C1 Passive & Reported Speech 1 min read 어려움

Impersonal Passive Constructions for Generalities

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use the quotative particle `ဟု` followed by a pluralized verb of thought to express 'It is widely believed' without a specific subject.

  • Rule 1: Use `ဟု` (hu) to mark the statement being reported. Example: `ကောင်းသည်ဟု` (that it is good).
  • Rule 2: Use a verb like `ယူဆ` (consider) or `ဆို` (say) in the plural form `ကြသည်` (kya thi).
  • Rule 3: Avoid the 'suffer' passive `ခံရ` (khan ya) for neutral or positive generalities.
[Statement] + ဟု + [Cognitive Verb] + ကြ + သည်

Common Reporting Verbs in Impersonal Passive

Verb (Burmese) Meaning Impersonal Form English Equivalent
ဆို
Say
ဆိုကြသည်
It is said
ယူဆ
Consider
ယူဆကြသည်
It is considered
ယုံကြည်
Believe
ယုံကြည်ကြသည်
It is believed
သတ်မှတ်
Define/Set
သတ်မှတ်ကြသည်
It is defined as
လက်ခံ
Accept
လက်ခံကြသည်
It is accepted

Meanings

A construction used to express general beliefs, rumors, or academic consensus where the specific agent is the general public or an unspecified group of experts.

1

Academic Consensus

Reporting what is generally accepted in a field of study.

“ကမ္ဘာကြီး ပူနွေးလာမှုသည် လူသားတို့ကြောင့်ဖြစ်သည်ဟု လက်ခံကြသည်။”

2

Public Rumor/Belief

Describing what 'people say' or 'it is said' in a community.

“ထိုအိမ်တွင် သရဲခြောက်သည်ဟု ပြောကြသည်။”

Reference Table

Reference table for Impersonal Passive Constructions for Generalities
Form Structure Example
Affirmative (Formal)
[Clause] + ဟု + [Verb] + ကြသည်
မှန်သည်ဟု ယူဆကြသည်။
Affirmative (Neutral)
[Clause] + လို့ + [Verb] + ကြတယ်
မှန်တယ်လို့ ပြောကြတယ်။
Negative (Formal)
[Clause] + ဟု + မ + [Verb] + ကြပါ
မမှန်ဟု မယူဆကြပါ။
Interrogative
[Clause] + ဟု + ယူဆကြသလား
မှန်သည်ဟု ယူဆကြသလား။

격식 수준 스펙트럼

격식체
သူသည် ချမ်းသာသည်ဟု ဆိုကြသည်။

သူသည် ချမ်းသာသည်ဟု ဆိုကြသည်။ (Discussing someone's wealth)

중립
သူ ချမ်းသာတယ်လို့ ပြောကြတယ်။

သူ ချမ်းသာတယ်လို့ ပြောကြတယ်။ (Discussing someone's wealth)

비격식체
သူ ချမ်းသာတယ်ဆိုပဲ။

သူ ချမ်းသာတယ်ဆိုပဲ။ (Discussing someone's wealth)

속어
သူက သူဌေးကြီးတဲ့ဟ။

သူက သူဌေးကြီးတဲ့ဟ။ (Discussing someone's wealth)

Impersonal Reporting Flow

General Belief

Verbs

  • ယူဆ Consider
  • ဆို Say

Markers

  • ဟု Quotative
  • ကြ Plural/General

수준별 예문

1

လူတွေ ပြောကြတယ်။

People say (it).

2

သူတို့ သိကြတယ်။

They (all) know.

1

ဒီဟင်းက ကောင်းတယ်လို့ ပြောကြတယ်။

People say this curry is good.

2

မိုးရွာမယ်လို့ ထင်ကြတယ်။

People think it will rain.

1

မြန်မာစာသည် သင်ယူရန် ခက်ခဲသည်ဟု ဆိုကြသည်။

It is said that Burmese is difficult to learn.

2

သူ့ကို လူတော်တစ်ယောက်ဟု သတ်မှတ်ကြသည်။

He is considered a clever person.

1

စီးပွားရေး ပြန်လည်ကောင်းမွန်လာမည်ဟု ခန့်မှန်းကြသည်။

It is predicted that the economy will recover.

2

ဤအချက်သည် မှန်ကန်သည်ဟု လက်ခံကြသည်။

It is accepted that this point is correct.

1

ယဉ်ကျေးမှုသည် လူ့အဖွဲ့အစည်း၏ အခြေခံဖြစ်သည်ဟု ယူဆကြသည်။

It is postulated that culture is the foundation of society.

2

ဤမူဝါဒသည် ထိရောက်မှုမရှိဟု ဝေဖန်ကြသည်။

It is criticized that this policy is not effective.

1

သမိုင်းကြောင်းအရ ဤဖြစ်ရပ်သည် အချိုးအကွေ့တစ်ခုဟု ကောက်ချက်ချကြသည်။

Historically, it is concluded that this event was a turning point.

2

ဘာသာဗေဒပညာရှင်များက ဤစနစ်သည် ရှုပ်ထွေးသည်ဟု အဆိုပြုကြသည်။

It is proposed by linguists that this system is complex.

혼동하기 쉬운

Impersonal Passive Constructions for Generalities Passive with ခံရ (khan ya)

Learners use 'khan ya' for all passives, but it usually implies a negative experience.

