दृढ़निश्चयी 30초 만에
- Dridh-nishchayi means 'determined' or 'resolute.'
- It is a formal, positive word for someone with strong willpower.
- It comes from 'Dridh' (firm) and 'Nishchay' (decision).
- Used in formal contexts, news, and literature to praise character.
The Hindi word दृढ़निश्चयी (Dr̥ḍhaniścayī) is a powerful adjective used to describe someone who possesses an unwavering sense of purpose. It is a compound word derived from two Sanskrit roots: 'Dr̥ḍh' (meaning firm, solid, or strong) and 'Niścay' (meaning decision, resolve, or certainty). When you call someone दृढ़निश्चयी, you aren't just saying they are 'decided'; you are highlighting their mental fortitude and their resistance to being swayed by external pressures, obstacles, or doubts. In English, the closest equivalents are 'determined,' 'resolute,' 'strong-willed,' or 'tenacious.' However, in the Hindi cultural context, it carries a sense of dignified persistence, often associated with moral or spiritual strength.
- Core Concept
- The essence of being 'Dridh-nishchayi' lies in the internal 'Niścay' (resolve) being 'Dr̥ḍh' (unbreakable). It is the psychological state where the path to a goal is set in stone.
सफलता केवल उन्हीं को मिलती है जो दृढ़निश्चयी होते हैं। (Success is only achieved by those who are determined.)
This word is frequently used in formal speeches, motivational literature, and biographical descriptions. If you are describing a historical figure like Mahatma Gandhi or an athlete who overcame severe injuries to win a gold medal, 'दृढ़निश्चयी' is the perfect descriptor. It is more formal and respectful than the word 'ज़िद्दी' (ziddī), which means 'stubborn' and often carries a negative connotation of being irrational or difficult. A 'Dridh-nishchayi' person is admired for their vision, whereas a 'ziddī' person might just be seen as annoying. Using this word elevates the subject, suggesting that their persistence is grounded in a noble or logical objective.
- Grammatical Usage
- As an adjective, it typically precedes the noun (e.g., दृढ़निश्चयी महिला - Determined woman) or follows a linking verb (e.g., वह दृढ़निश्चयी है - He/She is determined).
वह अपनी पढ़ाई को लेकर बहुत दृढ़निश्चयी है। (He is very determined regarding his studies.)
In modern Hindi, the word remains unchanged for gender in many dialects, though traditionally the feminine form 'दृढ़निश्चयिनी' (Dr̥ḍhaniścayinī) exists. However, in 95% of modern conversations and news reports, 'दृढ़निश्चयी' is treated as gender-neutral. It belongs to the CEFR B1 level because while the concept is simple, the vocabulary is slightly advanced (Tatsama word) and requires an understanding of compound words. Understanding this word helps learners transition from basic Hindi to a more nuanced, expressive level of the language. It is the difference between saying 'He wants to win' and 'He is a resolute individual destined for victory.'
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- Formal to Semi-formal. Rarely used in very casual slang, where 'pakkā' (firm) might be used instead.
एक दृढ़निश्चयी नेता ही देश को बदल सकता है। (Only a determined leader can change the country.)
Integrating दृढ़निश्चयी into your Hindi sentences requires an understanding of its role as a qualifying adjective. Because it is a 'Tatsama' word (borrowed directly from Sanskrit), it carries a weight of formality. You would use it to describe a person's character or their approach to a specific task. Unlike simple adjectives like 'achha' (good) or 'bura' (bad), this word describes a deep-seated personality trait. It doesn't change its form based on the case (oblique or direct) in most standard modern usage, making it relatively easy for learners to slot into sentences once they master the pronunciation.
- As a Predicative Adjective
- Used after the subject to describe their state of mind. Structure: [Subject] + [Adverb, optional] + दृढ़निश्चयी + [Verb].
मेरे पिता अपने उसूलों के प्रति बहुत दृढ़निश्चयी थे। (My father was very determined towards his principles.)
When using it in the attributive position (before the noun), it helps define the noun's character immediately. For example, 'A determined student' becomes 'एक दृढ़निश्चयी छात्र' (Ek dridh-nishchayi chhatra). This construction is very common in literature. It is also helpful to pair it with intensive adverbs like 'अत्यंत' (atyant - extremely) or 'बेहद' (behad - immensely) to emphasize the strength of the person's resolve. If you are writing an essay about personal growth, you might say, 'To achieve your goals, you must become dridh-nishchayi.'
