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étant donné

B2 noun 11분 분량

étant donné

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설명 étant donné in your Level:

At the A1 level, you are just starting to learn how to explain 'why' things happen. Usually, you use simple words like 'parce que' (because). 'Étant donné' is a bit advanced for A1, but you can think of it as a very fancy way to say 'because of'. Imagine you want to say 'Because it is cold, I wear a coat.' In French, you might say 'Parce qu'il fait froid...' At A1, you might see this phrase in very formal signs or basic news clips, but you don't need to use it yet. Just remember that 'étant donné' means 'given' or 'considering'. If you see 'Étant donné le soleil' on a weather report, it just means 'Given the sun' or 'Because of the sun'. It's a phrase that helps people understand the reason for something. You don't need to worry about the grammar rules for now, just recognize it as a word that explains a situation. It is like saying 'Since we have this situation, here is what happens next.' Focus on learning 'parce que' first, and keep 'étant donné' in the back of your mind as a 'level up' word for later. It is a good word to know if you want to understand adults talking about serious things like work or the news. Even at A1, knowing this word makes you look very smart!

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At the A2 level, you are becoming more comfortable with connecting sentences. You know 'parce que' and maybe 'car'. 'Étant donné' is a great 'bonus' phrase to add to your vocabulary to sound more mature. At this level, you can use it in its simplest form: 'Étant donné' + a noun. For example, 'Étant donné la pluie, je reste à la maison' (Given the rain, I am staying home). This is much shorter and more elegant than saying 'Je reste à la maison parce qu'il pleut.' It helps you vary your sentences so you don't always start with the same words. You might also hear it in short announcements at train stations or in simple emails at work. If your boss says, 'Étant donné le retard du projet...', they are giving you the reason why something else is happening. It is a very useful word for giving excuses or explaining your choices in a polite way. Remember, at A2, you don't need to use the long version with 'que' all the time. Just use it with a noun to show you have a good range of vocabulary. It makes your French sound less like a textbook and more like a real person. Try using it once in your next writing exercise to impress your teacher!

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By the B1 level, you are expected to handle more complex social and professional situations. 'Étant donné' becomes an important tool for your 'argumentation'—the way you build a point. You should start using both 'étant donné' + noun and 'étant donné que' + full sentence. This phrase is perfect for when you need to justify a decision in a professional email or a debate. For example, 'Étant donné que nous avons un petit budget, nous devons être prudents.' This sounds much more professional than 'Parce qu'on n'a pas beaucoup d'argent.' It shows that you can distinguish between casual talk and more serious discussion. At B1, you should also be careful with the grammar: remember that 'étant donné' usually doesn't change its ending (it stays 'donné') when it's at the start of a sentence. You will see this phrase often in newspaper articles or hear it in podcasts about social issues. It helps the speaker set the stage before they give their opinion. Using it correctly will help you pass the DELF B1 exam, especially in the writing and speaking sections where you need to give reasons for your opinions. It's a 'logical connector' that makes your speech flow better. Instead of many short sentences, you can combine them into one strong, logical statement.

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At the B2 level, 'étant donné' is a word you should be using naturally and correctly. At this stage, you are expected to produce clear, detailed text on a wide range of subjects. This phrase is essential for 'discourse markers'—words that organize your speech. You should understand that 'étant donné' is a factual connector. It’s not just an opinion; it’s based on a reality that everyone can see. For example, in a B2 essay about the environment, you might write: 'Étant donné l'urgence climatique, les gouvernements doivent agir immédiatement.' This shows a high level of linguistic control. You should also be able to distinguish it from similar phrases like 'compte tenu de' or 'au vu de'. At B2, you should never make the mistake of using the subjunctive after 'étant donné que'; always use the indicative. You should also be comfortable placing it in different parts of the sentence to change the emphasis. Whether you are writing a formal letter of complaint or participating in a group discussion about workplace ethics, 'étant donné' provides the logical weight your arguments need. It helps you move away from simple cause-and-effect toward a more nuanced 'contextual' reasoning. Mastery of this phrase is a clear sign that you are moving toward advanced fluency.

