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B1 adjective 15분 분량

antique

예시
설명 antique in your Level:
At the A1 level, the word 'antique' is a useful way to describe things that are 'very, very old'. While you might usually use 'vieux' (old), 'antique' is a special word for things from history, like the pyramids in Egypt or the old buildings in Rome. In French, adjectives usually come after the noun, so you say 'un monument antique'. The good news is that 'antique' is the same for boys (masculine) and girls (feminine) in the singular—it already has an 'e' at the end! You only need to add an 's' if there is more than one. Think of 'antique' as a 'fancy' way to say old when you are talking about history or museums. You might see it on signs if you travel to France and visit old Roman ruins in the south. It's a great word to make your French sound a bit more advanced even at the beginning of your journey. Just remember: 'vieux' is for your old shoes, but 'antique' is for a Roman statue! You will mainly use it to talk about history class or things you see in a museum. It is a very clear word because it looks almost like the English word 'antique'.
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At the A2 level, you can start using 'antique' to distinguish between different types of 'old'. While 'ancien' can mean 'former' (like 'mon ancien prof'), 'antique' specifically refers to the time of the Romans and Greeks. You might use it when describing your last vacation or a movie you saw. For example, 'J'ai vu un film sur la Rome antique' (I saw a movie about Ancient Rome). Notice how 'antique' follows the noun. You should also be careful with the word 'antiquité'. In English, you say 'I bought an antique', but in French, you say 'J'ai acheté une antiquité'. The word 'antique' is the adjective, not the object itself. You can also use it to describe styles, like 'un vase antique'. At this level, you should focus on the correct plural agreement: 'des colonnes antiques'. It’s a word that helps you talk about culture and heritage. When you are in a French city like Nîmes or Arles, you will see this word everywhere on tourist maps. It adds a level of precision to your descriptions of historical sites. Try to use it instead of 'très vieux' when the context is historical. This shows you understand the cultural nuance of the French language regarding history.
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At the B1 level, you should be comfortable using 'antique' in more varied contexts, including discussions about art, literature, and history. You understand that 'antique' refers to 'L'Antiquité', the period before the Middle Ages. You can use it to describe abstract concepts like 'la philosophie antique' or 'le droit antique'. At this stage, you should also be aware of the figurative use. Sometimes, French speakers use 'antique' to describe something very old-fashioned or outdated, often with a touch of irony. For example, 'C'est une méthode antique !' might be said about a very slow way of doing something. You also need to be precise with your synonyms. You can now distinguish between 'antique' (ancient), 'vétuste' (dilapidated), and 'périmé' (expired). 'Antique' always maintains a sense of historical dignity. When writing essays or speaking about heritage, 'antique' is the appropriate term for classical ruins and artifacts. You should also notice how it is used in the names of famous places, like the 'Théâtre Antique d'Orange'. This level requires you to use the word naturally in sentences without confusing it with its English noun counterpart. You can also start to explore word families, connecting 'antique' to 'antiquaire' (antique dealer) and 'antiquaire' (someone who studies the past).
At the B2 level, 'antique' becomes a tool for nuanced expression. You can use it to discuss the influence of the ancient world on modern society. For instance, you might talk about 'l'influence de la tragédie antique sur le théâtre classique français'. You understand that 'antique' is not just a chronological marker but an aesthetic one. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the 'style antique' was a major movement in France, and you can use the word to describe neoclassical architecture or furniture. You are also expected to handle the word in complex grammatical structures, such as using it in comparisons: 'Cette sculpture, bien que moderne, possède une grâce toute antique'. Here, 'antique' is used to describe a quality of timelessness and balance. You should also be aware of the 'Querelle des Anciens et des Modernes', a famous literary debate where 'les Anciens' (the ancient authors) were compared to modern ones. At B2, your vocabulary should be rich enough to use 'antique' to evoke a specific atmosphere—one of grandeur, stability, and historical depth. You can also use it in more formal writing, such as analyzing a text or a piece of art, where 'vieux' would be too colloquial and 'ancien' might be too vague. You are also more sensitive to the phonetic difference between 'antique' and 'antique' in English, ensuring your nasal 'an' is perfect.
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At the C1 level, you use 'antique' with full awareness of its literary and philosophical connotations. You might encounter it in the works of authors like Racine or Victor Hugo, where 'l'antique' represents a lost golden age or a source of eternal truth. You can use the adjective to describe subtle human qualities, like 'une vertu antique' (a traditional, stoic virtue) or 'un calme antique'. At this level, you can also engage with the word's role in the history of ideas. You might discuss how 'la cité antique' (the ancient city-state) differs from the modern nation-state. Your use of 'antique' should reflect an understanding of its prestige and its ability to elevate the register of a sentence. You can also use it in highly specific domains like archeology or numismatics (the study of coins) with ease. For example, 'L'expertise a révélé que la patine était véritablement antique'. You are also capable of identifying when 'antique' is used as a stylistic device, such as an archaism in modern poetry. The distinction between 'antique' and 'archaïque' is now clear to you: 'antique' often implies a model to be followed or admired, whereas 'archaïque' often implies something that needs to be evolved or replaced. You can navigate these nuances in both formal speeches and academic writing.
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At the C2 level, 'antique' is a word you can manipulate with stylistic mastery. You understand its deep resonance within the French language as a symbol of the 'Classical' ideal. You can use it in sophisticated metaphors or to evoke a specific 'grand siècle' atmosphere. You are aware of how the word has been used throughout the centuries to define French identity in opposition to, or in continuity with, the Roman Empire. In your own writing, you might use 'antique' to describe a landscape that feels unchanged by time, or a silence that feels 'antique' in its depth. You can participate in high-level academic discussions about 'l'hellénisme' or 'la latinité', using 'antique' as a precise descriptor for these influences. You also understand the subtle irony when 'antique' is used to describe the rigidities of the French administration or the 'vieille France' mentality. Your pronunciation is indistinguishable from a native speaker, and you can use the word in complex, multi-clause sentences with perfect agreement and placement. At this level, 'antique' is not just a word you know; it is a cultural reference point that you can weave into your discourse to provide historical depth and intellectual weight. You might even use the noun form 'l'antique' in a collective sense (e.g., 'travailler d'après l'antique') to refer to the practice of copying classical works in art school.
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예시