- Attributive Use
- Placed directly before the person it describes. Example: दृढ़निश्चयी व्यक्तित्व (Determined personality).
उनकी दृढ़निश्चयी आँखों में जीत की चमक थी। (There was a spark of victory in his determined eyes.)
Another important aspect is how it functions in negative sentences. To say someone lacks determination, you would usually use the phrase 'दृढ़निश्चयी नहीं' or use a different word like 'अस्थिर' (unstable/wavering). However, because 'दृढ़निश्चयी' is a positive quality, it is rarely used in negative constructions unless you are critiquing a lack of character. In professional emails, you might describe a team as 'dridh-nishchayi' to boost morale. In a romantic context, it might describe a partner who fought for the relationship against all odds. The versatility of the word across different life domains makes it a vital addition to a B1 learner's vocabulary.
- Common Pairings
- Often paired with words like 'स्वभाव' (nature), 'व्यक्ति' (person), and 'लक्ष्य' (goal).
उसका दृढ़निश्चयी स्वभाव ही उसकी सबसे बड़ी ताकत है। (His determined nature is his greatest strength.)
While you might not hear दृढ़निश्चयी every day at a vegetable market, it is a staple in several specific environments. If you watch Hindi news channels (like Aaj Tak or NDTV India), you will frequently hear news anchors using this word to describe politicians, social activists, or soldiers. It is a word of 'high register,' meaning it conveys respect and gravity. In Bollywood movies, particularly those with a patriotic or underdog theme (like 'Dangal' or 'Lagaan'), the protagonist is often described as 'dridh-nishchayi' in the dialogue or the promotional trailers to emphasize their heroic struggle.
- In Literature & Poetry
- Hindi novels and poems use this word to build the 'charitra' (character) of a hero. It suggests a person who is 'Aṭal' (immovable).
इतिहास गवाह है कि दृढ़निश्चयी लोगों ने ही दुनिया बदली है। (History is witness that only determined people have changed the world.)
In corporate Hindi or professional workshops in India, this word is used during performance reviews or motivational speeches. A manager might say, 'हमें इस प्रोजेक्ट को पूरा करने के लिए दृढ़निश्चयी होना होगा' (We must be determined to complete this project). It is also a favorite in the 'Hindi Sahitya' (Hindi Literature) academic world. Students preparing for civil services exams (UPSC) often encounter this word in their Hindi ethics papers or essay topics. It’s a word that signals you are educated and have a good command of the language's formal nuances.
- In Sports Commentary
- Often used to describe a batsman who refuses to get out or a goalkeeper who is making incredible saves under pressure.
विराट कोहली एक दृढ़निश्चयी खिलाड़ी हैं। (Virat Kohli is a determined player.)
Lastly, you will find it in religious or spiritual discourses (Pravachans). Gurus often speak about being 'dridh-nishchayi' on the path of truth or meditation. It implies that spiritual progress is impossible without a firm, unwavering mind. So, whether you are in a boardroom in Mumbai, a classroom in Delhi, or a temple in Varanasi, this word resonates as a hallmark of strong character. For a learner, using it correctly will immediately earn you the respect of native speakers because it shows you've moved beyond basic 'Hinglish' or simple street Hindi into the realm of 'Shuddh' (pure/refined) Hindi.
One of the most common mistakes English speakers make is confusing दृढ़निश्चयी with ज़िद्दी (ziddī). While both involve not changing one's mind, 'ziddī' is usually negative (stubborn/obstinate) and often refers to a child throwing a tantrum or someone being unreasonable. Calling your boss 'dridh-nishchayi' is a compliment; calling them 'ziddī' might get you fired! Another mistake is in pronunciation. The 'r' sound in 'Dr̥' is a vocalic 'r' (like the 'ri' in 'rhythm'), not a full 'ra' sound. Beginners often say 'Dradh' instead of 'Dridh'.
- Mistake 1: Confusion with 'Ziddī'
- Using 'ziddī' for positive determination or 'dridh-nishchayi' for a child's stubbornness.
Incorrect: वह बच्चा बहुत दृढ़निश्चयी है, उसे खिलौना चाहिए। (Too formal for a toy tantrum.)