자주 하는 실수

လူတွေ ပြောတယ်။

လူတွေ ပြောကြတယ်။

Missing the plural marker 'kya' makes it sound like a specific group, not a general 'they'.

ကောင်းတယ်လို့ ဆိုသည်။

ကောင်းတယ်လို့ ဆိုကြသည်။

Without 'kya', it sounds like one person said it.

၎င်းကို သိခြင်းခံရသည်။

၎င်းကို သိကြသည်။

Using 'khan ya' (suffer passive) for 'to be known' is unnatural in Burmese.

မှန်ကန်ကြောင်း ယူဆသည်။

မှန်ကန်သည်ဟု ယူဆကြသည်။

Using 'kyaung' instead of 'hu' changes the meaning from a reported belief to a factual reason.

문장 패턴

___ သည် ___ ဟု ယူဆကြသည်။

Real World Usage

News Broadcasts constant

ငြိမ်းချမ်းရေး ရရှိမည်ဟု မျှော်လင့်ကြသည်။ (It is hoped that peace will be achieved.)

Academic Journals very common

ဤသီအိုရီသည် ခိုင်မာသည်ဟု လက်ခံကြသည်။ (This theory is accepted as solid.)

🎯

Verb Choice Matters

Use 'ယူဆ' (yu sa) for opinions and 'သတ်မှတ်' (that hmat) for official definitions.
⚠️

Avoid 'Khan Ya'

Never use 'khan ya' for 'It is said'. It sounds like the news is a physical attack.

Smart Tips

Replace 'I think' with 'It is considered that...' using this rule to sound more academic.

ကျွန်တော် ထင်ပါတယ်။ (I think.) ဤသို့ ယူဆကြပါသည်။ (It is considered thus.)

발음

/hu/ -> /u/

The 'Hu' reduction

In fast speech, 'hu' (ဟု) is often shortened or blends into the following verb.

Reporting Rise

ယူဆကြသလား (Do they consider?)

Rising tone on the final syllable for questions.

암기하기

기억법

Think of 'Kya' as the 'Crowd'—if the crowd is doing the thinking, it's a general belief.

시각적 연상

Imagine a large group of faceless people in a library all nodding in agreement to a single book.

Rhyme

With 'Hu' and 'Kya', the subject flies away; it's just what 'they' all say.

Story

A king wanted to know what his people thought. He didn't ask one person; he listened to the 'Kya' (the collective voice) to hear what was 'Hu' (reported).

Word Web

ဟုကြသည်ယူဆဆိုယုံကြည်သတ်မှတ်

챌린지

Write three sentences about your country's culture using '...ဟု ယူဆကြသည်'.

문화 노트

Burmese scholars prefer using 'It is considered' to avoid appearing arrogant or overly assertive with personal opinions.

Derived from the classical Burmese usage of pluralizing verbs to indicate a collective or royal 'we/they'.

대화 시작하기

မြန်မာနိုင်ငံမှာ ဘယ်အစားအစာက အကောင်းဆုံးလို့ ပြောကြသလဲ။

일기 주제

Write about a common myth in your country using '...ဟု ယုံကြည်ကြသည်'.

자주 하는 실수

Incorrect

정답


Incorrect

정답


Incorrect

정답


Incorrect

정답

Test Yourself

Fill in the missing particles for 'It is believed that...'

ကမ္ဘာကြီး လုံးသည် ___ ယုံကြည် ___ သည် ။

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
'Hu' is the quotative and 'kya' is the plural marker for generalities.
Correct the sentence: 'It is said that he is a hero.' Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

သူ့ကို သူရဲကောင်းဟု ပြောခြင်းခံရသည်။

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
The 'kya' marker is needed for the impersonal 'it is said'.

Score: /2

연습 문제

2 exercises
Fill in the missing particles for 'It is believed that...'

ကမ္ဘာကြီး လုံးသည် ___ ယုံကြည် ___ သည် ။

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
'Hu' is the quotative and 'kya' is the plural marker for generalities.
Correct the sentence: 'It is said that he is a hero.' Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

သူ့ကို သူရဲကောင်းဟု ပြောခြင်းခံရသည်။

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
The 'kya' marker is needed for the impersonal 'it is said'.

Score: /2

자주 묻는 질문 (6)

Yes, but use `လို့` (lo) instead of `ဟု` (hu) and `တယ်` (te) instead of `သည်` (thi) to sound natural.

In formal Burmese, omitting the word 'people' (`လူတွေ`) and just using the verb with `ကြ` sounds more professional and objective.

Yes, for generalities. Without `ကြ`, the sentence implies a specific, singular person is the source of the statement.

Place `မ` (ma) before the verb, e.g., `မယူဆကြပါ` (It is not considered).

It works best with verbs of speech (`ဆို`, `ပြော`) and cognition (`ယူဆ`, `ယုံကြည်`, `ထင်`).

Exactly. It functions just like the impersonal 'one' or 'they' in English.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish moderate

Se dice que...

Spanish uses a reflexive pronoun; Burmese uses a verb suffix.

German high

Man sagt, dass...

German has an explicit word for 'one', Burmese leaves it implied.

Japanese high

...と言われている (...to iwarete iru)

Japanese is a true passive; Burmese is a collective active.

Arabic moderate

يُقال أن (Yuqalu anna)

Arabic changes the internal vowel structure of the verb.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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