At the C1 level, you are expected to have a deep understanding of register and nuance. 'Étant donné' is no longer just a vocabulary word; it's a stylistic choice. You use it to create a specific tone—one of objectivity, logic, and authority. You should be able to use it in complex structures, perhaps combining it with other advanced connectors. For example: 'Étant donné la conjoncture actuelle, et bien que certains indicateurs soient au vert, la prudence reste de mise.' Here, 'étant donné' sets the primary context for a very nuanced statement. You should also be aware of the rare cases where agreement ('étant données') might occur in high-level literature, though you would likely stick to the invariable form in professional contexts. At C1, you should also recognize when 'étant donné' is *not* the best choice—perhaps 'attendu que' is better for a legal context, or 'vu que' for a slightly more dynamic, argumentative piece. You understand that 'étant donné' introduces a premise that is presented as indisputable. This is a powerful rhetorical tool in persuasive writing. Your use of the phrase should be seamless, contributing to a sophisticated and coherent 'fil conducteur' (thread of thought) throughout your discourse. You are not just communicating; you are crafting an argument with precision.

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For a C2 learner, 'étant donné' is a versatile instrument in an expansive linguistic orchestra. You have a complete grasp of its historical roots and its modern applications across all domains—from the 'considérants' of a legal judgment to the abstract premises of a philosophical essay. At this level, you can play with the phrase, perhaps using it ironically or in highly stylized ways. You might use the noun form 'le donné' (the given) in a phenomenological or mathematical context, distinguishing it from the prepositional phrase. You understand the subtle rhythmic differences between 'Étant donné que...', 'Du fait que...', and 'Considérant que...', choosing the one that perfectly fits the prosody of your sentence. Your use of 'étant donné' is perfectly integrated into a style that is both fluid and rigorous. You can navigate the complexities of agreement rules in archaic or highly formal texts without hesitation, but you choose the modern invariable form for its clarity and efficiency. In high-level negotiations or academic defenses, you use 'étant donné' to anchor your logic in reality, making your conclusions feel inevitable. It is no longer a 'connector' you have to think about; it is a natural extension of your logical thought process in French.

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étant donné 30초 만에

A formal logical connector meaning 'given' or 'considering'.
Used with a noun or with 'que' + a full clause.
Essential for professional, legal, and academic French communication.
Remains invariable (no agreement) when starting a sentence in modern usage.

The French phrase étant donné is a sophisticated linguistic tool used to establish a logical premise or to acknowledge a specific set of circumstances that influence a subsequent conclusion. While it technically originates from the past participle of the verb être (to be) combined with donner (to give), it functions primarily as a complex preposition or, when followed by que, as a subordinating conjunction. In English, we most frequently translate it as 'given', 'considering', or 'in light of'. It is an essential component for B2 learners because it allows for the construction of nuanced arguments and the clear articulation of cause-and-effect relationships in both formal writing and professional speech. Imagine you are building a house of logic; étant donné is the foundation upon which you lay your next brick of reasoning.

The Prepositional Use: When followed immediately by a noun or a noun phrase, it acts as a preposition. For example, 'Étant donné les circonstances' (Given the circumstances). In this context, it is traditionally invariable, meaning it does not change for gender or number, regardless of the noun that follows, especially when it appears at the beginning of a sentence.
The Conjunctional Use: When you add 'que' to the phrase—'étant donné que'—it becomes a conjunction that introduces a subordinate clause. This is used to explain the reason behind an action. 'Étant donné qu'il pleut, nous resterons à l'intérieur' (Given that it is raining, we will stay inside). This structure is vital for complex sentence formation in academic and business French.

« Étant donné la complexité du projet, nous avons décidé d'allouer des ressources supplémentaires pour garantir son succès dans les délais impartis. »

— A typical professional context showing the phrase used to justify a decision.

Historically, the phrase carries a certain weight of authority. It is the language of legal documents, scientific reports, and philosophical treatises. However, in modern French, it has permeated daily life to some extent, though it remains slightly more formal than parce que (because) or puisque (since). It suggests a factual basis rather than a subjective opinion. When you use étant donné, you are telling your listener that the fact you are about to mention is indisputable and provides the necessary context for what follows. It is the 'given' in a mathematical equation of life.

« Étant donné que vous avez terminé votre travail en avance, vous pouvez partir plus tôt aujourd'hui. »

In summary, this phrase is your go-to for establishing causality based on facts. Whether you are analyzing a market trend, discussing the weather, or explaining a personal choice, étant donné provides a bridge of logic that elevates your French from basic communication to sophisticated discourse. It helps you avoid repetitive use of 'car' or 'parce que' and adds a layer of precision to your speech that is highly valued in Francophone cultures.

