegurando un trato justo.
'Migrant laborers' indicates workers who move between regions for work. 'Aimed at improving' signifies the purpose of the policies.
During the harvest season, there is a high demand for seasonal laborers to help gather crops efficiently.
Harvest season: temporada de cosecha, high demand: alta demanda, seasonal laborers: trabajadores de temporada, gather crops: recolectar cosechas, efficiently: eficientemente.
'Seasonal laborers' describes workers employed for specific periods. 'High demand' indicates a strong need for their services.
The safety regulations were put in place to protect laborers from potential hazards on the job.
Safety regulations: regulaciones de seguridad, put in place: implementadas, protect laborers: proteger a los trabajadores, potential hazards: peligros potenciales, on the job: en el trabajo.
'Safety regulations' are rules designed to ensure worker safety. 'Potential hazards' refers to possible dangers.
She started her career as a general laborer, gradually acquiring new skills and advancing to a supervisory role.
Started her career: comenzó su carrera, general laborer: trabajador general, gradually acquiring new skills: adquiriendo gradualmente nuevas habilidades, advancing to a supervisory role: avanzando a un puesto de supervisión.
'General laborer' implies a worker performing a variety of basic tasks. 'Gradually acquiring' highlights a process of continuous learning and progression.
The sheer physical arduousness endured by the laborers in the antiquated factory profoundly underscored the urgent imperative for contemporary ergonomic reforms.
The extreme physical difficulty experienced by the workers in the old factory highlighted the urgent need for modern ergonomic improvements.
This sentence employs complex vocabulary ('arduousness,' 'antiquated,' 'imperative,' 'ergonomic') and a sophisticated sentence structure, typical of C2 English.
Historically, the plight of the agrarian laborer was characterized by systemic exploitation and a precarious existence, a narrative extensively documented in socio-economic treatises.
Historically, the difficult situation of the farm worker was marked by widespread exploitation and an unstable life, a story often found in social and economic studies.
The use of 'plight,' 'agrarian,' 'systemic exploitation,' and 'precarious existence' demonstrates a high level of lexical sophistication. 'Treatises' is an advanced term for formal written works.
The industrial revolution, while catalyzing unprecedented economic growth, concomitantly engendered a vast demographic of urban laborers whose living conditions were often deplorable.
The industrial revolution, while causing huge economic growth, also created a large group of city workers whose living conditions were often terrible.
Words like 'catalyzing,' 'unprecedented,' 'concomitantly,' 'engendered,' and 'deplorable' are characteristic of C2 vocabulary. The sentence structure is also elaborate.
Advocates for labor rights ceaselessly campaigned for equitable remuneration and enhanced safety protocols for the laborers toiling in hazardous environments.
Supporters of workers' rights constantly fought for fair pay and better safety rules for the laborers working in dangerous places.
Vocabulary such as 'advocates,' 'ceaselessly,' 'equitable remuneration,' 'enhanced safety protocols,' and 'toiling' indicates a C2 level. The sentence expresses abstract concepts.
The economic disparity between the managerial echelon and the manual laborer often manifested as profound societal schisms, perpetuating cycles of disenfranchisement.
The economic difference between management and manual workers often appeared as deep societal divisions, continuing cycles of being deprived of rights.
This sentence uses advanced vocabulary like 'disparity,' 'echelon,' 'manifested,' 'profound societal schisms,' and 'disenfranchisement,' all indicative of C2 proficiency.
Despite their pivotal contribution to infrastructure development, the anonymous laborer's narrative frequently remains marginalized in official historical accounts.
Even though they played a key role in building infrastructure, the story of the anonymous worker often stays overlooked in official history books.
The phrases 'pivotal contribution,' 'infrastructure development,' 'anonymous laborer's narrative,' and 'marginalized' are all advanced and contribute to the C2 rating.
The burgeoning gig economy presents a paradigm shift in employment, reconfiguring the traditional relationship between the laborer and the employer.