The French adjective antique is a term deeply rooted in the historical and cultural consciousness of the French language. At its primary level, it refers to anything belonging to the period of history that precedes the Middle Ages, specifically the era of the great Mediterranean civilizations like Ancient Greece, Rome, and Egypt. Unlike the generic word 'ancien' (old/former) or 'vieux' (old), 'antique' carries a weight of historical significance and often a sense of classical beauty or foundational importance. When a French speaker describes a statue as 'antique,' they are not merely saying it is old; they are identifying it as a relic of a specific epoch that shaped Western civilization. This distinction is crucial for learners because using 'vieux' for a Roman ruin might sound overly simplistic, while 'antique' elevates the discourse to a historical or artistic level.

Historical Context
In French education, 'l'Antiquité' is the first major period studied in history, spanning from the invention of writing to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD. Therefore, the adjective 'antique' is inextricably linked to this academic and cultural framework.

Beyond its strictly historical application, 'antique' is also used to describe things that are very old-fashioned or that belong to a bygone era in a way that feels out of place in the modern world. However, this usage can sometimes lean toward the pejorative or the humorous. For instance, describing someone's ideas as 'antiques' suggests they are not just old, but perhaps obsolete or belonging to a different age entirely. In the world of art and interior design, 'antique' is used to specify a style that mimics or originates from the classical period, such as 'le style antique' which gained popularity during the French Empire under Napoleon, who was obsessed with Roman aesthetics.

Cette ville possède de nombreux vestiges de l'époque antique, attirant des touristes du monde entier.

The word also appears in various specialized domains. In literature, one might speak of 'le théâtre antique' to refer to the plays of Sophocles or Euripides. In law or philosophy, 'le droit antique' refers to the legal systems of the past. The versatility of the word allows it to move from a neutral chronological marker to a value-laden descriptor of elegance and timelessness. It is a word that invites the listener to look back through the centuries and appreciate the longevity of human creation and thought.

Aesthetic Usage
When describing furniture or jewelry, 'antique' implies a certain nobility and craftsmanship that modern mass-produced items lack. It suggests a connection to the 'Grand Siècle' or even further back.

Elle porte un collier au design antique qui semble appartenir à une reine d'autrefois.