Mastering the use of étant donné requires understanding its two primary structures: the prepositional form and the conjunctional form. Each serves a specific grammatical purpose and requires a different follow-up. Let's break down how to weave this phrase into your sentences to sound like a native speaker at a B2 level.

Structure 1: Étant donné + Noun Phrase: This is the simplest way to use the phrase. You simply place it before a noun that represents the 'given' fact. Note that there is no 'que' here. Example: 'Étant donné son jeune âge, il est très mature.' (Given his young age, he is very mature). This structure is concise and punchy.
Structure 2: Étant donné que + Clause: When the 'given' information is an entire action or state, you must use 'que'. This introduces a subordinate clause with its own subject and verb. Example: 'Étant donné que le train est en retard, j'arriverai après le dîner.' (Given that the train is late, I will arrive after dinner). Remember that the verb following 'que' is usually in the indicative mood, not the subjunctive, because 'étant donné que' introduces a fact, not a doubt.

« Étant donné l'inflation actuelle, les prix de l'immobilier continuent de grimper de manière inquiétante. »

« Nous ne pouvons pas sortir ce soir, étant donné que nous avons encore beaucoup de travail à finir. »

You can also place the phrase in the middle of a sentence to provide justification for an action already mentioned. In the example above, the decision (not going out) comes first, followed by the justification (having work to do). This flexibility allows you to vary your sentence rhythm. In formal writing, such as a cover letter or a report, starting with the premise is often preferred as it sets a logical tone from the outset. For instance: 'Étant donné mes compétences en marketing, je suis convaincu de pouvoir contribuer à votre équipe.' (Given my marketing skills, I am convinced I can contribute to your team).

Common Pairing: Étant donné + Le fait que: Sometimes you might see 'Étant donné le fait que' (Given the fact that). While slightly wordy, it is common in legal or highly formal French. It functions similarly to 'étant donné que' but emphasizes the factual nature of the statement.

Finally, pay attention to the negative form. While rare, you might say 'N'étant pas donné que...' which is extremely formal and usually replaced by other structures like 'Bien que...' (Although) or 'Malgré le fait que...' (Despite the fact that). Stick to the positive use to establish your logical foundations clearly and effectively.

While étant donné might sound purely academic, it is surprisingly prevalent in various sectors of French society. Understanding where and how it is used will help you recognize it in the wild and use it appropriately. It bridges the gap between the rigid formality of law and the logical flow of professional conversation.

In the Media and News: Journalists and news anchors frequently use 'étant donné' to provide context for a story. You'll hear phrases like 'Étant donné la situation géopolitique...' (Given the geopolitical situation...) or 'Étant donné la hausse des températures...' (Given the rise in temperatures...). It allows them to state a fact quickly before diving into the implications of that fact.
In Corporate Environments: During meetings, French professionals use it to justify decisions or propose changes. 'Étant donné notre budget limité, nous devons prioriser la publicité en ligne.' (Given our limited budget, we must prioritize online advertising). It sounds more objective and less like a personal opinion than saying 'Je pense que' (I think that).

« Étant donné les prévisions météorologiques, le match de tennis est reporté à demain. »

— A standard public announcement you might hear at a stadium or over a PA system.

In the legal world, étant donné is a staple. It often appears in the 'attendu que' or 'considérant que' sections of a judgment, where the judge lists the facts that led to the verdict. While 'étant donné' is slightly less formal than 'attendu que', it still carries the same weight of logical necessity. If you ever find yourself reading a French contract or a formal letter from a notary, you are almost guaranteed to encounter it.

« Étant donné que vous n'avez pas respecté les termes du contrat, nous sommes dans l'obligation de résilier notre accord. »

Even in casual conversation, you might hear a more 'relaxed' version of this logic. While a teenager might just say 'Comme il pleut...' (Since it's raining...), an adult discussing a serious topic—like a mortgage or a health issue—will naturally gravitate toward étant donné to emphasize the gravity of the situation. It’s a word that demands attention and respect for the facts being presented.

Even advanced learners can stumble when using étant donné. Because it sits at the intersection of verbs and prepositions, its grammar can be tricky. Here are the most common pitfalls to avoid so your French remains impeccable.