Correct: वह बच्चा बहुत ज़िद्दी है।
A second common error involves gender agreement. As mentioned, while 'दृढ़निश्चयी' is widely accepted for all genders today, in very formal Sanskritized Hindi writing, you might be expected to use 'दृढ़निश्चयिनी' (Dr̥ḍhaniścayinī) for a female. If you are taking a high-level Hindi exam, using the masculine form for a female subject might be marked as a minor error. However, in conversation, sticking to 'दृढ़निश्चयी' is safer and more natural. Also, ensure you don't confuse the noun 'दृढ़निश्चय' (firm resolve) with the adjective 'दृढ़निश्चयी' (determined person).
- Mistake 2: Noun vs Adjective
- Saying 'He is a firm resolve' instead of 'He is determined.'
Incorrect: वह एक दृढ़निश्चय आदमी है।
Correct: वह एक दृढ़निश्चयी आदमी है।
Finally, watch out for the spelling of the 'sh' sound. It is the palatal 'sh' (श), not the retroflex 'sh' (ष), although the 'ch' sound that follows (च) makes the transition quick. Some learners also forget the 'ee' (ई) suffix at the end, which is what turns the concept into a descriptor of a person. Without that 'ee', you're just left with the concept of 'firm decision,' which doesn't function as a character trait in the same way. Practice saying 'Dr̥-ḍha-niś-ca-yī' slowly to ensure every syllable is clear, as skipping a syllable can make the word unrecognizable to native ears.
Hindi is rich with synonyms for 'determined,' each with its own specific flavor. If दृढ़निश्चयी feels too heavy or formal for your conversation, you might choose an alternative. For instance, संकल्पवान (Sankalpvān) is a very close synonym, often used in religious or highly moral contexts. It implies that the person has taken a 'Sankalp' (a sacred vow). Another common word is अटल (Aṭal), which literally means 'immovable' or 'unshakeable.' While 'dridh-nishchayi' describes the person's mind, 'atal' often describes their stance or a specific decision.
- Comparison: Dridh-nishchayi vs. Sankalpvān
- Dridh-nishchayi focuses on the firm nature of the decision. Sankalpvān implies the presence of a formal vow or deep commitment.
उनका निर्णय अटल है। (His decision is unshakeable.)
If you want to sound more colloquial, you might use पक्का (Pakkā). In the phrase 'पक्का इरादा' (Pakkā irādā - firm intention), it conveys determination in a way that is common in daily speech. For example, 'मैं अपने इरादे का पक्का हूँ' (I am firm in my intention). On the other hand, if you want to describe someone who is physically and mentally stubborn in a heroic way, अडिग (Aḍig) is a poetic choice. It suggests someone who does not 'dig' (stumble or move) from their path. Each of these words allows you to fine-tune your description based on the situation.
- Comparison: Dridh-nishchayi vs. Ziddī
- Dridh-nishchayi is positive/admirable. Ziddī is negative/irrational.
वह अपनी बात पर अडिग रहा। (He remained steadfast on his word.)
For learners, it's also useful to know धुनी (Dhunī). This is a more informal, almost eccentric word for someone who is obsessed with a goal or task. A 'dhuni' person is so determined they might forget to eat or sleep! While 'dridh-nishchayi' is a balanced, respectful term, 'dhuni' captures a certain passionate madness. By learning these alternatives, you can avoid repeating the same word and show a deeper mastery of Hindi's descriptive power. Remember: use 'dridh-nishchayi' for respect, 'pakkā' for casual certainty, and 'atal' for unyielding decisions.
재미있는 사실
The root 'Dridh' is related to the English word 'durable' via the Proto-Indo-European root *deru- (to be firm, solid, steadfast).
발음 가이드
- Saying 'Dradh' instead of 'Dridh'.
- Pronouncing 'sh' as 's'.
- Shortening the final 'ee' to 'i'.
- Missing the aspiration on 'dh'.
- Pronouncing it as four separate words instead of a compound.
수준별 예문
वह बहुत दृढ़निश्चयी है।
He/She is very determined.
Simple subject + adverb + adjective + verb.
मैं दृढ़निश्चयी हूँ।
I am determined.
First person singular usage.
क्या आप दृढ़निश्चयी हैं?
Are you determined?
Interrogative sentence.
एक दृढ़निश्चयी लड़का।
A determined boy.