In summary, 'antique' is a word of prestige. It is used when the speaker wants to emphasize the historical lineage, the classical beauty, or the extreme age of an object, idea, or period. It is less about the physical state of being old (which might be 'usé' or 'vieux') and more about the chronological and cultural category of the 'Ancient World'. It is an essential adjective for anyone wishing to discuss history, art, or architecture in French with precision and sophistication.

Register and Nuance
The word is generally formal or neutral. In informal speech, it might be used ironically to describe a very old car or an elderly person's habits, but its primary home is in museums, history books, and refined conversation.

L'architecture antique influence encore aujourd'hui les architectes modernes par sa symétrie.

Nous avons visité un théâtre antique à Orange pendant nos vacances en France.

Le musée expose des pièces de monnaie antiques trouvées lors de fouilles archéologiques.

Using 'antique' correctly in French requires an understanding of its grammatical behavior and its placement relative to the noun. As an adjective, 'antique' typically follows the noun it modifies. For example, you would say 'un vase antique' (an ancient vase) rather than 'un antique vase'. This follows the general rule in French where adjectives of color, shape, and specific categories (like historical periods) follow the noun. However, like many French adjectives, 'antique' must agree in number with the noun it describes. While the spelling remains the same for both masculine and feminine singular (antique), you must add an 's' for the plural form (antiques).

Agreement Rules
Singular: un monument antique (masc.), une statue antique (fem.). Plural: des monuments antiques (masc.), des statues antiques (fem.).

When constructing sentences, 'antique' is often paired with nouns related to culture, history, and physical remnants of the past. It is very common in descriptions of travel or academic research. For instance, 'J'étudie la philosophie antique' (I study ancient philosophy). Here, the word provides a specific temporal boundary to the subject of study. If you were to say 'J'étudie la vieille philosophie', it would sound as if the philosophy is simply old or outdated, whereas 'antique' gives it the prestige of the classical Greek and Roman thinkers like Plato or Aristotle.

Les historiens analysent les textes antiques pour comprendre la vie quotidienne à Rome.

Another interesting way to use 'antique' is in comparative structures. You might compare modern techniques with 'les méthodes antiques'. In this context, 'antique' can imply a sense of tradition or a method that has stood the test of time. For example, 'Ce boulanger utilise un four de conception antique' (This baker uses a kiln of ancient design). This suggests a artisanal quality and a respect for history. It is also used to describe physical characteristics of people in a literary sense, such as 'un profil antique' (an ancient profile), referring to a face that looks like it could be carved on a Greek coin, usually implying a straight nose and strong features.

In more complex sentences, 'antique' can be modified by adverbs to provide more nuance. 'Un objet véritablement antique' (A truly ancient object) or 'Une tradition presque antique' (An almost ancient tradition). These modifiers help to clarify whether the speaker is being literal or figurative. In the figurative sense, you might hear someone say 'C'est une voiture antique !' to joke about a car from the 1980s. While technically incorrect (as the 80s are not 'l'Antiquité'), it is a common hyperbolic use to mean 'extremely old'.

Common Noun Pairings
Histoire antique, civilisation antique, art antique, langue antique (like Latin or Ancient Greek), temple antique.

Le professeur nous a montré des cartes de la Méditerranée antique.

Finally, when using 'antique' in the plural, ensure that the preceding article or determiner is also plural. 'Ces traditions antiques' (These ancient traditions). The flow of the sentence should maintain the rhythm of the 'k' sound at the end of the word, which is crisp and clear in French. Practicing the transition from the noun to the adjective is key to sounding natural. For example, in 'un site antique', the 't' of 'site' and the 'a' of 'antique' do not usually form a mandatory liaison, but the clarity of the 'que' ending is vital.

Sentence Structure
Subject + Verb + [Determiner + Noun + Antique]. Example: Nous visitons un palais antique.

Elle se passionne pour la mythologie antique depuis son enfance.

Les colonnes antiques du temple soutiennent encore une partie du toit.

Il possède une collection de manuscrits antiques très rare.

In the daily life of a French person, the word 'antique' might not pop up as often as 'pain' or 'café', but it is omnipresent in specific, high-frequency contexts. One of the most common places you will hear it is in the media, especially in documentaries or news segments about archeology and heritage. France is a country with a rich Roman past, and whenever a new ruin is discovered during a construction project in cities like Lyon, Marseille, or Nîmes, the news reports will inevitably use the word 'antique'. You might hear a journalist say, 'Une mosaïque antique a été découverte sous la place principale', highlighting the excitement of finding something from the ancient world right beneath modern feet.