Mistake 1: Unnecessary Agreement: Many students try to make 'donné' agree with the noun that follows. They might write 'Étant données les circonstances' (plural feminine). While this isn't strictly 'forbidden' in all contexts of literature, modern standard French dictates that when it precedes the noun, it is an invariable preposition. Correct: Étant donné les circonstances.
Mistake 2: Forgetting the 'Que': You cannot follow 'étant donné' directly with a verb. You must use 'étant donné que'. Incorrect: 'Étant donné il fait froid...' Correct: 'Étant donné qu'il fait froid...' This is a very common error for English speakers who are used to the flexibility of the word 'given'.

« Étant donné (NOT Étant données) toutes les erreurs dans ce rapport, nous devons le recommencer. »

Another mistake is overusing it. While it's a great phrase, using it in every sentence can make your French sound stiff or overly legalistic. If you are just talking about why you're late for coffee, 'parce que' or 'vu que' might be more natural. Save étant donné for when you want to sound precise and professional.

Mistake 3: Confusing with 'Donné' as a simple adjective: Sometimes 'donné' is just an adjective meaning 'given' (as in 'at a given time'). In 'à un moment donné', the word 'donné' must agree with 'moment'. This is different from the fixed expression 'étant donné'. Don't mix up the two rules!

« Étant donné que nous n'avons plus de temps, passons à la conclusion. »

By keeping these rules in mind—invariability, the necessary 'que' for clauses, and the use of the indicative mood—you will avoid the most common traps and use this powerful phrase with confidence.

In French, there are several ways to express causality and premises. Choosing the right one depends on the register (formal vs. informal) and the specific nuance you want to convey. Here is how étant donné compares to its closest relatives.

Vu / Vu que: Register: Neutral to Informal. Comparison: 'Vu' is the more casual cousin of 'étant donné'. It also means 'given' or 'considering'. In spoken French, you'll hear 'Vu le prix...' much more often than 'Étant donné le prix...'. However, in a formal essay, 'étant donné' is preferred.
Compte tenu de: Register: Formal / Professional. Comparison: This literally means 'taking into account'. It is almost identical in usage to 'étant donné' when followed by a noun. It is very common in business reports. Note: You cannot say 'Compte tenu que'; you must say 'Compte tenu du fait que'.
Puisque: Register: Neutral. Comparison: 'Puisque' (since) is used when the reason is already known to the listener. 'Étant donné que' is slightly more formal and emphasizes the factual premise more strongly.

« Vu l'heure, je pense qu'il est temps de rentrer. » vs « Étant donné l'heure tardive, la séance est levée. »

— Notice how 'étant donné' elevates the tone of the sentence.

Du fait de / En raison de: Register: Formal. Comparison: These focus more on the cause itself. 'En raison de la pluie' means 'Due to the rain'. 'Étant donné la pluie' means 'Given the rain'. They are often interchangeable, but 'étant donné' feels more like a logical starting point for an argument.

Understanding these subtle differences will allow you to tailor your French to your audience. Whether you want to sound like a lawyer, a business executive, or just a well-educated friend, having this palette of causative expressions at your disposal is key to reaching C1/C2 fluency.

How Formal Is It?

재미있는 사실

The phrase is so common in legal French that it helped shape the 'Cartesian' style of French thinking, which always starts with a clear, given premise.

발음 가이드

UK /e.tɑ̃ dɔ.ne/

US /e.tɑ̃ dɔ.ne/

The primary stress falls on the last syllable: 'don-NÉ'.

라임이 맞는 단어

Abandonné Passionné Pardonné Conditionné Fractionné Emprisonné Rayonné Sonnée

자주 하는 실수

Pronouncing the final 't' in 'étant' (it is silent).
Making the nasal 'an' sound like 'on'.
Pronouncing 'donné' like 'don-nee' (the 'é' should be short and sharp).
Adding a 'd' sound to the start of 'étant'.
Over-stressing the first syllable.

난이도

독해 3/5

Easy to recognize once you know the two parts.

쓰기 6/5

Requires care with the 'que' and avoiding the subjunctive.

말하기 7/5

Hard to use spontaneously without sounding too formal.

듣기 4/5

Common in news and professional contexts.

다음에 무엇을 배울까

선수 학습

Être Donner Parce que Puisque Car

다음에 배울 것

Compte tenu de En raison de Considérant que Attendu que Vu que

고급

Nonobstant Eu égard à À la faveur de Sous prétexte que

알아야 할 문법

Invariability of 'Étant donné'

Étant donné (not données) les circonstances.