Attributive adjective before a noun.
वह दृढ़निश्चयी लड़की है।
She is a determined girl.
Adjective describing a feminine noun.
हमें दृढ़निश्चयी होना चाहिए।
We should be determined.
Use of 'hona chahiye' (should be).
मेरा भाई दृढ़निश्चयी है।
My brother is determined.
Possessive pronoun + noun + adjective.
वे दृढ़निश्चयी लोग हैं।
They are determined people.
Plural subject and noun.
कामयाबी के लिए दृढ़निश्चयी बनो।
Become determined for success.
Imperative sentence using 'bano' (become).
वह अपनी सेहत के लिए दृढ़निश्चयी है।
He is determined about his health.
Postposition 'ke liye' (for) used with the object of determination.
एक दृढ़निश्चयी इंसान कभी हार नहीं मानता।
A determined person never gives up.
Universal statement using 'kabhi nahi' (never).
रानी एक दृढ़निश्चयी छात्रा है।
Rani is a determined student.
Proper noun as subject.
क्या वह दृढ़निश्चयी नेता है?
Is he a determined leader?
Question form with a profession.
मेरे अध्यापक बहुत दृढ़निश्चयी हैं।
My teacher is very determined.
Respectful plural 'hain' for a single teacher.
सच्चा दोस्त दृढ़निश्चयी होता है।
A true friend is determined.
Habitual 'hota hai' construction.
वह खेल में दृढ़निश्चयी है।
He is determined in sports.
Locative 'mein' (in) used for context.
अगर तुम दृढ़निश्चयी हो, तो तुम कुछ भी कर सकते हो।
If you are determined, then you can do anything.
Conditional sentence 'agar... to'.
उसका दृढ़निश्चयी स्वभाव सबको प्रभावित करता है।
His determined nature impresses everyone.
Adjective modifying 'swabhav' (nature).
हमें अपने लक्ष्यों के प्रति दृढ़निश्चयी रहना चाहिए।
We should remain determined toward our goals.
Postposition 'ke prati' (towards/regarding).
वह एक दृढ़निश्चयी महिला है जिसने अपना व्यापार खुद शुरू किया।
She is a determined woman who started her own business.
Relative clause starting with 'jisne'.
कठिन समय में केवल दृढ़निश्चयी लोग ही टिक पाते हैं।
Only determined people can survive in tough times.
Use of 'keval' (only) and 'hi' (emphatic particle).
उसके दृढ़निश्चयी प्रयासों ने रंग दिखाया।
His determined efforts showed results.
Plural adjective modifying 'prayason' (efforts).
सफलता का राज दृढ़निश्चयी होना है।
The secret of success is being determined.
Gerund-like use of 'hona' (being).
वह हारने के बाद और भी दृढ़निश्चयी हो गया।
He became even more determined after losing.
Comparative 'aur bhi' (even more).
उसकी दृढ़निश्चयी आँखों ने बता दिया कि वह पीछे नहीं हटेगा।
His determined eyes showed that he wouldn't back down.
Metaphorical use of the adjective.
एक दृढ़निश्चयी व्यक्ति बाधाओं को अवसरों में बदल देता है।
A determined person turns obstacles into opportunities.
Complex object transformation sentence.
भले ही रास्ता मुश्किल हो, एक दृढ़निश्चयी यात्री अपनी मंज़िल पा ही लेता है।
Even if the path is difficult, a determined traveler eventually finds their destination.
Concessive clause 'bhale hi' (even though).
उनकी दृढ़निश्चयी नीति ने कंपनी को दिवालिया होने से बचा लिया।
Their determined policy saved the company from going bankrupt.
Abstract noun modification.
समाज को बदलने के लिए दृढ़निश्चयी युवाओं की ज़रूरत है।
Determined youth are needed to change society.
Passive-style 'ki zarurat hai' construction.
वह अपने सिद्धांतों पर दृढ़निश्चयी रहा, चाहे कितनी भी आलोचना हुई।
He remained determined on his principles, no matter how much criticism occurred.
Use of 'chahe' (no matter/whether).
दृढ़निश्चयी होने का मतलब ज़िद्दी होना नहीं है।
Being determined does not mean being stubborn.
Contrastive definition.
वैज्ञानिक अपनी खोज के प्रति अत्यंत दृढ़निश्चयी था।
The scientist was extremely determined regarding his discovery.