Cultural Tourism
Tourism is a major part of the French economy. If you visit the south of France, you will see 'Théâtre Antique' on road signs and in brochures. These are active venues where concerts and plays are still performed today.

Another sphere where 'antique' is frequently heard is in the world of art and collectibles. France has a famous culture of 'brocantes' (flea markets) and 'antiquaires' (antique dealers). While the items sold are often 'vintage' or from the 18th and 19th centuries, the adjective 'antique' is used to describe the most prestigious and truly ancient pieces. In a high-end auction house like Drouot in Paris, the experts will use 'antique' to distinguish a genuine artifact from the Roman era from a later 'néoclassique' reproduction. Listening to these experts, you'll hear the word used with a tone of reverence and precision.

Bienvenue au festival des Chorégies d'Orange, qui se déroule dans ce cadre antique exceptionnel.

Education is the third pillar where 'antique' is a staple. Every French student learns about 'le monde antique'. In classrooms, teachers discuss 'la démocratie antique' in Athens or 'l'esclavage antique'. Because French culture sees itself as a direct heir to the Latin tradition, the word 'antique' is not just about the past; it's about the roots of the current French identity. You will hear it in intellectual debates on the radio (like France Culture) when philosophers discuss the relevance of 'la sagesse antique' (ancient wisdom) to modern-day problems like climate change or political ethics.

Finally, you might encounter 'antique' in literature and film. French cinema often explores historical themes, and in 'films de cape et d'épée' or historical dramas, characters might refer to 'les lois antiques'. Even in modern literature, an author might describe a character's face as having 'une beauté antique', suggesting a timeless, sculptural quality. It's a word that evokes a specific visual palette: white marble, sun-drenched ruins, and the deep blue of the Mediterranean. When you hear it, it's an invitation to think beyond the immediate present and connect with a long, continuous human history.

Television and Radio
Programs like 'Secrets d'Histoire' or radio shows on history frequently use 'antique' to set the stage for their narratives about the ancient world.

Ce soir, nous explorons les mystères de l'Égypte antique et de ses pyramides.

Le marché de l'art antique est strictement réglementé pour éviter le trafic illégal.

On peut encore voir les traces de la voie antique qui reliait l'Italie à l'Espagne.

For English speakers, the most frequent mistake with 'antique' is a linguistic 'false friend' or a confusion of word classes. In English, 'antique' is very commonly used as a noun (e.g., 'I bought an antique at the market'). In French, however, 'antique' is almost exclusively an adjective. If you want to say 'an antique', you must use the feminine noun une antiquité. Saying 'J'ai acheté un antique' will sound incorrect to a native speaker. It is vital to distinguish between the descriptor (antique) and the object itself (une antiquité).

Noun vs. Adjective
English: I collect antiques (noun). French: Je collectionne les antiquités (noun). French adjective use: C'est un meuble antique (adjective).

Another common error involves the confusion between 'antique', 'ancien', and 'vieux'. While all three words deal with the concept of age, they are not interchangeable. 'Vieux' is the most general and can sometimes imply that something is worn out or decrepit. 'Ancien' often means 'former' when placed before the noun ('mon ancien professeur' - my former teacher) or 'old/ancient' when placed after. However, 'antique' is strictly reserved for things relating to the era of Antiquity or things that have the specific stylistic quality of that era. Using 'antique' to describe a 20-year-old car is technically a mistake, as it hasn't reached the 'Antiquity' status, though it might be used that way for humor.

Ne dites pas : 'C'est un antique'. Dites : 'C'est une antiquité'.

Pronunciation also poses a challenge. English speakers might be tempted to pronounce the ending like the English word 'antique' (an-TEEK). While the French pronunciation is similar, the 'a' at the beginning is a short, open French 'a' (like in 'chat'), and the 'n' is a nasal vowel. The 'tique' ending is sharp, with a clear 'k' sound. Mispronouncing the nasal 'an' can make the word unrecognizable or change its meaning entirely in certain contexts. Practice saying 'an-tique' with a nasal start to sound more authentic.