Use of Indicative after 'Étant donné que'

Étant donné qu'il est (not soit) malade.

Ellipsis of 'que' is impossible

Must be 'Étant donné qu'il pleut' not 'Étant donné il pleut'.

Position at the start of a sentence

Étant donné l'heure, partons. (Common structure)

Replacing with 'Vu que' for lower register

Vu qu'il pleut... (Less formal)

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수준별 예문

Étant donné le froid, je porte un pull.

Given the cold, I am wearing a sweater.

Simple use with a noun.

Étant donné la pluie, nous restons ici.

Given the rain, we are staying here.

Shows cause and effect.

Étant donné l'heure, je vais dormir.

Given the time, I am going to sleep.

Common way to justify an action.

Étant donné le soleil, je mets mes lunettes.

Given the sun, I'm putting on my glasses.

Prepositional use.

Étant donné le prix, c'est cher.

Given the price, it's expensive.

Expressing an opinion based on a fact.

Étant donné mon âge, je suis à l'école.

Given my age, I am at school.

Personal context.

Étant donné le bruit, je ferme la fenêtre.

Given the noise, I'm closing the window.

Justifying a simple action.

Étant donné la fête, il y a du gâteau.

Given the party, there is cake.

Linking a situation to a fact.

Étant donné le retard du bus, je serai en retard.

Given the bus delay, I will be late.

Using a noun phrase to explain a future state.

Étant donné qu'il fait beau, on va au parc.

Given that the weather is nice, we're going to the park.

Introducing 'que' with a simple clause.

Étant donné ton aide, j'ai fini vite.

Given your help, I finished quickly.

Expressing gratitude/reason.

Étant donné le menu, je prends du poisson.

Given the menu, I'm having fish.

Making a choice based on context.

Étant donné que c'est gratuit, j'en prends deux.

Given that it's free, I'll take two.

Logical conclusion from a fact.

Étant donné la distance, on prend la voiture.

Given the distance, we're taking the car.

Justifying transportation choice.

Étant donné que tu es là, on peut commencer.

Given that you are here, we can start.

Condition for starting an action.

Étant donné le vent, ne sors pas en bateau.

Given the wind, don't go out by boat.

Giving advice based on circumstances.

Étant donné la situation économique, nous devons économiser.

Given the economic situation, we must save money.

Abstract noun use.

Étant donné que vous avez de l'expérience, vous êtes engagé.

Given that you have experience, you are hired.

Professional context with a clause.

Étant donné l'absence du directeur, la réunion est annulée.

Given the director's absence, the meeting is cancelled.

Formal justification.

Étant donné que le film est long, partons maintenant.

Given that the movie is long, let's leave now.

Planning based on information.

Étant donné les résultats, nous sommes satisfaits.

Given the results, we are satisfied.

Linking outcome to feeling.

Étant donné que c'est ton anniversaire, je t'offre un cadeau.

Given that it's your birthday, I'm giving you a gift.

Social context.

Étant donné la complexité, il faut plus de temps.

Given the complexity, more time is needed.

Argument for resources.

Étant donné que personne n'est venu, je ferme le magasin.

Given that no one came, I'm closing the store.

Decision based on an observation.

Étant donné l'envergure du projet, nous avons besoin d'experts.

Given the scale of the project, we need experts.

Formal professional vocabulary.

Étant donné que la loi a changé, nous devons adapter nos contrats.

Given that the law has changed, we must adapt our contracts.

Legal/Business context.

Étant donné l'urgence de la situation, agissons sans tarder.

Given the urgency of the situation, let's act without delay.

Persuasive call to action.

Étant donné que les ressources sont limitées, la gestion est clé.

Given that resources are limited, management is key.

Discussing constraints.

Étant donné le manque de preuves, le suspect a été libéré.

Given the lack of evidence, the suspect was released.

Legal reasoning.

Étant donné que vous n'avez pas répondu, nous avons annulé.

Given that you didn't reply, we cancelled.

Professional consequence.

Étant donné la hausse des prix, le pouvoir d'achat diminue.

Given the price increase, purchasing power is decreasing.

Socio-economic analysis.

Étant donné que le quorum n'est pas atteint, on ne peut pas voter.