Use of intensive 'atyant'.
इतिहास के पन्ने दृढ़निश्चयी महापुरुषों की गाथाओं से भरे पड़े हैं।
The pages of history are filled with the sagas of determined great men.
Literary style with 'bhare pade hain'.
उसका दृढ़निश्चयी व्यक्तित्व उसके विरोधियों के लिए भी सम्मान का विषय था।
His determined personality was a matter of respect even for his opponents.
Abstract relational sentence.
प्रशासनिक सेवाओं में सफलता हेतु दृढ़निश्चयी मानसिकता अनिवार्य है।
A determined mindset is mandatory for success in administrative services.
Formal Sanskritized Hindi vocabulary ('hetu', 'anivarya').
उनकी दृढ़निश्चयी आवाज़ में एक अजीब सा आत्मविश्वास था।
There was a strange confidence in her determined voice.
Describing an auditory quality.
बिना दृढ़निश्चयी नेतृत्व के कोई भी आंदोलन सफल नहीं हो सकता।
No movement can succeed without determined leadership.
Negative conditional 'bina... ke'.
वह अपनी कला के प्रति इतनी दृढ़निश्चयी थी कि उसने अपनी सारी संपत्ति दांव पर लगा दी।
She was so determined about her art that she risked her entire fortune.
Result clause 'itni... ki'.
एक दृढ़निश्चयी मन ही विपत्तियों के सागर को पार कर सकता है।
Only a determined mind can cross the ocean of calamities.
Metaphorical literary expression.
उसकी दृढ़निश्चयी कार्यशैली ने विभाग में नई जान फूँक दी।
His determined working style breathed new life into the department.
Idiomatic 'jaan phoonk dena'.
गांधीजी का दृढ़निश्चयी सत्याग्रह साम्राज्यवादी शक्तियों के विरुद्ध एक अमोघ अस्त्र सिद्ध हुआ।
Gandhiji's determined Satyagraha proved to be an infallible weapon against imperialist powers.
High-level political and historical terminology.
मानवीय चेतना की पराकाष्ठा एक दृढ़निश्चयी संकल्प में ही निहित है।
The pinnacle of human consciousness lies in a determined resolve.
Philosophical discourse style.
उसकी दृढ़निश्चयी चुप्पी किसी भी प्रखर तर्क से अधिक प्रभावशाली थी।
Her determined silence was more effective than any sharp logic.
Oxymoronic/Paradoxical description.
राष्ट्र के पुनर्निर्माण के लिए हमें दृढ़निश्चयी और दूरदर्शी नागरिकों की आवश्यकता है।
For the reconstruction of the nation, we need determined and visionary citizens.
Formal civic discourse.
लेखक ने नायक को एक ऐसे दृढ़निश्चयी चरित्र के रूप में चित्रित किया है जो नियति को भी चुनौती देता है।
The author has portrayed the hero as such a determined character that he challenges even destiny.
Literary analysis terminology.
विद्वानों का मानना है कि दृढ़निश्चयी बुद्धि ही मोक्ष का मार्ग प्रशस्त करती है।
Scholars believe that a determined intellect paves the way for liberation.
Theological/Spiritual register.
उसकी दृढ़निश्चयी भंगिमा से स्पष्ट था कि समझौता असंभव है।
It was clear from his determined posture that compromise was impossible.
Focus on 'bhangima' (posture/demeanor).
सभ्यता का विकास उन दृढ़निश्चयी अन्वेषकों की बदौलत हुआ जिन्होंने अज्ञात की खोज की।
The development of civilization occurred thanks to those determined explorers who searched for the unknown.
Historical cause-and-effect structure.
자주 쓰는 조합
자주 쓰는 구문
— To be determined. Used as a general advice or description.
तुम्हें अपने काम में दृढ़निश्चयी होना पड़ेगा।
— To become determined. Focuses on the process of developing resolve.
जीवन की चुनौतियों के लिए दृढ़निश्चयी बनो।
— To appear determined. Used when describing someone's look or posture.
वह आज बहुत दृढ़निश्चयी दिख रहा है।
— A determined mind. Refers to the internal mental state.
दृढ़निश्चयी मन से सब संभव है।
— Determined steps. Refers to decisive actions taken.