Grammatically, learners sometimes forget that 'antique' is an adjective that ends in 'e' in its base form. This means it doesn't change for feminine singular. A common mistake is trying to add an extra 'e' to make it feminine (antiqu-e-e), which is wrong. Conversely, some forget the plural 's'. Remember: 'un objet antique' but 'des objets antiques'. Consistency in pluralization is a key marker of fluency. Finally, avoid using 'antique' for 'old' when referring to people unless you are being intentionally poetic or very insulting. To say someone is old, use 'âgé' or 'vieux'.

Agreement Pitfalls
Incorrect: Des statues antique. Correct: Des statues antiques. Incorrect: Une table antiquée. Correct: Une table antique.

Attention à ne pas confondre 'antique' avec 'archaïque', qui signifie souvent quelque chose de dépassé et de rudimentaire.

L'erreur classique est d'utiliser antique pour parler d'un vieil ami; on dit 'un vieil ami' ou 'un ami de longue date'.

N'oubliez pas que l'adjectif antique se place généralement après le nom.

To truly master the use of 'antique', it is helpful to understand its place within a constellation of similar French words. The most immediate alternative is ancien. While 'ancien' can translate to 'ancient', it is much broader. It can mean 'former' (mon ancien appartement), 'old' (un ancien bâtiment), or 'from a long time ago'. 'Antique' is a subset of 'ancien' that specifically targets the Greco-Roman or Egyptian past. If you are talking about a 17th-century castle, 'ancien' or 'historique' is better than 'antique'.

Antique vs. Ancien
Antique: Specific to the era of Antiquity (e.g., Rome). Ancien: General term for anything that is not new or is former.

Another related word is vieux (or 'vieil' before a vowel, and 'vieille' in feminine). This is the most common word for 'old'. It is used for people, pets, and everyday objects. Using 'vieux' for a Greek temple isn't wrong, but it's like calling the Mona Lisa a 'nice picture'—it lacks the proper register. On the other hand, ancestral refers to things passed down through generations, like 'une coutume ancestrale'. While an ancestral custom might be 'antique' in age, the word 'ancestral' focuses on the lineage and the family or cultural connection.

Le mot 'millénaire' est une alternative puissante quand on veut souligner que quelque chose a des milliers d'années, comme une forêt antique.

For something that is old-fashioned in a negative or dusty way, you might use archaïque or suranné. 'Archaïque' suggests something primitive or no longer functional (like 'un système informatique archaïque'), whereas 'suranné' has a slightly more poetic or nostalgic feel, often used for clothes or manners that belong to another century but have a certain charm. 'Antique' can sometimes overlap with these if used figuratively, but it usually retains a more noble connotation than 'archaïque'.

In the context of art and objects, vintage (borrowed from English) or d'époque are common. 'Vintage' is used for mid-20th-century items (50s, 60s, 70s). 'D'époque' is used to confirm that an object truly belongs to the period its style suggests (e.g., 'un miroir Louis XV d'époque'). 'Antique' would be reserved for the truly ancient, like a Roman coin. Understanding these gradations of time helps you choose the right word for the right object, ensuring your French sounds precise and culturally aware.

Summary of Alternatives
Vieux (common), Ancien (general/former), Ancestral (lineage), Millénaire (thousands of years), Archaïque (primitive), Suranné (outdated charm).

Cette coutume antique est encore pratiquée dans certains villages reculés.

L'écrivain utilise un style antique pour donner de la grandeur à son récit.

Les ruines antiques de Palmyre sont un trésor de l'humanité.

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수준별 예문

1

C'est un monument antique.

It is an ancient monument.

The adjective 'antique' follows the noun 'monument'.

2

J'aime l'histoire antique.

I like ancient history.

'Antique' describes the type of history.

3

Regarde cette statue antique !

Look at this ancient statue!

'Statue' is feminine, but 'antique' doesn't change spelling.

4

Le musée a des objets antiques.

The museum has ancient objects.

Add an 's' to 'antiques' for the plural noun 'objets'.

5

C'est une ville très antique.

It is a very ancient city.

'Très' is an adverb modifying the adjective 'antique'.

6

Nous visitons un théâtre antique.

We are visiting an ancient theater.

The phrase 'théâtre antique' is a common collocation.

7

Elle a un vase antique.

She has an ancient vase.