Given that the quorum is not reached, we cannot vote.

Administrative procedure.

Étant donné la volatilité des marchés, la prudence est de mise.

Given the market volatility, caution is advised.

Advanced financial vocabulary.

Étant donné que l'éthique prime sur le profit, nous refusons ce deal.

Given that ethics take precedence over profit, we refuse this deal.

Philosophical/Moral stance.

Étant donné l'ampleur des dégâts, la reconstruction prendra des années.

Given the extent of the damage, reconstruction will take years.

High-level descriptive language.

Étant donné que le paradigme a changé, nos théories sont obsolètes.

Given that the paradigm has shifted, our theories are obsolete.

Academic/Scientific discourse.

Étant donné la fragilité de l'écosystème, le tourisme est régulé.

Given the ecosystem's fragility, tourism is regulated.

Environmental policy context.

Étant donné que la souveraineté est en jeu, le débat est intense.

Given that sovereignty is at stake, the debate is intense.

Political science terminology.

Étant donné l'opacité du système, la corruption s'est installée.

Given the system's opacity, corruption has taken root.

Critical social analysis.

Étant donné que la technologie évolue, nous devons nous former.

Given that technology evolves, we must train ourselves.

Continuous professional development context.

Étant donné l'inanité de ses propos, je n'ai pas daigné répondre.

Given the inanity of his words, I did not deign to reply.

Literary/Sarcastic tone.

Étant donné que l'ontologie précède l'épistémologie dans ce système...

Given that ontology precedes epistemology in this system...

Highly academic/philosophical.

Étant donné la récurrence de ces phénomènes, une loi s'impose.

Given the recurrence of these phenomena, a law is necessary.

Formal legislative reasoning.

Étant donné que l'art est un miroir social, cette œuvre est capitale.

Given that art is a social mirror, this work is vital.

Art criticism.

Étant donné la prépondérance du numérique, l'humain s'efface.

Given the preponderance of digital, the human element is fading.

Sociological critique.

Étant donné que le sort en est jeté, nous devons assumer.

Given that the die is cast, we must take responsibility.

Idiomatic/Historical reference (Alea jacta est).

Étant donné l'hermétisme du texte, peu de gens le comprennent.

Given the text's hermeticism, few people understand it.

Literary analysis.

Étant donné que la vérité est plurielle, le dialogue est requis.

Given that truth is plural, dialogue is required.

Philosophical pluralism.

자주 쓰는 조합

Étant donné les circonstances

Étant donné le contexte

Étant donné la situation

Étant donné que

Étant donné le fait que

Étant donné l'importance

Étant donné l'urgence

Étant donné la complexité

Étant donné la météo

Étant donné les résultats

자주 쓰는 구문

Tout étant donné

— Considering everything that has been provided or stated.

Tout étant donné, la décision est juste.

Étant donné l'heure

— Used to suggest it's time to end something or leave.

Étant donné l'heure, nous devrions conclure.

Étant donné que non

— A way to say 'given that it is not the case'.

Étant donné que non, nous changeons de plan.

Étant donné le manque de

— Used to explain failure due to absence of something.

Étant donné le manque de temps, j'ai abrégé.

Étant donné la proximité

— Considering how close something is.

Étant donné la proximité, j'y vais à pied.

Étant donné la nature de

— Considering the essence or type of something.

Étant donné la nature de son travail, il voyage.

Étant donné la gravité

— Considering how serious a situation is.

Étant donné la gravité des faits, il risque gros.

Étant donné l'évolution

— Considering how things have progressed.

Étant donné l'évolution du marché, on s'adapte.

Étant donné les preuves

— Considering the evidence available.

Étant donné les preuves, il est coupable.

Étant donné la demande

— Considering the level of interest or need.

Étant donné la demande, nous en produisons plus.

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étant donné vs Étant donné que vs Puisque

'Étant donné que' is more formal and factual; 'Puisque' is used for reasons already known to the listener.

étant donné vs Étant donné vs Donné

'Étant donné' is a fixed phrase; 'donné' as an adjective must agree with the noun (e.g., une heure donnée).

étant donné vs Étant donné vs Vu que

'Vu que' is more casual and common in spoken French.

관용어 및 표현

"À un moment donné"

— At a certain point in time; eventually.

Il faudra bien qu'il comprenne à un moment donné.

Common

"Donner le change"

— To mislead someone or keep up appearances (related to 'donner').