The growing gig economy is a big change in employment, reshaping the usual relationship between the worker and the employer.
Words like 'burgeoning,' 'paradigm shift,' 'reconfiguring,' and 'traditional relationship' are sophisticated. The sentence discusses complex economic concepts.
Sociologists extensively analyze the socio-economic implications of automation on the manual laborer, predicting profound transformations in the future of work.
Sociologists deeply study the social and economic effects of automation on manual workers, expecting big changes in how we work in the future.
This sentence employs academic language ('sociologists,' 'socio-economic implications,' 'automation,' 'profound transformations') and discusses abstract future trends, fitting the C2 descriptor.
동의어
반의어
자주 쓰는 조합
자주 쓰는 구문
to work as a laborer
to be employed in physical work
demand for laborers
the need for workers, especially those performing physical tasks
shortage of laborers
a lack of available workers, particularly for physical jobs
laborer's wages
the pay received by a worker for their physical labor
rights of laborers
the entitlements and protections given to workers
exploitation of laborers
the unfair treatment or use of workers for profit
treatment of laborers
how workers are managed or dealt with
dignity of the laborer
the respect and worth of a person who performs physical work
to employ a laborer
to hire someone to do physical work
to provide laborers
to supply workers, especially for physical tasks
관용어 및 표현
"a day's labor"
The amount of work typically performed in one day.
After a day's labor in the fields, the farmer was exhausted.
neutral"labor of love"
Work done with great care and dedication, often without expectation of financial reward.
Building the community garden was a labor of love for the volunteers.
neutral"hard labor"
Physically demanding and arduous work.
He was sentenced to ten years of hard labor for his crimes.
formal"cheap labor"
Workers who are paid very low wages.
Some companies move their factories overseas to take advantage of cheap labor.
neutral"manual labor"
Work that involves physical effort, often with the hands.
Many immigrants found employment in manual labor jobs when they first arrived.
neutral"forced labor"
Work performed under duress or threat, without free consent.
The human rights organization documented several cases of forced labor in the region.
formal"sweat of one's brow"
Hard work and effort, often referring to physical toil.
He earned his living by the sweat of his brow, working tirelessly every day.
neutral"to be in labor"
(Specifically for childbirth) The process of giving birth, involving contractions.
The expectant mother went into labor early that morning.
neutral"divide the labor"
To share the tasks or responsibilities among a group of people.
They decided to divide the labor so that everyone had a role in organizing the event.
neutral"put in the labor"
To exert the necessary effort or work to achieve something.
If you want to succeed, you have to put in the labor.
informal사용법
A laborer is generally understood as someone who performs arduous work using their physical strength rather than intellectual skills or advanced machinery. The term can carry a connotation of lower social status or economic standing, though this is not inherent in its definition.
While 'laborer' can refer to a worker in general, it specifically emphasizes the physical aspect of the work. For instance, a software engineer is a worker, but not typically called a laborer, as their work is primarily intellectual. However, a construction worker who lays bricks would accurately be described as a laborer.
Using 'laborer' interchangeably with 'worker' or 'employee' without considering the physical work connotation: While a laborer is a type of worker, not all workers are laborers. It's crucial to reserve 'laborer' for those performing manual tasks.
Applying 'laborer' to highly skilled manual trades: Although plumbers, electricians, or carpenters perform manual work, they are often referred to by their specific trade names due to the specialized skills and training involved, which differentiates them from a general 'laborer'. Using 'laborer' for these roles might strip them of their professional recognition.
Using 'laborer' in a derogatory way: While the term is neutral, its historical association with lower-paid, physically demanding work can lead to it being perceived negatively. It's important to use the term respectfully and in appropriate contexts, focusing on its descriptive rather than its potentially judgmental aspects.
셀프 테스트 48 질문
He is a ___ at the farm.
A laborer works at the farm doing physical work.
The ___ works hard every day.
A laborer is a person who works hard.