Simple adjective-noun agreement.

8

Les pyramides sont antiques.

The pyramids are ancient.

'Antiques' is plural to match 'pyramides'.

1

J'ai visité les ruines antiques de Rome.

I visited the ancient ruins of Rome.

'Ruines' is feminine plural, so 'antiques' has an 's'.

2

Ce livre parle de la Grèce antique.

This book talks about Ancient Greece.

'Grèce antique' is the standard way to say Ancient Greece.

3

Il y a beaucoup de temples antiques en Sicile.

There are many ancient temples in Sicily.

'Temples antiques' follows the noun-adjective order.

4

Ma grand-mère a une table au style antique.

My grandmother has a table in the ancient style.

'Style antique' refers to a design inspired by antiquity.

5

Les pièces de monnaie antiques sont chères.

Ancient coins are expensive.

'Antiques' agrees with 'pièces'.

6

Nous avons étudié le monde antique à l'école.

We studied the ancient world at school.

'Le monde antique' is a broad historical term.

7

Cette porte semble vraiment antique.

This door seems truly ancient.

'Semble' is a linking verb followed by the adjective.

8

Les mosaïques antiques sont très colorées.

Ancient mosaics are very colorful.

Plural agreement: 'mosaïques antiques'.

1

Le théâtre antique d'Orange est magnifique.

The ancient theater of Orange is magnificent.

Proper noun context for a specific historical site.

2

Elle préfère la littérature antique aux romans modernes.

She prefers ancient literature to modern novels.

'Littérature antique' refers to Greek and Roman works.

3

Les philosophes antiques cherchaient la vérité.

Ancient philosophers were looking for the truth.

Plural masculine agreement.

4

On trouve des vestiges antiques partout dans cette région.

One finds ancient remains everywhere in this region.

'Vestiges' is a more formal word for ruins.

5

Cette coutume a une origine antique.

This custom has an ancient origin.

Using 'antique' to describe the age of a tradition.

6

Il possède une collection de bijoux antiques.

He owns a collection of ancient jewelry.

'Bijoux' is plural, so 'antiques' takes an 's'.

7

L'architecture de ce palais est d'inspiration antique.

The architecture of this palace is of ancient inspiration.

'D'inspiration antique' is a common prepositional phrase.

8

Le droit antique influence encore nos lois.

Ancient law still influences our laws.

Refers to the legal systems of antiquity.

1

L'influence de la tragédie antique est visible chez Racine.

The influence of ancient tragedy is visible in Racine's work.

Refers to the genre of Greek tragedy.

2

Ce buste en marbre est une copie d'un original antique.

This marble bust is a copy of an ancient original.

'Original antique' distinguishes the source from the copy.

3

La cité antique était le centre de la vie politique.

The ancient city-state was the center of political life.

'La cité' refers to the 'polis'.

4

Il a un profil antique, digne d'une médaille romaine.

He has an ancient profile, worthy of a Roman medal.

Figurative use describing physical appearance.

5

Les manuscrits antiques sont conservés avec soin.

Ancient manuscripts are preserved with care.

Plural agreement: 'manuscrits antiques'.

6

Cette fête traditionnelle remonte à l'époque antique.

This traditional festival dates back to the ancient era.

'L'époque antique' is a formal way to say antiquity.

7

L'art antique valorisait la proportion et l'équilibre.

Ancient art valued proportion and balance.

General subject 'L'art antique'.

8

C'est une vieille voiture, presque antique !

It's an old car, almost ancient!

Informal, hyperbolic use of 'antique'.

1

L'esthétique antique imprègne toute l'œuvre de ce sculpteur.

Ancient aesthetics permeate the entire work of this sculptor.

Abstract usage of 'esthétique antique'.

2

Il cite souvent la sagesse antique pour justifier ses choix.

He often cites ancient wisdom to justify his choices.

'Sagesse antique' refers to classical philosophy.

3

La poésie antique utilisait des mètres très complexes.

Ancient poetry used very complex meters.

Technical reference to classical verse.

4

On redécouvre aujourd'hui des techniques agricoles antiques.

We are rediscovering ancient agricultural techniques today.

Refers to historical methods of farming.

5

Le paysage avait une sérénité toute antique.

The landscape had a completely ancient serenity.

Literary use of 'toute' as an adverb with 'antique'.

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