Il sourit pour donner le change, mais il est triste.

Idiomatic

"S'en donner à cœur joie"

— To do something with great pleasure and without restraint.

Les enfants s'en sont donné à cœur joie dans la neige.

Informal

"C'est donné"

— It's a bargain; it's very cheap.

À ce prix-là, c'est donné !

Informal

"Donner carte blanche"

— To give someone full authority to do as they wish.

Le patron lui a donné carte blanche pour le projet.

Neutral

"Donner sa langue au chat"

— To give up trying to guess a riddle.

Je ne sais pas, je donne ma langue au chat.

Child-friendly

"Donner le ton"

— To set the standard or the mood.

Son discours a donné le ton de la conférence.

Neutral

"Donner du fil à retordre"

— To cause a lot of trouble or difficulty.

Ce problème nous donne du fil à retordre.

Common

"Donner un coup de main"

— To help someone out.

Tu peux me donner un coup de main avec ces cartons ?

Common

"Donner le feu vert"

— To give permission to start something.

Ils ont enfin donné le feu vert pour les travaux.

Neutral

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étant donné vs Attendu que

Both mean 'considering'.

'Attendu que' is strictly legal/formal, while 'étant donné' is more versatile.

Attendu que le contrat est signé...

étant donné vs Comme

Both can introduce a cause.

'Comme' is more neutral and always comes at the start of a sentence.

Comme il pleut, je reste.

étant donné vs Car

Both explain why.

'Car' is a coordinating conjunction and never starts a sentence.

Je reste, car il pleut.

étant donné vs Puisque

Both translate to 'since/given'.

'Puisque' implies the listener already knows the reason.

Puisque tu es là, mange.

étant donné vs Du fait que

Both introduce a fact.

'Du fait que' is slightly heavier and more bureaucratic.

Du fait qu'il est absent...

문장 패턴

Étant donné [Nom]

Étant donné le froid.

Étant donné que [Sujet] [Verbe]

Étant donné que je suis fatigué.

Étant donné [Adjectif] [Nom]

Étant donné l'extrême urgence.

[Action], étant donné que...

Je pars, étant donné que c'est fini.

Étant donné le fait que...

Étant donné le fait que vous saviez...

Étant donné [Nom composé]

Étant donné la mise en œuvre du plan.

Tout étant donné...

Tout étant donné, nous acceptons.

N'étant pas donné que...

N'étant pas donné qu'il puisse venir...

어휘 가족

명사

Donnée (data/fact)

Don (gift/talent)

Donateur (donor)

동사

Donner (to give)

Redonner (to give back)

S'adonner (to devote oneself)

형용사

Donné (given)

Donnable (giveable)

사용법

frequency

High in written French; Medium-High in spoken French.

자주 하는 실수

Étant données les circonstances → Étant donné les circonstances
When it precedes the noun, it acts as a preposition and remains invariable.
Étant donné qu'il soit là → Étant donné qu'il est là
The phrase introduces a fact, so the indicative mood is required, not the subjunctive.
Étant donné il fait froid → Étant donné qu'il fait froid
You must include 'que' when introducing a clause with a subject and verb.
Étant donné de la pluie → Étant donné la pluie
Do not add 'de' after 'étant donné'. It is followed directly by the noun phrase.
C'est étant donné que... → C'est parce que...
You don't usually start a 'C'est...' sentence with 'étant donné que'. It's not a direct replacement for 'parce que' in all positions.

팁

Vary your connectors

Don't use 'étant donné' in every sentence. Mix it with 'compte tenu de' and 'vu' to make your writing more professional and engaging.

Check the mood

Always follow 'étant donné que' with the indicative. For example: 'Étant donné qu'il *est* là' (not *soit*).

The Comma Rule

Always use a comma to separate the 'given' clause from the main clause when starting a sentence.

Use it for authority

When you want to sound sure of yourself in a meeting, start your sentence with 'Étant donné'. It grounds your opinion in facts.

Noun vs Clause

Decide if you want to follow it with a single noun ('Étant donné le prix') or a whole action ('Étant donné que le prix est haut').

Nasal sounds

Practice the nasal 'an' in 'étant'. If you say it like 'étang' (pond), people will still understand, but a pure nasal sound is better.

DELF/DALF Tip

Using 'étant donné' correctly in the writing section can help you score higher in the 'cohesion and coherence' category.