My dad is a ___ in construction.
In construction, a laborer does physical work.
She sees many ___ on the building site.
Laborers work on building sites.
The ___ carries heavy boxes.
A laborer often carries heavy things.
He is a strong ___.
A laborer needs to be strong for physical work.
Listen to the sentence about a worker.
Listen for who works hard.
Listen for who she helps.
Read this aloud:
I am a worker.
Focus: worker
당신의 답변:
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Read this aloud:
He is a strong laborer.
Focus: laborer
당신의 답변:
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
Read this aloud:
The laborer builds houses.
Focus: builds
당신의 답변:
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
This sentence introduces the word 'laborer' in a simple context.
This sentence uses a pronoun with 'laborer'.
This sentence shows a common action for a laborer.
Listen to the sentence about a hard worker.
Listen to the sentence about where the laborer works.
Listen to the sentence about what laborers build.
Read this aloud:
The laborer is tired.
Focus: /ˈleɪbərər/
당신의 답변:
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
Read this aloud:
She wants to be a laborer.
Focus: /wɑnts tu bi ə ˈleɪbərər/
당신의 답변:
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
Read this aloud:
A laborer helps build our city.
Focus: /ə ˈleɪbərər hɛlps bɪld aʊər ˈsɪti/
당신의 답변:
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
This sentence describes someone who works with their hands.
This sentence describes a typical work ethic.
This sentence gives an example of what a laborer might do.
This order forms a grammatically correct and meaningful sentence describing the actions of a construction laborer.
This arrangement creates a coherent sentence about the importance of agricultural laborers.
This sequence constructs a grammatically sound sentence detailing the tasks of a factory laborer.
Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the role of a laborer?
A laborer typically performs physical, manual tasks. Among the given options, a construction worker lifting heavy beams most accurately fits this description.
In an academic context, referring to individuals involved in agricultural work without specialized certifications, which term would be most appropriate?
The definition explicitly states that 'laborer' is often used in economic and academic contexts to describe workers in industries such as agriculture who do not possess specialized professional certifications. 'Agricultural laborers' is the most fitting term.
Which characteristic is NOT typically associated with the term 'laborer' as defined?
The definition states that laborers 'do not possess specialized professional certifications.' Therefore, this characteristic is not typically associated with the term.
A highly skilled artisan who meticulously crafts bespoke furniture is accurately described as a laborer according to the provided definition.
While an artisan performs physical work and receives wages, the definition emphasizes 'typically manual tasks' and 'do not possess specialized professional certifications.' A highly skilled artisan usually possesses specialized skills and knowledge, which distinguishes them from the general definition of a laborer.
The term 'laborer' is exclusively used to describe individuals who perform physically demanding jobs in developing countries.
The definition states that the term is 'often used in economic and academic contexts to describe workers in industries such as construction, agriculture, or manufacturing.' It does not restrict its use to developing countries, nor does it specify 'physically demanding' as an exclusive qualifier, but rather 'physical work, typically manual tasks.'
An individual who performs administrative tasks in an office environment, regardless of their pay structure, is typically considered a laborer.
The definition specifies that a laborer 'performs physical work, typically manual tasks.' Administrative tasks are generally not considered physical or manual in the context of this definition.
This sentence correctly orders the words to form a coherent statement about the impact of a lack of skilled workers on a construction project.
This sentence accurately reconstructs the historical context of agricultural workers' struggles in societal discourse.
This sentence correctly arranges the words to describe the changing trends in the need for non-specialized workers in manufacturing.
/ 48 correct
Perfect score!
Summary
A laborer is an individual who performs physical, often manual, work for wages, typically in industries like construction or agriculture without requiring specialized certifications.
- Performs physical work.
- Often manual tasks.
- Receives wages.
예시
The laborer spent the entire morning hauling heavy timber across the building site.
관련 콘텐츠
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abmissery
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absigntude
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accomplishment
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achievement
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adept
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adflexship
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