उसने सफलता की ओर दृढ़निश्चयी कदम बढ़ाए।
— A determined face. Focuses on the expression of resolve.
उसका दृढ़निश्चयी चेहरा देखकर सब डर गए।
— To say in a determined voice. Used in storytelling.
उसने दृढ़निश्चयी आवाज़ में अपना फैसला सुनाया।
— Determined struggle. Describes a long, hard fight for a goal.
आज़ादी के लिए दृढ़निश्चयी संघर्ष ज़रूरी था।
— To adopt a determined stance. Used in politics or business.
कंपनी ने भ्रष्टाचार के खिलाफ दृढ़निश्चयी रुख अपनाया।
— Determined power/force. Refers to the strength of will.
इच्छाशक्ति ही असली दृढ़निश्चयी शक्ति है।
관용어 및 표현
— To be like a line carved in stone. Used to describe a decision made by a dridh-nishchayi person.
उसका फैसला पत्थर की लकीर है।
Informal/Common— To gird up one's loins. What a dridh-nishchayi person does before a task.
उसने परीक्षा के लिए कमर कस ली है।
Neutral— To face a challenge bravely. A trait of a dridh-nishchayi person.
वह मुश्किलों से लोहा लेने के लिए तैयार है।
Literary— To clash with a mountain. Used for a dridh-nishchayi person facing a massive obstacle.
वह दृढ़निश्चयी है, पर्वत से टकराने का दम रखता है।
Poetic— To work with all one's heart and soul. The action of a dridh-nishchayi person.
वह दृढ़निश्चयी है और जी-तोड़ मेहनत करता है।
Common— To be ready and determined to do something immediately.
वह मदद के लिए एक पैर पर खड़ा रहता है।
Colloquial— To be completely absorbed in a pursuit, like a determined ascetic.
उसने अपनी पढ़ाई में धुनी रमा ली है।
Cultural— To be a man of his word. Often associated with being dridh-nishchayi.
वह अपनी बात का धनी और दृढ़निश्चयी है।
Formal— To win the day. The result of being dridh-nishchayi.
अंत में दृढ़निश्चयी खिलाड़ी ने ही मैदान मारा।
Common— To be ready to risk one's life. The extreme end of being dridh-nishchayi.
क्रांतिकारी दृढ़निश्चयी थे और सिर हथेली पर रखकर चलते थे।
Historical/Poetic어휘 가족
명사
동사
형용사
관련
어원
Derived from Sanskrit 'Dṛḍha' (fixed, solid) + 'Niścaya' (ascertainment, resolve). It entered Hindi as a 'Tatsama' word, maintaining its original Sanskrit form and meaning.
원래 의미: One who possesses a solidified or unshakeable ascertainment of mind.
Indo-Aryan (Sanskrit derivative)Summary
The word 'दृढ़निश्चयी' is your go-to term for describing someone whose resolve is as solid as a rock. Use it to show respect for someone's persistence. Example: 'सफलता के लिए दृढ़निश्चयी होना ज़रूरी है' (It is necessary to be determined for success).
- Dridh-nishchayi means 'determined' or 'resolute.'
- It is a formal, positive word for someone with strong willpower.
- It comes from 'Dridh' (firm) and 'Nishchay' (decision).
- Used in formal contexts, news, and literature to praise character.
관련 콘텐츠
emotions 관련 단어
आभार
B1감사 또는 고마움. '당신에게 감사를 표합니다'는 'Main aapka abhaar vyakt karta hoon'입니다.
आभारी
A2고마워하는, 감사하는. 공식적인 상황에서 깊은 감사를 표할 때 사용됩니다.
आभारी होना
A2감사하다; 받은 것에 대해 고마움을 느끼거나 표현하는 것.
आभार सहित
B1Gratefully; with gratitude; thankfully.
आभारपूर्वक
B2Gratefully, thankfully, or with appreciation.
आभास होना
B1직감하다, 어렴풋이 느끼다. 예: '위험을 직감했다.'
आग्रह
B1Insistence, earnest request; persistent demanding.
आघात
B1충격, 외상. '그 소식은 큰 충격(aaghat)이었다.' / '경제에 대한 타격(aaghat).'
आघात लगना
B1To be shocked; to be traumatized.
आघात पहुँचना
B1심각한 충격을 받거나 트라우마를 겪는 것.