Legal Roots

Knowing that this comes from legal French helps you understand why it feels so 'serious' and 'logical'.

Emails

It's the perfect phrase for professional emails when you need to explain a delay or a change in plans.

Try 'Vu'

If 'étant donné' feels too long, try 'Vu'. It's punchy and serves the same purpose in most neutral contexts.

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기억법

Think of 'Étant Donné' as 'It's Done'. Once a fact is 'done' (established), you can use it to explain what happens next.

시각적 연상

Imagine a judge handing over a piece of paper (the given fact) to a lawyer before they start speaking.

Word Web

Logic Cause Fact Premise Reason Formal Writing Context

챌린지

Write three sentences about your day using 'étant donné' to justify your lunch choice, your bedtime, and your outfit.

어원

Formed from the present participle of 'être' (étant) and the past participle of 'donner' (donné). This structure appeared in Old French to translate Latin 'dato' or 'posito', used in logical and legal reasoning.

원래 의미: Literally 'it being given' or 'having been given'.

Romance (Latin roots: 'stans' for being and 'donatus' for given).

문화적 맥락

No specific sensitivities, but using it in very casual settings (like with friends at a bar) can sound a bit 'stuck-up' or overly serious.

English speakers often use 'Given...' at the start of sentences. 'Étant donné' is the direct equivalent, but feels slightly more formal in French than 'Given' does in English.

'Étant donnés' is the title of Marcel Duchamp's last major art installation. Used extensively in the 'Discours de la méthode' by René Descartes (in spirit). Commonly found in the preambles of French constitutional laws.

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실제 사용 상황

Legal/Official

Étant donné les preuves
Étant donné les termes du contrat
Étant donné la loi
Étant donné les faits

Business

Étant donné le budget
Étant donné le retard
Étant donné la demande
Étant donné la concurrence

Weather/Environment

Étant donné la tempête
Étant donné la sécheresse
Étant donné le froid
Étant donné la pollution

Personal Justification

Étant donné mon état de santé
Étant donné mes obligations
Étant donné mon manque de temps
Étant donné mes compétences

Academic Writing

Étant donné les recherches précédentes
Étant donné les résultats obtenus
Étant donné le cadre théorique
Étant donné les limites de l'étude

대화 시작하기

"Étant donné la situation actuelle, que penses-tu de l'avenir de l'économie ?"

"Étant donné que nous avons du temps libre, on pourrait aller au musée ?"

"Étant donné ton expérience, quel conseil donnerais-tu à un débutant ?"

"Étant donné les prévisions météo, devrions-nous annuler le pique-nique ?"

"Étant donné que tu connais bien la ville, quel est ton restaurant préféré ?"

일기 주제

Étant donné mes objectifs pour cette année, voici les trois actions que je vais entreprendre dès demain.

Étant donné les changements récents dans ma vie, je me sens plus capable de relever de nouveaux défis.

Étant donné que le temps est précieux, je vais essayer de passer moins de temps sur les réseaux sociaux.

Étant donné la complexité des relations humaines, j'ai appris que la communication est la clé du succès.

Étant donné mes passions, je pense que ma carrière idéale serait dans le domaine de l'art.

자주 묻는 질문

10 질문

In modern French, when it starts a sentence as a preposition, it is invariable. You write 'Étant donné les erreurs'. In very old literature, you might see agreement, but don't do it in modern exams or work.

No. Always use the indicative mood (like the present or past tense) because it introduces a fact, not a doubt or a wish.

Yes, much more formal. 'Parce que' is the basic way to say 'because'. 'Étant donné' is used for structured arguments and professional contexts.

No. It is either 'Étant donné' + noun or 'Étant donné que' + clause. Adding 'de' is a common mistake for English speakers.

If 'étant donné' starts the sentence, put a comma after the 'given' part: 'Étant donné le froid, je sors peu.'

It might sound a bit too formal. Use 'vu que' or 'comme' instead if you're talking to a close friend.

They are almost identical in meaning. 'Vu' is slightly shorter and more common in speech; 'étant donné' is slightly more elegant and common in writing.

Yes, it is correct, but it's a bit wordy. 'Étant donné que' is usually enough.

No, it must introduce the reason. You can't just end with '...étant donné'.

You can say 'Tout étant donné' or 'Étant donné l'ensemble des faits'.

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